No description available.

No description available.

This investigation dealt with locating and measuring x-ray absorption of radiographic images. The methods developed provide a fast, accurate, minicomputer control, for analysis of embedded objects. A PDP/8 computer system was interfaced with a Joyce Loebl 3CS Microdensitometer and a Leeds & Northrup Recorder. Proposed algorithms for bone location and data smoothing work on a twelve-bit minicomputer. Designs of a software control program and operational procedure are presented. The filter made wedge and limb scans monotonic from minima to maxima. It was tested for various convoluted intervals. Ability to resmooth the same data in multiple passes was tested. An interval size of fifteen works well in one pass.

No description available.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Diagnostic Radiology Johannesburg, 2013 / INTRODUCTION: There is limited information on the radiographic presentation of children eligible to start HAART in resource-limited settings. OBJECTIVES: Determine radiographic patterns on pre-HAART chest X-rays (CXRs) in children, compare findings in immune-suppressed vs. non immune-suppressed children, compare the percentage of children with radiographic features of pulmonary TB to the percentage of children on TB treatment and assess inter-observer agreement between 3 radiologists. METHODS: Children (0-8 years) participating in a cohort study of TB and BCG-IRIS who had an acceptable routine pre-HAART CXR were included. CXRs were independently assessed by 3 radiologists, blinded from clinical data, using a standardised assessment form. All 3 readings were used to create a majority consensus finding during the data analysis phase. RESULTS: Amongst 161 children, the median age at enrolment was 2.3 years (25% (41/161) were <1year), 54% (87/161) were on TB treatment and 65% (100/154) were immune-suppressed. The majority (71%) had an abnormal CXR finding, predominantly air space disease (42%) and parenchymal interstitial disease (21%). Of the sub-group of 112 (70%) CXRs that could be assessed for lymphadenopathy, 75(67%) had one or more features suggestive of TB (74 lymphadenopathy, 2 cavities, 18 miliary infiltration) and 65% (70/107) were immune-suppressed. Statistically significant differences between immune-suppressed and non-immune-suppressed children were noted for features of lymphadenopathy and radiographic pulmonary TB. Amongst the sub-group of 112 CXRs a high percentage 49/75 (65%) were on TB treatment, with 26/75 (35%) not on TB treatment. Inter-observer agreement between all 3 readers was fair for overall abnormal CXR findings (K=0.23), airspace disease (K=0.22), moderate for parenchymal interstitial disease (K=0.54) and slight for lymphadenopathy (K=0.05). CONCLUSION: Among children eligible to start HAART, most (71%) presented with abnormal CXR findings and the majority (67%) had one or more CXR signs suggestive of TB. Of concern was the high proportion of CXRs (30%) that were of insufficient quality to be assessed for lymphadenopathy and the poor inter-observer agreement for lymphadenopathy.

Orientador: Maria Jaqueline Mamprim / Banca: Carlos Roberto Teixeira / Banca: Sheila Canevese Rahal / Banca: Cibele Figueira Carvalho / Banca: Ricardo Coelho Lehmkuhl / Resumo: O gato do mato (Leopardus tigrinus) é considerado uma espécie ameaçada de extinção no território brasileiro, sendo mais vulnerável em algumas regiões. A coleta de informações desta espécie é fundamental para originar conhecimentos sobre peculiaridades da mesma e assim, contribuir para reverter esse quadro atual. Pesquisas relacionadas ao diagnóstico por imagem no gato do mato são raras assim como o conhecimento de sua anatomia e enfermidades. Portanto, o estudo pela ultrassonográfica abdominal desta espécie irá proporcionar uma fonte de dados de normalidade, os quais poderão ser utilizados para diagnosticar enfermidades, colaborando para a preservação e manutenção da espécie. O grupo foi composto por 20 Leopardus tigrinus clinicamente sadios que foram submetidos ao exame ultrassonográfico abdominal com a finalidade de obtenção de parâmetros de normalidade de bexiga, baço, adrenal, rins, estômago, fígado e vesícula biliar, bem como parâmetros dopplerfluxométricos de vasos hepáticos e renais. Desse grupo dois gatos do mato tiveram intercorrências anestésicas e foram excluídos do projeto. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica abdominal em gatos do mato criados em cativeiro, para que essa informação possa ser utilizada como referência no diagnóstico de enfermidades que tenham envolvimento abdominal e, como consequência, possam ajudar na manutenção e preservação da espécie. A hipótese foi que a anatomia ultrassonográfica abdominal do gato do mato é similar ao gato doméstico / Abstract: The oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) is considered an endangered species in the Brazilian territory, being more vulnerable in some regions. Collecting information of this specie is essential to provide knowledge about its peculiaritie and help to reverse the current frame. Studies related to diagnostic imaging in the oncillas are rare as well as knowledge of their anatomy and diseases. Therefore, the abdominal ultrasound study of this species will provide a source of normality parameters, which may be used to diagnose diseases, contributing to the preservation and maintenance of the species. Twenty clinically healthy oncilla were selected for the abdominal ultrasound examination in order to obtain normal parameters of bladder, spleen, adrenal, kidney, stomach, liver and gallbladder, and Doppler parameters of liver and kidneys vessels. Two oncillas had anesthesia issues and were no included in the study. The aim of this study was to describe the normal abdominal echoanatomy of the oncilla. This study provides information of normal abdominal anatomical structures which can be basis for the study of diseases that cause abdominal involvement and to assist in the routine of centers of veterinary medicine in wild animals and/or cats. The hipothesis was that the echoanatomy of the oncilla was similar to the domestic cat / Mestre

Röntgensjuksköterskan träffar i sin yrkesroll barn som skadat sig på olika sätt och är den första personen inom vården som träffar patienten och ser röntgenbilderna vid samma tillfälle. Socialtjänstlagen fastställer att anställda inom hälso- och sjukvård ska anmäla till socialnämnden om de får kännedom om eller misstänker barnmisshandel. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva typiska fysiska tecken på barnmisshandel som röntgensjuksköterskan kan upptäcka i sin yrkesroll. Metoden som använts är en litteraturöversikt med ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt. Två kategorier, med tillhörande subkategorier, skapades efter att artiklarna analyserats. De kategorier som presenteras är inre och yttre fysiska tecken på barnmisshandel. Subkategorierna är frakturer, hjärnskada och tillväxtlinjer samt brännskador och blåmärken. Det finns inga typiska fysiska tecken som på egen hand fastställer barnmisshandel men de är en del av en sammanvägd utredning när misstanke uppstår. Det finns typiska fysiska tecken som förekommer i hög grad hos misshandelsfall men som även förekommer vid olycksfall. Det finns även typiska fysiska tecken som har stark koppling till barnmisshandel men har låg prevalens generellt. / The radiographer meets children who are injured in different ways within the professional scope and is the first person within health care who meets the patient and see the radiographs simultaneously. The social service law states that employees within the health care system must report to the social services when getting knowledge about or suspect child abuse. The objective of this study is to describe typical physical signs of child abuse that a radiographer can discover within the professional scope. The method used is literature overview with a systematical approach. Two categories, each with subcategories, were created after the articles were analyzed. The categories presented are inner and outer physical signs of child abuse. The subcategories are fractures, brain damage, growth recovery lines and burns and bruises. There are no typical physical signs who single-handedly determines child abuse, but they are a part of a collected investigation when suspicion arise. There are typical physical signs which occur frequently in cases of child abuse but also occurs in accidents. There are also typical physical signs highly associated with child abuse but with a generally lower prevalence.

Every child has the right to be protected from abuse, violence and exploitation. Children in Bhutan today have rights by law not to be subject to physical abuse, yet UNICEF statistics show that over 64% of children have been physically abused at least once in their lives. There are four types of child maltreatment, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. This study focuses on physical abuse. According to the Youth Development Fund of Bhutan there is a lack of knowledge to address child protection issues in the country. The aim was to investigate the radiographers experience and perceived responsibility when suspecting child abuse. A qualitative interview study with inductive approach was used to answer the study’s purpose. Five radiographers were interviewed at the national referral hospital in Thimphu. The result shows that there is a lack of knowledge about child abuse, but the radiographers are aware of their responsibility by law to report suspected cases of child abuse. The radiographers perceive that their responsibility lay in taking as good images as possible. The radiographers are doing their best with the resources available but that is not enough to protect the children against violence. / Varje barn har rätt att skyddas mot misshandel, våld och exploatering. Barn i Bhutan har idag rätt att inte utsättas för fysiskt våld men statistik från UNICEF visar att över 64% av barnen har utstått fysiskt våld minst en gång i livet. Det finns fyra typer av barnmisshandel, fysiskt våld, psykiskt våld, sexuella övergrepp och försummelse. Denna studie fokuserar på fysiskt våld. Enligt Bhutans ungdomsutvecklingsfond (YDF) finns brist på kunskap för att ta itu med barnsäkerhetsfrågor i landet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka radiografers erfarenheter och hur de uppfattat sitt ansvar vid misstänkta fall av barnmisshandel. En kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats användes för att besvara studiens syfte. Fem radiografer intervjuades på sjukhuset i Thimphu. Resultatet visar att kunskapen om barnmisshandel är bristfälliga men att radiograferna är väl medvetna om sin skyldighet enligt lag att rapportera misstänkta barnmisshandelsfall. Radiograferna uppfattar att deras ansvar ligger i att ta så bra bilder som möjligt. Radiograferna gör sitt bästa med de resurser som finns tillgängliga men det räcker inte för att skydda barnen från våld.

A síndrome de Down (SD) é a causa genética mais comum de comprometimento intelectual associada a doenças sistêmicas, como o envelhecimento precoce e alterações músculo-esqueléticas que aumentam o risco de osteoporose (OP). A OP é uma doença do esqueleto, caracterizada por baixa massa óssea e deterioração da micro arquitetura do tecido ósseo, com aumento de fragilidade óssea e susceptibilidade à fratura, considerada um problema de saúde mundial, que aumenta o risco de mortalidade e os custos médicos. Tem como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de OP: sexo feminino, raça branca ou asiática, história familiar, imobilidade, abuso de álcool, massa muscular, uso crônico de corticosteróides, a falta de terapia de reposição hormonal, tabagismo, sedentarismo e baixa ingestão de cálcio. Muitos destes fatores podem ser encontrados em indivíduos com SD, onde recentemente a OP foi identificada em adultos jovens. O diagnóstico precoce da OP impede fraturas e é extremamente importante, realizado pelo exame absormetria de dupla energia de raios X (DXA), ou seja, a densitometria óssea, que determina a densidade óssea (DO). Embora exames radiográficos não serem precisos para o diagnóstico da OP, se bem interpretados, eles podem ser ferramentas poderosas para o screeening da OP. A radiografia panorâmica é o exame radiográfico mais solicitado do corpo humano e muitas vezes é realizado como exame complementar no diagnóstico odontológico. Assim, os dentistas podem desempenhar um papel importante para o diagnóstico da OP e prevenção de fraturas osteoporóticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a radiografia panorâmica (PAN) com a DXA para identificar a OP na SD. Foram avaliados 37 pacientes com SD do CAPE/FOUSP, com idade mínima de 25 anos, cujos pais ou responsáveis concordaram e assinaram o Consentimento Informado (CEP-FOUSP 79/2009). Foram colhidos os dados do histórico médico, realizado a PAN e a DXA do rádio e da ulna. Na radiografia panorâmica foram avaliados a medida da largura da cortical mandibular e o formato da cortical mandibular usando o software Radiocef Studio 2. Foram comparado os resultados da PAN com os resultados da DXA. Os resultados mostraram 21 pacientes do sexo masculino e 16 do sexo feminino, sendo 33 pacientes brancos, 03 negros e 01 amarelo. A idade variou de 25 a 60 anos e 01 mês, com média de 32 anos. As medidas da cortical mandibular dos pacientes com SD variou de 1,94 mm a 4,49 mm, com média de 3,01mm. Na avaliação do formato da cortical mandibular, 2 pacientes apresentaram formato C1 (cortical mandibular normal), 15 pacientes apresentaram formato C2 (cortical mandibular com ligeira erosão) e 20 pacientes apresentaram formato C3 (cortical mandibular severamente erodida), segundo a classificação de Klemeti et al., 1994. O trabalho realizado nos permitiu concluir que os indicadores anatômicos mensuráveis de radiografias panorâmicas digitais normalmente utilizados para identificação de baixa DO na população normorreativa não devem ser utilizados como parâmetros para a identificação de baixa densidade óssea em pacientes com SD; o screening da OP em pacientes com SD deve ser baseado na avaliação clínica e nas mudanças radiográficas, uma vez que as alterações das estruturas ósseas destes pacientes dificultam a correlação com valores pré-estabelecidos e ainda que faz-se necessário a elaboração de valores padrões de indicadores anatômicos mensuráveis exclusivos para identificação de baixa densidade óssea em pacientes com SD. / Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual impairment associated with systemic disorders such as premature aging and muscle skeletal changes that increase the risk of osteoporosis (OP). The OP is an skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with increase of bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture, which is a global health problem, that increases the risk of mortality and medical costs. Risk factors for the development of OP are: female gender, white or asian race, family history, immobility, alcohol abuse, poor muscle mass, chronic corticosteroid use, lack of hormone replacement therapy, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and low calcium intake. Many of these factors can be found in individuals with DS, where recently the OP has been identified in young adults. Early diagnosis of OP prevents fractures and it is extremely important. It´s performed by the exam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which determines the bone density (BD). However, these tests are not available for the Brazilian population in general. Although X-ray exams are not precise for the diagnosis of OP, they can provide powerful tools to screen potential patients with OP, since they are well interpreted. The panoramic radiograph (PAN) is the most requested x-ray of the human body and is often performed as a complementary test in dental diagnosis. Thus dental surgeons can play an important role for the diagnosis of OP and prevention of fractures. The aim of this study was compare PAN with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to identify OP at DS. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with DS-CAPE/FOUSP, aged at least 25 years, who parents agreed and signed the Informed Consent (CEP-FOUSP 79/2009). The data from medical history was taken, it was performed PAN, and DXA of radius and ulna. The width and the shape of the mandibular cortical was evaluated at PAN using Radiocef Studio 2 software, and the results of PAN were compared with the result of DXA. CONCLUSIONS: The screening of OP in DS patients should be based on clinical evaluation and radiographic changes, since the changes of the bone structure of these patients are difficult to compare with values previously established.

A maioria das calcificações em tecidos moles na região de cabeça e pescoço são achados radiográficos incidentais. Com o crescente uso da Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico na Odontologia (TCFC) há um aumento do número desses achados, visto que o exame permite a visualização das estruturas em três dimensões. Esse estudo estabeleceu uma metodologia para identificar algumas dessas calcificações. Um observador calibrado analisou 100 exames de TCFC e as respectivas panorâmicas, quanto à presença de Ossificação do Complexo Estilo-Hióideo (OCEH), tonsilólitos e ateromas. Adicionalmente os processos estilóides foram mensurados. As correlações para as radiografias panorâmicas foram estatisticamente significante entre idade e comprimento do processo estilóide. As correlações para os exames de TCFC foram estatisticamente significantes entre idade e tonsilólitos, idade e o comprimento do processo estilóide e idade e ateromas. Houve diferença estatística significante (Wilcoxon p<0,05) entre os exames de TCFC e panorâmicas quanto à presença de tonsilólitos, presença de OCEH e para as mensurações dos processos estilóides. Foi detectada maior quantidade de calcificações em tecidos moles nos exames de TCFC. A identificação das calcificações em tecidos moles é importante no diagnóstico diferencial de muitas patologias incluindo os flebólitos. Portanto o profissional deve ficar atento a correta interpretação dessas estruturas, buscando evitar erros e omissões, para que possa oferecer ao paciente opção correta de tratamento se for necessário. / The most common soft tissue calcifications in head and neck region are incidental findings in radiographic images. The use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Dentistry, has increased these incidental findings mainly, because CBCT allows a third dimension view. The goal of this study was to differentiate the styloid chain ossification (SHCO), tonsilloliths and calcified atheromas. Based on a specific methodology, one calibrated observer analysed 100 panoramic and CBCT exams from the same patients regarding these alterations. Afterwards, the styloid process was measured at the same exams. The correlations tests for the panoramic exams were statistically significant between age and styloid process length. The correlations tests for CBCT exams were statistically significant between age and tonsilloliths, age and styloid process length and age and calcified atheromas. There was a difference statistically significant (Wilcoxon p<0.05) between CBCT and panoramic exams regarding: presence of tonsillolith, presence of SHCO and styloid process length. It was detected more quantity of soft tissues calcifications in CBCT exams. The identification of soft tissues calcifications is important for the differential diagnoses of many pathologies including phlebolits. Therefore the professional should be able to do a correct image interpretation in some cases in order to avoid mistakes and offer the patient a treatment if is necessary.