During the Nineteenth Century, a reform agitation known as the prohibition movement began to gather momentum in the United States. Led chiefly by the Women's Christian Temperance Union and pushed also by the Prohibition Party, this movement grew only slowly until a general spirit of reform began to sweep the country at the end of the century. With the W.C.T.U. and the American Anti-Saloon League leading the fight during the Progressive Era, the tide of public opinion finally took form in the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, an amendment which forbade "the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors..." in this country. The Eighteenth Amendment became effective on January 16, 1920. Less than fourteen years later, the Amendment was repealed. The dreams of most prohibitionists were but ashes. In the opinion of most Americans, the "noble experiment" had failed. The story of prohibition on the national scene was reflected on a smaller scale in the State of Utah, but Utah deserves special study since it had a unique people. The predominant religion in Utah was that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the so-called Mormon Church, which demands of its members total abstinance from alcoholic beverages if they are to be in full faith and fellowship. Significant, then, is the fact that when Utah adopted prohibition in 1917, sixty-three percent of its people were Mormons. Yet, when Utah repealed prohibition in 1933, the percentage of the population affiliated with this dominant faith was still sixty-three per cent. The events leading to the adoption of prohibition in Utah have been adequately described by Bruce T. Dyer, and will be only reviewed here as background information. The emphasis in this study will be upon the events and forces leading to the repeal of prohibition in Utah and the adoption of the basic liquor control system which has been in effect in the state since 1935.

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This study explores the creation of American prohibition policy towards drugs and drug trafficking. It examines the United States’ opium policy in the first decade of the twentieth century as the first example of drug prohibition and locates the impetus for drug prohibition in the American acquisition of the Philippines Islands in 1898. This work shows how prohibition in the early twentieth century was based on a moral understanding of drug policy. This study also briefly looks at how drug prohibition continues today with the modern War on Drugs policy. The War on Drugs in this framework is an expansion of an earlier failed policy. By revisiting the first example of drug prohibition and thereby historicizing the current debates about drug policy, this thesis argues history does not provide reasons to expect that the prohibition of drug use and trafficking will prove effective. / History

This thesis uses a microhistorical methodology to examine the social impact and lived experience of Prohibition in Sanford, Florida, and the surrounding area – an historically "dry" community. Historiographical claims from state, regional, and national studies are tested through data sampling of Sanford Municipal Court Records; close readings of more than 200 Sanford Herald articles; and an oral history with a local museum curator based on family tradition. This is an evidence-driven thesis. A thirty-percent sampling of 23,000 Sanford Municipal Court Records covering the Prohibition era (1920-1933) enables detailed analysis of alcohol-related arrest and enforcement patterns based on race, gender, and age. The Sanford Herald is examined for editorial content classified into three categories: local enforcement reports, opinion pieces, and Prohibition-related news. The oral history is analyzed in connection with municipal records, newspaper articles, and secondary scholarship. Conclusions are presented textually and visually with graphs and an interactive digital map. An underlying theme of this paper is the comparison of how the events of Prohibition unfolded at the local, regional, and national levels. Recent academic scholarship labels Prohibition as a vehicle for aggressive, targeted enforcement based on racial and economic factors. This work examines how this dynamic transpired in the local community of Sanford and the surrounding area. Further, this thesis evaluates the methodological value of detailed local study via data, textual, and verbal sources. The municipal court records, while rich in arrest data and demographic detail, are most fruitful when used in combination with other sources. The Sanford Herald archive and oral history provide more culturally contextualized source materials to construct the lived experience. Sanford serves as an example of a small town's experience with Prohibition. This methodological approach is effective in both supporting and raising questions to the current historiography.

This master's thesis deals with the modern development of the prohibition of reformationis in peius principle in the area of administrative punitive law, in particular in the area of administrative offenses. Although Act No. 250/2016 Coll. has removed the undesirable and criticized "double-track" application of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in the area of administrative punitive law, other difficulties related to the principle in question have not completely disappeared; on the contrary, new legislation has made the situation more difficult in some respect. The main aim of the thesis is to critically analyse this principle in light of the new Act No. 250/2016 Coll. and to assess the impact of the new Act on the administrative practice. The thesis is systematically divided into seven chapters. The first chapter explains general theoretical questions related to the principle in question. The following section describes its constitutional and international basis. The third chapter thoroughly examines the modern development of this principle in the Czech Republic. The content and scope of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in proceedings under Act No. 200/1990 Coll. And in proceedings under Act No. 500/2004 Coll. are being analysed with regard to the conclusions provided by legal academia...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Ce mémoire présente les incidences politiques et socio-économiques de la prohibition des jeux de hasard et d'argent à Montréal entre 1930 et 1970. Au cours de cette période, la ville de Montréal a été confrontée à une multitude de problèmes. Tout d'abord, elle a été qualifiée de"ville ouverte". Un titre qui lui avait été attribué parce que la pratique de plusieurs activités illégales telles que la tenue de maisons de jeu et de pari était largement facilitée en raison de la tolérance que les autorités avaient à cet égard. De fil en aiguille, Montréal est devenue la première ville au Canada et la troisième en Amérique du Nord au chapitre des jeux de hasard et d'argent. À cette époque, les revenus des organisations criminelles ont atteint des sommets jusqu'alors inégalés, alors que ceux de la métropole se voyaient considérablement réduits. En effet, la ville de Montréal voyait son importance décliner au profit de l'État provincial qui, de son côté, s'accaparait, un à un, les outils fiscaux que la municipalité s'était créée afin d'équilibrer son budget. Au cours de la période, la métropole a été confrontée à d'importants problèmes financiers qui l'ont poussée à être inventive en matière de fiscalité. Ainsi, dès la fin des années 1920, la ville de Montréal a commencé à lutter afin que les jeux de hasard et en particulier les loteries, soient légalisés au pays et ce, dans le but d'assainir ses finances. En fait, la Ville a été la première à demander la modification du Code criminel, en 1928, et, en 1968, elle est même allée jusqu'à contourner la loi et créer sa propre loterie: la"taxe volontaire". Finalement, en 1969, les jeux de hasard et d'argent ont été légalisés et ce, au grand dans de la métropole qui vit cet important outil fiscal lui glisser entre les mains au profit des"caisses" de l'État provincial.

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