A urolitíase ocorre com relativa freqüência dentre as afecções que acometem o trato urinário inferior de cães e gatos. Urólitos são agregados de material cristalino e matriz que se forma em um ou mais locais no trato urinário quando a urina torna-se supersaturada com substâncias cristalogênicas. A constituição dos urólitos pode ser decorrente de deposição de um único tipo mineral ou de minerais diferentes que se depositam em camadas (laminações) ou simplesmente agregam-se à pedra. Dependendo do tipo mineral e sua distribuição no urólito, este pode ser classificado em simples (apenas uma camada com predomínio - >70% - de um único tipo mineral), misto (também apenas uma camada identificável, porém sem predomínio de um único mineral) ou composto (presença de mais de uma camada de composição mineral diferente). Atualmente existem dois métodos de análise da composição mineral de cálculo: análise qualitativa e quantitativa, porém apenas a quantitativa permite a determinação do percentual das diferentes composições minerais, além de ser um método mais sensível e específico. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os casos de urolitíase canina que tiveram seus cálculos analisados quantitativamente, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP). Foram analisados 161 urólitos provenientes de 156 cães (5 animais apresentaram recidiva), durante o período de fevereiro de 1999 a janeiro de 2007. Todas as análises foram realizadas no Minnesota Urolith Center, baseada nos métodos de microscopia de luz polarizada, espectroscopia infravermelha e espectroscopia por raios-X com dispersão de energia. Apenas 30,2% (106) dos urólitos eram simples, 1,9% (3) mistos e 67,9% (47) eram compostos. Apesar desse predomínio de urólitos compostos, a avaliação individual desses revelou que 64 de 106 urólitos compostos continham em todas as suas camadas, predomínio (>70%) de um mesmo tipo mineral: 26 continham estruvita, 35 oxalato de cálcio (mono ou dihidratado) e três de urato (urato ácido de sódio e urato ácido de amônio). Tais urólitos, apesar de classificados como compostos poderiam ser manejados como urólitos simples. Por outro lado, 30 urólitos compostos tinham a região interna minerais passíveis de dissolução, mas que seria impedida por uma camada mineral externa não passível de dissolução. O inverso ocorreu em 3 amostras (apenas a camada mais externa seria passível de dissolução) e outras duas amostras apresentaram deposição sequencial de minerais passíveis de dissolução, porém, que exigiriam protocolos distintos. Assim, o conhecimento da composição de todas as camadas (núcleo, pedra, parede e superfície) que compõe o urólito é essencial para o entendimento da formação do cálculo e conseqüentemente para a indicação do tratamento adequado, assim como para a prevenção de recidivas. / Urolithiasis is a relatively common urinary tract disorder of dogs and cats. Whenever urine becomes oversaturate with cristallogenic substances, uroliths may be formed from crystalline material and protein matrix. Uroliths may be composed from only one kind or from different types of minerals, which can be deposited in layers or aggregate forming a stone. They can be classified according to their mineral type and distribution in: simple (only one layer and more than 70% of a single mineral), mixed (one identifiable layer, without predominance of a mineral type) or coumpound (more than one layer of different mineral types). Currently, there are two methods of urolith analyses: quantitative and qualitative analysis. However, only quantitative analysis allows determination of the mineral composition with accuracy, and it is a more sensitive and specific test. One hundred and sixty one canine uroliths were obtained from the Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny of University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP) and were submitted to Minnesota Uroliths Center for quantitative analysis from February 1999 to January 2007. All uroliths were analyzed using polarizing light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. One hundred and six (30,2%) were simple uroliths, 3 (1,9%) mixed, and 47 (67,9%) were compound. Despite the predominance of compound uroliths, individual urolithevaluation revealed that 64 of 106 compound uroliths had a predominant mineral type (>70%) in all layers: 26 were struvite, 35 calcium oxalate (mono or dihydrate) and 3 were urate (sodium acid urate and ammonium acid urate). These uroliths, despite being classified as compound uroliths, could be assumed as simple uroliths. However, 30 compound uroliths had dissoluble inner layers, but the outer layer would prevent them from being dissovable. Three samples had the opposite (outer layer could be dissoluted, but inner layer could not) and 2 other samples had required two different protocols for medical dissolution. Knowledge the composition of all layers (nidus, stone, shell and surface crystals) is essential to understand the urolith etiology and a key factor to successful therapy and prevent recurrence.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade sensorial e fÃsico â quÃmica de mÃis da abelha melÃfera (Apis mellifera) produzidos a partir de diferentes origens florais no Estado do CearÃ. Foram utilizadas cinco amostras (A, B, C, D, E) que, apÃs anÃlises melissopalinolÃgicas, apresentaram-se, respectivamente, com predominÃncia de: Margaridinha (Bidens tinctoria), Vassourinha de botÃo (Borreria verticillata), Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale), Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) e amostra polifloral. Realizaram â se as anÃlises de aÃÃcares redutores, umidade, cinzas, pH, atividade de Ãgua, cor e viscosidade para a caracterizaÃÃo fÃsico - quÃmica. Para verificaÃÃo da inocuidade dos mÃis, foram realizadas anÃlises microbiolÃgicas de coliformes a 45Â, salmonela, bolores e leveduras. No desenvolvimento de perfis sensoriais, empregou-se o mÃtodo de AnÃlise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) adaptado de Stone et al. (1974). AtravÃs de testes de reconhecimento de odor, gostos bÃsicos, testes triangulares e AnÃlise SeqÃencial Wald, selecionaram â se provadores para a equipe descritiva. A terminologia descritiva foi gerada atravÃs do mÃtodo rede (Repertory Grid Method). Os critÃrios poder discriminativo, reprodutibilidade e consenso com a equipe sensorial foram utilizados na seleÃÃo final de provadores. Os resultados foram submetidos à anÃlise estatÃstica univariada (ANOVA), teste de mÃdias de Tukey, anÃlise multivariada de componentes principais (ACP) e representaÃÃo grÃfica de boxplot e grÃfico aranha. Para a medida de aceitabilidade empregaram-se as escalas de nove pontos hedÃnicas estruturadas mistas, atitude de consumo e a escala de cinco pontos de intenÃÃo de compra com 100 provadores. Os mÃis apresentaram-se inÃcuos podendo ser utilizados na anÃlise sensorial. Quanto aos parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos de umidade, atividade de Ãgua, cor e viscosidade as amostras apresentaram diferenÃas significativas (p &#61603;0,05). Na AnÃlise Descritiva, as amostras diferiram significativamente em sete descritores. A representaÃÃo grÃfica evidenciou perfis sensoriais distintos para as amostras A e C e perfis semelhantes para as amostras B, D e E. Alguns descritores levantados caracterizaram e quantificaram as diferenÃas sensoriais entre as amostras e estabeleceram um perfil sensorial para o mel de abelha elaborado a partir de diferentes origens florais no Estado do CearÃ. A amostra B (vassourinha de botÃo) apresentou maior aceitaÃÃo hedÃnica e de consumo e atitude positiva de compra junto aos consumidores. O mel de cajueiro (Amostra C) obteve uma menor aceitaÃÃo na maioria dos atributos avaliados / The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical-chemical and sensory quality of the honey bee (Apis melifera) produced from different floral sources in the State of CearÃ. Five samples were used (A, B, C, D, E) that, after melissopalynological analysis showed up, respectively, with a predominance of: Bindens tinctoria, Borreria verticillata, Anacardium occidentale, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and polifloral sample. The analyses of reducing sugars, moisture, ash, pH, water activity, color and viscosity were performed for the physical-chemical characterization. To verify the safety of honey, were conducted microbiological testing of the coliform 45Â, salmonella sp., yeasts and molds. In the development of sensory profiles, the method employed was the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). By testing for recognition of odor, basic taste, triangle tests and Wald sequential analysis, judges were selected for the panel descriptive. The descriptive terminology was generated by the Repertory Grid Method. The discrimination, reproducibility and consensus with the sensory panel were used in the final selection of judges. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis univariate (ANOVA), test averages of Tukey, multivariate analysis of Principal Components Analysis (ACP), and graphical representation of boxplot and spider graph. For the measure of acceptability 9-point hedonic scale, intent of consumption scales of 5-point purchase intent were used for 100 judges. The honey showed up safe can be used in the sensory analysis. For the physical-chemical parameters of humidity, water activity, color and viscosity, samples presented significant differences (p _< 0,05). In the Descriptive analysis, the samples differed significantly in seven descriptors. A graphic representation showed distinct sensory profiles for samples A and C and similar profiles to the samples B, D and E. Some descriptors characterized and quantify sensory differences between the samples and established a sensory profile for the honey bee, produced from different floral sources in the State of CearÃ. The sample B (Borreria verticillata) showed greater acceptance hedonic and consumption and positive attitude for consumers. The honey, Anacardium occidentale (Sample C) obtained a lower acceptance in the major of attributes.

Objetivamos neste estudo avaliar de maneira quantitativa as alterações do parênquima e da vasculatura pulmonar em exames de angiotomografia computadorizada (angioTC) de pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar (HP), utilizando programa de análise totalmente automática. Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários físicos e eletrônicos e os exames de angioTC de 45 pacientes com HP, em comparação com um grupo controle. Os pacientes com HP também foram divididos de acordo com a classificação de Nice, sendo representados principalmente pelos grupos 1 (hipertensão arterial pulmonar, incluindo a idiopática) e grupo 4 (hipertensão pulmonar secundária ao tromboembolismo crônico). A análise automática mostrou que os pacientes com HP apresentaram valores menores do percentil 10 (p10) da densidade dos pulmões e valores maiores de volume vascular do lobo superior direito (LSD) e de volume vascular relativo entre lobos superiores e inferiores. Neste estudo não encontramos diferenças da análise quantitativa por TC entre os grupos de pacientes com HP. Inferimos que a diferença nos valores de p10 indique a presença das áreas hipoatenuantes de oligoemia nos pacientes com HP, enquanto as diferenças nos volumes vasculares indiquem a redistribuição da trama vascular pulmonar. A análise quantitativa da vasculatura pulmonar em imagens de angioTC pode representar uma ferramenta diagnóstica objetiva na avaliação da HP. / In this study, we aimed to quantitatively analyze the lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature in computadorized tomography angiography (angioCT) from patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), using a complete automated software. We retrospectively analyzed 45 patients\'s exams and clinical records, comparing with a control group. Patients were also divided in groups, according to Nice classification, represented mainly by group 1 (pulmonary arterial hypertension, including idiopathic) and 4 (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension). In patients with PH, the automated analysis found lower values of the 10th percentile (p10) of pulmonary density and higher values of vessel volumes in the upper right lobe (RUL) and higher relative vessel volumes between the uppers and lowers lobes. In this study, we didn\'t find any difference between the groups of patients with PH in the quantitative analysis of angioCT. We infer that the p10 differences indicate presence of hypoattenuating areas of olygoemia in patients with PH and that the difference in pulmonary vessel volumes indicates pulmonary vasculature redistribution. The analysis of pulmonary vessels in angioCT images can represent an objective diagnostic tool in PH evaluation.

A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) é uma doença caracterizada por elevação da pressão da artéria pulmonar e um aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar levando à disfunção do ventrículo direito, sendo complicação importante de doenças como a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), doença pulmonar intersticial (DPI), colagenoses e vasculites. A tomografia computadoriza de alta resolução (TCAR) é um dos principais métodos de diagnóstico e acompanhamento destas doenças. Neste estudo objetivamos a analise quantitativa dos exames de TCAR do tórax em pacientes com doenças parenquimatosas difusas e hipertensão pulmonar diagnosticada por cateterismo direito. Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários eletrônicos e os exames de TCAR de 29 pacientes com HP, em comparação com um grupo controle. Foram excluídos os casos de hipertensão arterial pulmonar primária e tromboembolismo crônico, cuja investigação é feita prioritariamente com exame de angiotomografia. A análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando programa completamente automático e algumas medidas manuais também foram realizadas. O pacientes com HP, quando comparados ao controle, apresentaram redução do volume pulmonar, aumento da atenuação média do parênquima, aumento na medida do volume vascular pulmonar, aumento da densidade vascular pulmonar e na relação do volume vascular nos lobos superiores em relação aos lobos inferiores. O programa automático foi capaz de identificar as alterações da vasculatura, mesmo em se tratando de exames não contrastados e em meio a alterações arquiteturais do parênquima pulmonar. Estes achados provavelmente representam a redistribuição da trama vascular pulmonar, relacionada ao aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar. A análise quantitativa automática, realizada em exames de TCAR já utilizados na rotina clínica, pode representar nova ferramenta não invasiva capaz de identificar sinais de HP em pacientes com fator de risco, como DPOC, DPI, colagenoses, em que a HP representa complicação importante e de diagnóstico muitas vezes difícil / Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease characterized by elevation in the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and an increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right heart dysfunction, being an important complication of multiple diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD), collagen diseases and vasculitis. The high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is one of the main diagnostic methods and is also important in the follow up of these patients. In this study we aim the quantitative analysis of the thoracic HRCT exams in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease and pulmonary hypertension diagnosed by right heart catheterism. We analised retrospectively the clinical records and HRCT exams of 29 patients with PH, comparing to a control group. Were excluded from the study patients with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolism pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which investigations usually include pulmonary angiotomography. The quantitative analysis was made utilizing a completely automatic software and some manual measures were also noted. Patients with PH, when comparing to control group, presented significant pulmonary volume reduction, elevated mean parenchymal attenuation, elevated measures of the pulmonary vascular volume, increase in the pulmonary vascular density and also an elevation in the relation between vascular volume in the upper pulmonary lobes and the lower lobes. The automatic software was able to identify the vascular alterations, even in non contrast enhanced exams and amidst architectural distortions in the lung parenchyma. These findings probably represent the redistribution of the pulmonary vascular bed, related to the pulmonary vascular resistance increase. .The quantitative automatic analysis, made in HRCT exams, used in clinical practice, can represent a new non invasive tool, able to identify PH signs in risc patients, such as COPD, ILD and collagen diseases, in which PH represents an important complication with, many times, difficult diagnosis.

Introdução: A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida com o intuito de investigar as possíveis mudanças na dinâmica das famílias incestuosas, após intervenção do tratamento psicoterapêutico. A hipótese é de que mudanças primárias e secundárias ocorrem nas famílias encaminhadas ao Centro de Estudos e Atendimentos Referente ao Abuso Sexual (CEARAS) a partir do tratamento proposto. Essa dissertação foi elaborada a partir de uma perspectiva psicanalítica, com enfoque psicossocial, na qual o sujeito é considerado a partir de sua imersão na cultura. Para tanto, se tomou como base de reflexão o trabalho desenvolvido por este Centro de Estudos, em relação às famílias incestuosas. Objetivo: Refletir sobre as mudanças primárias e secundárias apresentadas pelas famílias incestuosas que foram atendidas no CEARAS. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa retrospectiva documental. Foram analisados os prontuários de 19 famílias atendidas no CEARAS no período de 1993 a 2013 que compuseram a amostra final. Levantaram-se as informações sobre os atendimentos, condições de prontuários e quanto ao tratamento. As mudanças descritas nos prontuários foram divididas em dois grupos: mudanças primárias e secundárias. Uma análise descritiva e quantitativa das variáveis foi realizada. Resultados: A maior parte das famílias que foram encaminhadas para o CEARAS não finalizaram o tratamento proposto. Em relação às mudanças observadas, 53% das famílias apresentaram mudanças primárias e secundárias, 37% primárias e 10% secundárias. Em relação às mudanças primárias, a simbolização das funções familiares foi a mais frequente e a autonomia do membros familiares a menos frequente nos prontuários analisados. Não houve predomínio de mudanças secundárias. Observou-se um maior número de mudanças nas familías que não passaram pelo processo de troca de terapeutas. Conclusão: Percebeu-se a viabilidade do trabalho, o quanto ele se faz necessário. A pesquisa apontou que as mudanças primárias e secundárias são possíveis de acontecer através da terapia familiar. A transferência das famílias não ocorre somente com a instituição, mas também com os terapeutas envolvidos no tratamento / Introduction:This research aims to investigate possible changes to the dynamics of incestuous families after the commencement of psychotherapeutic treatment. Hypothetically, primary and secondary changes happen to the families taken to the Sexual Abuse Study and Help Center (Centro de Estudos e Atendimentos Referente ao Abuso Sexual - CEARAS) from the proposed treatment. This essay has been elaborated from a psychoanalytical perspective with psychosocial emphasis, in which the individual is considered from his cultural context. To do so, the grounds for the analysis is the work developed by the Study Center with the incestuous families. Objective: To think about the primary and secondary changes that arose from the therapeutic treatment provided by CEARAS to the dysfunctional families. Methodology: This is a retrospective document research. The handbook of the 19 families supported by CEARAS from the period between 1993 and 2013 which were part of the final sample have been analysed. The information about the calls, handbook conditions and treatment have been searched. The changes described in the handbooks were split in two groups: primary and secondary changes. Results: Most families under CEARAS\' care have not finished the proposed treatment. In relation to the changes detected, 53% of the families have shown primary and secondary changes; 37% have shown primary; and 10% secondary. It has been observed in the handbooks under analysis that, in relation to primary changes, the simbolization of the family functions was the most outstanding change whereas the autonomy of the family members was the least. There was no predominance of secondary changes. There has been a higher number of changes in families that did not have to change therapists. Conclusion: It is noticeable that the work is feasible and how necessary it is.The research shows that the primary and secondary changes are possible to take place by way of family therapy. The transfer in families does not happen only with the institution but also with the therapists involved in the treatment

Le développement des énergies renouvelables et leur expansion à travers le monde s'inscrit dans une démarche de lutte contre le changement climatique. En Allemagne, le phénomène de l'expansion de l'«énergie verte» connaît un essor fulgurant depuis la décision prise par Angela Merkel en 2011 de sortir progressivement du nucléaire d'ici l'an 2020. La question posée est de savoir si les énergies renouvelables, figurant parmi les indicateurs de développement durable en Allemagne en respectent vraiment les principes fondamentaux? Ce travail relève donc dans un premier temps les défis auxquels font face l'infrastructure et l'économie allemandes. Ensuite, sur le plan micro-économique, une étude de la performance en matière de développement durable a été établie par le biais d'une analyse quantitative grâce à la méthode du Data Envelopment Analysis. La dernière partie s'intéresse aux changements sociaux et environnementaux tels que la participation de la société civile, ou encore la ‘pollution atmosphérique’ engendrée par ce type d’énergies. / The development and expansion of renewable energies throughout the world is part of a global approach undertaken to tackle climate change. In Germany, the expansion of "green energy" is soaring since the decision by Angela Merkel in 2011 to phase out nuclear power by 2020. The question is whether renewable energy, as one of the sustainable developmentindicators in Germany, really respects the fundamental principles of the latter? Hence, this first addresses the challenges faced by the German economy and infrastructure. Then, at the micro level, a sustainability performance study was established through a quantitative analysis using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. The final part deals with social and environmental changes such as the participation of civil society, or the atmospheric pollution caused by renewables.

The aim of the submitted work is a comparison of methods of quantitative analysis used in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The principles of LIBS method are explained at first, followed by a research of the most often used methods of quantitative analysis. The next part provides their description enabling a better comprehension and an eventual use of the methods in practice. Finally, the chosen methods are used to process data from the real experiment and the results are compared.

Corruption is perceived as one of the most serious threats to the society and to the economy of the country as well. For these reasons, many social scientists have tried to discover and describe the root causes of corruption. This task is complicated by the fact that corruption is a clandestine activity, which makes it very difficult to measure and to detect its true effects, as well as its underlying causes. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse and explore possible causes for the level of corruption on the European level with a special focus on the differences between post-communist European countries and the rest of countries in Europe. First, this dissertation presents theories explaining corruption on a global level as well as definitions of corruption. Theories explaining the influences between corruption on a global level and various variables, namely GDP per capita, income inequality, generalized trust, values, and the share of Protestants in the population, are discussed and a special focus is made on the possible different effect in the case of post-communist European countries. Next, in methodological part, indicators measuring corruption are assessed and the best indicator is selected - the Control of Corruption by the World Bank. The validity of the theories presented in the first...

The aim of this thesis is to analyze factors responsible for onset of ethnic conflicts and selected characteristics. By comparing to non-ethnic conflicts it was determined, if there are any differences in onset mechanisms of these two types of conflicts and thus if there is a space for explanatory role of ethnicity as a cause of ethnic conflicts. Selection of examined factors is congruent with the relevant literature and existing analyses and reflects the context of contemporary conflict research. The influence of male unemployment rate, level of Human development index and its inequality-adjusted version, human rights and finally the influence of conflicts in neighbouring countries on the onset of conflict is tested by statistical methods in component analyses. Also the intensity of ethnic and non-ethnic conflicts, war years and HDI are also compared. The comparative style of the research helps to understand the true nature of causes of intrastate conflicts and indicates, that there is no difference between the two types. Empirical character of this thesis is also the reason for assessing it within the context of other quantitative studies of conflict, comparing the results and defining the proper level of analysis for reaching tangible contributions.

Statistical process control (SPC) is used in the chemical industry to monitor manufacturing and laboratory processes to ensure quality and compliance with regulatory requirements. Control charts are a key tool used in this monitoring. Industrial job postings desire experience with SPC. Most undergraduates entering the workforce have no exposure, let alone experience, with control charts. The few available literature examples of control charts in undergraduate chemistry education involve methods of instrumental analysis at the junior or senior level of an academic program. Educators may improve the student's preparation for working in industrial and regulatory environments by incorporating components of SPC early in the curriculum. This work provides an example of how to introduce the concept and use of control charts earlier as part of the Quantitative Analysis Laboratory curriculum. The titration of vinegar to determine the weight percent of acetic acid, using the same sample for all students, serves as a platform for this introduction. Using a provided control chart generated from historical student data, students stated in a written laboratory report if their results were within control. The scored laboratory reports and questions on the written final exam assessed student learning and retention of how to use a control chart. Meeting the learning outcomes for the laboratory exercise required the student to report the correct weight percent of vinegar and state whether their result is within control. The learning outcomes on the written final exam were met when the student answered the questions correctly, stating the given result was out of control and suggesting correct experimental changes. The goal was to see 70% or more students meet the learning outcomes. Assessment showed that a simple titration experiment enables the introduction of how to use control charts during the Quantitative Analysis Laboratory curriculum.