Access to health care is an important resource for sexually experienced adolescent females in the prevention of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. However, a paucity of research exists regarding the extent to which social disparities in access to health care exist among this vulnerable population of adolescents, including the potential contribution of the neighborhood context. Therefore, the primary aims of this dissertation were to examine (1) the extent to which racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to health care exist among sexually experienced adolescent females, (2) the extent to which access to health care among sexually experienced adolescent females varies across neighborhoods, and (3) the extent to which the neighborhood racial and socioeconomic context contribute to racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to health care among sexually experienced adolescent females. A multilevel design was employed for this dissertation utilizing secondary data from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Analyses included hierarchical generalized linear modeling to examine the receipt of a routine physical, the receipt of contraceptive services, and reported unmet health needs among the dissertation sample of 1,526 sexually experienced Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White adolescent females between 15 years to 19 years of age who were dispersed across 546 neighborhoods. After adjusting for a variety of factors that may influence access to health care, the findings revealed no racial disparities and few socioeconomic disparities in access to health care among this sample of adolescents. No significant relationship was noted between the neighborhood racial and socioeconomic context and access to health care or social disparities in access to health care among this sample of adolescents. However, the findings revealed that access to health care among this sample of sexually experienced adolescent females varied across neighborhoods, above and beyond the individual composition of the neighborhood. Further studies are indicated to explore the underlying factors that contribute to socioeconomic disparities in access to health care among sexually experienced adolescent females, and the potential neighborhood characteristics that may contribute to differential access to health care across neighborhoods among this vulnerable population of adolescents.

Submitted by MARIANA APARECIDA DOS SANTOS PANTA (marianapanta@bol.com.br) on 2018-09-27T17:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Mariana Panta - 27-09-2018 - Final.pdf: 5501686 bytes, checksum: cfeaf0c056bac66ffa2d6e2863e7e4ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-27T18:50:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 panta_mas_dr_mar.pdf: 5501686 bytes, checksum: cfeaf0c056bac66ffa2d6e2863e7e4ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T18:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 panta_mas_dr_mar.pdf: 5501686 bytes, checksum: cfeaf0c056bac66ffa2d6e2863e7e4ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo tem como problema central os processos históricos e sociais que têm impelido para os territórios marginalizados de diversas cidades brasileiras a população negra, estigmatizando fortemente esse grupo social e os lugares nos quais ele está presente em maiores proporções. Em virtude disso, este trabalho se propõe a analisar características dos processos de segregação urbana da população negra em Londrina, Paraná, assim como algumas de suas interfaces, sobretudo aquelas relacionadas aos estigmas territoriais, à discriminação racial e às violências. Para compreender esse fenômeno, seguimos as contribuições epistemológicas pautadas na ecologia de saberes, que busca combinar, de modo horizontal, diferentes formas de conhecimento. Deste modo, além da discussão teórica, a pesquisa tem como base entrevistas qualitativas realizadas com pessoas negras que habitam territórios segregados da cidade. A atenção maior volta-se para dois bairros: o Jardim União da Vitória (zona sul), o maior assentamento urbano de Londrina; e o Residencial Vista Bela (zona norte), conjunto habitacional reconhecido como um dos maiores canteiros de obras do Programa “Minha Casa Minha Vida”, do Governo Federal. As análises foram empreendidas à luz tanto de teorias relevantes que abordam concepções sobre raça e espaço urbano, quanto dos diálogos com reflexões decoloniais. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que os mecanismos que operam na produção da segregação urbana da população negra em Londrina são múltiplos e correlacionados, visto envolverem questões econômicas, sociais, raciais, políticas e culturais. As estruturas de opressão são plurais, se relacionam e se sustentam mutuamente. Todavia, a tese central é de que a segregação racial na cidade, mais do que mero reflexo da concentração de negros na base da estrutura de classes, é uma dimensão do racismo estrutural brasileiro; este, por sua vez, encontra importante suporte na colonialidade, padrão de poder multidimensional no qual a raça é cerne como princípio e instrumento de dominação. A consequência é a divisão racial do espaço, caracterizado pela conglomeração dos negros em espaços de invisibilidade, ou de visibilidade hostil, onde cidadania é cerceada. Além dessas dimensões estruturais, atuam impactando a vida de indivíduos e grupos segregados as discriminações e estigmatizações referentes à raça e ao território, que os tornam amplamente vulneráveis às diversas formas de violência, além de influenciar suas perspectivas, expectativas e atitudes, que, não raramente, reforçam suas posições de subalternidade. / This study has as its central problem the historical and social processes that have pushed the black population to the marginalized territories of several Brazilian cities, strongly stigmatizing this social group and the places in which it is present in greater proportions. As a result, this paper proposes to analyze theoretically and empirically the characteristics of the processes of urban segregation of the black population in Londrina, Paraná, as well as some of its interfaces, especially those related to territorial stigmas, racial discrimination and violence. To understand these phenomena, we follow the epistemological contributions based on the ecology of knowledge, which seeks to combine, horizontally, different forms of knowledge. Thus, in addition to the theoretical discussion, the research is based on qualitative interviews with black people living in segregated territories of the city. The greater attention is directed towards two districts: Jardim União da Vitória (south zone), the largest urban settlement in Londrina; and the Residencial Vista Bela (northern area), a housing complex recognized as one of the largest construction sites of the "Minha Casa Minha Vida" Program of the Federal Government. The analyzes were undertaken in the light of both relevant theories that deal with conceptions about race and urban space, as well as dialogues with decolonial reflections. The results of this study indicate that the mechanisms that operate in the production of urban segregation of the black population in Londrina are multiple and correlated, since they involve economic, social, racial, political and cultural issues. The structures of oppression are plural, interrelated, and mutually supportive. However, the central thesis is that racial segregation in the city, rather than merely a reflection of the concentration of blacks at the base of class structure, is a dimension of Brazilian structural racism; this, in turn, finds important support in coloniality, a multidimensional power pattern in which race is at the core as the principle and instrument of domination. The consequence is the racial division of space, characterized by the conglomeration of blacks in spaces of invisibility, or of hostile visibility, where citizenship is curtailed. In addition to these structural dimensions, discrimination and stigmatizations concerning race and territory affect the lives of individuals and segregated groups, making them widely vulnerable to various forms of violence, as well as influencing their perspectives, expectations and attitudes, which, not infrequently , reinforce their positions of subalternity. / CAPES: 88881.134878/2016-01

South Africa has been under apartheid regime characterized by racial segregation. As a result, transracial adoption only became legal in 1991. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how transracial adoption has been perceived in South Africa. A post-colonialism theory together with a critical race theory will be used in order to understand the phenomenon that has taken place. The results of this thesis show that, even though there is a need for further research, attitudes towards this practice have been generally positive. This demonstrates that the country is slowly overcoming the lasting effects of apartheid in terms of acceptance of transracial adoption.

No description available.

Beginning teacher attrition is a problem that exacerbates the inequity of opportunities for all students, especially for those in schools that are already challenged by poverty. This study makes use of the Beginning Teacher Longitudinal Survey (covering the period between 2008 and 2012) and U.S. Census data to identify which teachers leave and to explain why. Beyond that, it also offers a look into the characteristics of those teachers who stay at the same school for five years. The empirical investigation is embedded in a conceptual framework that draws from motivation and identity theories and brings in insights about the importance of geography and of neighborhood effects from works on poverty and education. The study utilizes a dataset with survey responses from approximately 1,800 full-time teachers from a sample designed to represent the overall population of beginning teachers in the United States. By combining individual-level longitudinal data with information about communities, it makes an important contribution to the study of new teacher placement, attrition, and retention. The evidence is presented using a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics, and the analysis includes factor analysis and logistic regression models. The results show that indicators of leaving the profession before the fifth year become apparent early on, as factors measured at the end of year one have significant effects on early career outcomes. Most prominently, higher degrees of burnout reported by teachers, which includes factors such as decreased enthusiasm and increased fatigue, are associated with increased risks for leaving the profession without the prospect to return to it and with transferring to a different school district. Several other factors on the individual and school-level emerge as relevant to career outcomes. Teachers who have Highly Qualified Teacher credentials and report a supportive school climate are at less risk to leave the profession. On the other hand, teachers with alternative certification and master’s degrees are more likely to move to a different school or districts in the first five years. In terms of socio-geographic factors that help explain teacher retention and attrition, the only significant variable in the regression models used in the analysis is the percentage of White residents at the Census tract of the Year 1 school. When everything else is held constant, decreasing this percentage from 100 to 0 increases the predicted probability of leaving the profession by approximately 20%. Considering that a vast majority of beginning teachers both in the sample and in the overall population are White, this findings fits in with theories about “the pull of home” and cultural habitus. The magnitude and significance of this finding suggest that it warrants further exploration, as racial composition of the communities is likely a measurement proxy for complex processes of inequality. / Urban Education

Public space in New Orleans became increasingly segregated following the 1896 U. S. Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. This trend applied to sites of recreation, as nearly all public parks in the city became segregated. African Americans turned, instead, to private parks. This work examines four private parks open to African Americans in order to understand the external forces that affected these spaces, leading to their success or closure, and their significance for black city residents. While scholars have argued public space in New Orleans was segregated during Jim Crow, little attention has been paid to African American parks as alternative spaces for black New Orleanians. Whites were able to control the location of the parks and the parks’ reliance on profit to survive resulted in short spans of existence for most. However, this thesis argues that these parks were crucial sites of identity and community formation and of resistance to segregation.

Pesquisas recentes vêm encontrando que alunos negros têm pior desempenho escolar que alunos brancos em testes cognitivos padronizados. A segregação racial é freqüentemente apontada na literatura internacional como uma das principais responsáveis por essa diferença. Nessa dissertação, foi analisado o efeito da segregação racial escolar no diferencial de proficiência escolar entre alunos brancos e negros do ensino fundamental brasileiro. Nos modelos estimados, mesmo após a utilização de diversos controles, foi encontrada evidência de que onde há maior segregação, os negros tem pior desempenho relativamente aos brancos. / Recent research have found that black students have worse schoolar performance than white students in standardized cognitive tests. Racial segregation is frequently pointed out as one of the main factors behind this scenario in international literature. We have studied the effects of racial seggregation on the black-white grade gap in Brazil. In the estimated models, even after the inclusion of several control variables, we have found that where the racial seggregation is higher, the grade differential is higher against black students.

"Grassroots schools" and training centers in the Prospect district of Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1959-1964 -- We will move : the Kennedy administration and restoring public education to Prince Edward County, Virginia -- Farmville, 1963 : the long hot summer -- Black resilience vs. white resistance in Prince Edward County -- Northerners in a Jim Crow world : Queens College summer experience -- A lecture from the children of the "lost-generation" of students from Prince Edward County, Virginia -- Reflections of African American parents, teachers, and students in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1959-1964. / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1029/thumbnail.jpg

Previous research in the spatial assimilation of racial and ethnic groups has not assessed trends over time due to methodological difficulties and data limitations. I use an innovative method to assess the intercensal changes in neighborhood spatial attainment for African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites in Houston, Texas, between 1970 and 2000. I extend the current literature by showing that an accepted and commonly used method for assessing longitudinal change in spatial attainment is flawed and yields incorrect results. I highlight an alternative approach which makes use of data readily available in Census Summary Files to estimate individual-level spatial attainment regressions. I also show that the choice of neighborhood size affects estimates of spatial attainment effects. Although the influence of spatial scale has been demonstrated in the segregation literature, its consequences for spatial attainment research have not. I investigate and report findings from four geographic scales useful to and commonly used by spatial attainment researchers: the block group, the Census tract, the Zip Code Tabulated Area, and the Public Use Micro Data Area. I compare the benefits and drawbacks of estimating spatial attainment at each level of geography.

abstract: This study addresses racial segregation in schools by examining the self-selecting patterns of middle class Asian immigrant parents in a public non-charter school district who enrolled their children in specialized academic programs. This phenomenological study focused on the educational history and the decision-making process of school choice in a sample of 11 Chinese and Vietnamese immigrant parents; a majority of them were identified as Chinese mothers. This study was conducted to answer the research questions: (R1) How do the parents' past experiences play a role in their perception of specialized academic programs and the decision-making process of selecting a school? (R2) What kind of informational networks or sources are used to make school choice? (R3) What are parents' notions of academic achievement or success for their children? (R4) How do parents' perceive specialized programs after engaging in them? This study sought to understand the relationship between the parents' own educational experiences and their negotiation of school choice for their children by collecting data through interviews, focus groups, and artifact documents. This study found that (1) the competitive conditions of the parents' educational experiences attributed to their sociocultural belief of education as social mobility which was a significant factor in their selection of an advanced program and expectations of high academic achievement; (2) mothers identified school reviews from friends as the most important information they obtained when they made school choice; these reviews took place in their coethnic social networks in Chinese language schools that offered their children heritage language development, academic, and nonacademic-based extracurricular classes; and (3) parents indicated that school choice is a continuous evaluative and comparative process. Overall, the study highlights the participants' bimodal acquisition of school advantages for their children in market-oriented school systems and the roles parents play in establishing cultural norms in making school choice. In return, these norms have depicted the participants in the model minority role, which leads to the perpetuation of the racist stereotype of all Asians as high achievers. This study has presented a multi-layered perspective of how middle class Chinese and Vietnamese American immigrant parents capitalize on specialized academic programs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2012