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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
771

Syntax in reading comprehension and writing composition in Chinese children.

January 2013 (has links)
本 研究主要探討句法意識在香港兒童篇章閱讀理解及篇章寫作中的作用,包括三个研究。研究一主要探討句法意識是否能夠獨立預測香港兒童的篇章閱讀理解能力。 受試者為89名母語為粤語的香港五年級兒童。實驗中,受試者接受一系列認知及語言相關的個別測試。主要包括智力測驗、中文篇章閱讀理解測驗、語音意識測 驗、語素意識測驗、語義知識測驗、句法意識測驗、記憶能力測驗及詞彙能力測驗。相關分析表明兩種句法意識測驗顯著與兒童中文閱讀理解能力相關。回歸分析表明即使在控制了兒童在智力水平,語音意識,語義意識,語素意識,詞彙能力及工作記憶能力的差异的情況下,句法意識,尤其是連詞應能力,仍能夠顯著地預測兒 童在中文篇章理解的成绩。 / 研究二應用追踪研究探討句法意識在中文閱讀中的重要作用及中文篇章理解與句法意識是否是雙向相關。即兒童在低一年級的句法意識是否可以用來預測兒童在高一年的篇章閱讀理解成績及兒童在低一年級的阅读理解成績是否可以用來預測兒童在高一年級的句法能力。相關分析表明兒童在五年級的句法能力顯著與兒童六年 級的閱讀理解能力相關,五年级的阅读理解能力显著与儿童六年级的句法能力相关。回歸分析表明,兒童在五年級的句法能力能夠顯著預測兒童在六年級的篇章閱讀 理解成绩。路徑分析表明兒童的句法能力與篇章閱讀理解能力是相互影響的關係。即兒童的句法能力可以用來預測兒童的篇章閱讀理解成绩, 同時兒童的篇章閱讀理解成绩同樣可以用來測兒童的句法能力。 / 研究三主要探討句法意識在兒童篇章寫作中的重要作用。研究三主要採用追踪研究的方法。受试者与测量任务同研究二相同,这些儿童同时接受了写作能力测验。 句法任务包括句法判断和连词填写任务。同时,我们还采用了句 / 法错误分析的方法来探讨儿童写作中句法能力的发展。 相關分析表明兩種句法能力測驗顯著與兒童的寫作能力相關。回歸分析表明,兒童的 句法能力是兒童寫作能力的一個顯著预测因子。路徑分析表明兒童的句法能力與兒童的寫作能力是相互影響的關係。即兒童的句法能力可以用來預測兒童的寫作能 力, 同時兒童的寫作能力同樣可以用來測兒童的句法能力。 句法錯誤分析表明兒童在語序,詞性,成份完整性及標點符號的使用上表現出規律性的語法錯誤。本研究揭示了句法能力在兒童篇章閱讀理解及篇章寫作中的重要作用, 為中文篇章閱讀及篇章写作的困難兒童的診斷提供了重要參考。 / This research aimed to explore the role of syntactic awareness in text reading comprehension and writing composition in Hong Kong Chinese children. Three studies were included. In Study 1, the question of whether syntactic awareness uniquely correlated with text reading comprehension in Hong Kong Chinese fifth graders was examined. A total of 89 fifth graders from two primary schools were recruited (45 boys, and 44 girls, mean age = 9.15 years, SD = .43). These children were administered a set of cognitive and linguistic measures including two tasks on syntactic awareness, i.e. syntactic judgment/correction task and conjunction cloze task. The results of Study1 indicated that syntactic skills, especially knowledge of conjunctive word usage, accounted for unique variance in text reading comprehension in Chinese children even when age, nonverbal IQ, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, semantic knowledge, vocabulary knowledge, morhosyntactic knowledge and working memory as well as word reading were statistically controlled. / The purpose of Study 2 was twofold. First, it aimed to investigate the longitudinal predictive effect of syntactic awareness on text reading comprehension in Hong Kong Chinese children. Second, the bidirectional relationship between syntactic awareness and text reading comprehension was explored. A total of 129 children (50 boys and 79 girls), from a ten-year longitudinal study, were sampled. They were tested on a set of cognitive and linguistic measures including the same two syntactic tasks used as those in Study1. Results showed that syntactic awareness was longitudinally predictive of text reading comprehension, even when the contributions of children’s age, nonverbal and verbal abilities, phonological awareness, and morphological awareness were taken into account. In addition, children’s early reading comprehension was significantly correlated with their growth in syntactic awareness, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between syntactic awareness and reading comprehension. / In Study 3, the relationship between syntactic awareness and writing composition was examined in Hong Kong Chinese children. The participants and measures were the same as those in Study 2. In addition, those children were administered a writing composition task both at age 11 and 12. Results revealed that syntactic awareness was significantly predictive of children’s writing, controlling for the contribution of age, nonverbal and verbal abilities, phonological awareness and morphological awareness. Children’s performance in early writing compositions was also significantly associated with their later syntactic skills. This may suggest a reciprocal relationship between syntactic awareness and writing. In addition, syntactic error analyses revealed that children made certain syntactic errors in sentence construction and these errors were not random. / Findings in this study not only help us unravel the relations between syntactic awareness and reading comprehension and writing composition, contributing to a fuller understanding of the foundation of Chinese reading comprehension and writing composition, but also provide a potentially useful direction for the diagnosis of reading and writing difficulties for Chinese children. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tong, Xiuhong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-149). / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.II / Abstract (in English) --- p.IV / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.VII / List of Tables --- p.X / List of Figures --- p.XII / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHATPER TWO: --- SYNTACTIC AWARENESS AND READING --- p.17 / Syntactic Awareness Reading in Readers of Alphabetic Languages --- p.18 / Syntactic Awareness in Chinese Children’s Reading --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- SYNTACTIC AWARENESS AND WRITING COMPOSITION --- p.31 / Model of Writing --- p.32 / Syntax and Writing in Alphabetic Languages --- p.35 / Syntax and writing in Chinese children --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.42 / Study 1 --- p.46 / Study 2 --- p.62 / Study 3 --- p.78 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION --- p.103 / REFERENCES --- p.127 / APPENDIX --- p.150
772

中文閱讀理解能力的個別因素剖象: 成績稍遜閱讀者與一般閱讀者的比較 = Component profiles of Chinese reading comprehension ability : a comparison of poor and average readers. / Component profiles of Chinese reading comprehension ability: a comparison of poor and average readers / Zhong wen yue du li jie neng li de ge bie yin su pou xiang: cheng ji shao xun yue du zhe yu yi ban yue du zhe de bi jiao = Component profiles of Chinese reading comprehension ability : a comparison of poor and average readers.

January 1996 (has links)
蘇月華. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院敎育學部, 1996. / 參考文献 : leaves 87-94a / Su Yuehua [So Suet Wah]. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 --- p.1-3 / 研究背景 --- p.1 / 研究意義 --- p.1 / 「閱讀理解能力」的界定 --- p.2 / 「成績稍遜閱讀者」與「一般閱讀者」的界定 --- p.3 / 研究問題 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二章 --- 理論基礎 --- p.4-22 / Perfetti的閱讀能力的認知因素理論 --- p.4-9 / 閱讀能力的性質 --- p.4 / 閱讀能力的認知因素 --- p.4 / 認知因素的能力差異 --- p.6 / 閱讀能力的認知因素模式 --- p.7 / Anderson 的 ACT 衍生理論 --- p.10-16 / 記憶系統和知識表象 --- p.11 / 記憶擴散激活理論 --- p.11 / 認知技能的獲取 --- p.12 / 閱讀理解與ACT衍生理論 --- p.13 / Kintsch & van Dijk 的閱讀理解模式 --- p.17-22 / 篇章的語義結構 --- p.17 / 篇章的理解過程 --- p.18 / 影響篇章理解的因素 --- p.21 / Chapter 第三章 --- 文獻綜述 --- p.23-33 / 有關優與劣閱讀者的研究 --- p.23 / 字詞方面 --- p.23 / 句義方面 --- p.26 / 篇章方面 --- p.29 / 測量閱讀的工具 --- p.34 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究設計 --- p.36-46 / 研究假設 --- p.36 / 研究方法 --- p.37 / 對象 --- p.37 / 工具 --- p.37 / 測試程序 --- p.42 / 評分方式 --- p.43 / 資料分析和統計 --- p.44 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結果與討論 --- p.47-79 / 研究資料結果 --- p.47 / 九項測驗的因素分析 --- p.47 / 分組比較一 一九項測驗結果 --- p.49 / 分組比較一 一三個閱讀範疇結果 --- p.54 / 分級比較一 一三個閱讀範疇結果 --- p.58 / 分組比較一 一五項反應時間結果 --- p.61 / 各項分數與反應時間的關係 --- p.66 / 討論部分 --- p.69 / 字詞方面的差異 --- p.69 / 句子方面的差異 --- p.72 / 篇章方面的差異 --- p.75 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論、研究限制及建議 --- p.80-85 / 結論 --- p.80 / 研究限制 --- p.83 / 建議 --- p.84 / 參考文獻 --- p.85-94 / 附件 / 附件一:中一集體測試試題 --- p.95 / 附件二 :中三集體測試試題 --- p.105 / 附件三:中一和中三個人電腦測試試題 --- p.115
773

Idiom Comprehension In Bilingual And Monolingual Adolescents

Fusté-Herrmann, Belinda 21 February 2008 (has links)
A majority of Latino adolescents are reading below a proficient level, according to federal data, and there is a significant gap between overall reading proficiency of Latino and non-Latino, Caucasian adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the linguistic underpinnings of Latino students' text comprehension. A positive relationship appears to exist between idiom comprehension and academic achievement, as well as idiom comprehension and reading comprehension, in typically developing, monolingual adolescents. Since reading comprehension and idiom comprehension share many of the same linguistic processes, idiom comprehension may provide a unique perspective for investigating Latino adolescents' reading comprehension. Using the Global Elaboration Model (GEM, Levorato, Nesi, & Cacciari, 2004) as the conceptual framework, the present study examined the relationship between idiom comprehension and reading comprehension with a population that had not been studied in this manner: bilingual (Spanish-English) adolescents in West Central Florida and their monolingual (English-only) peers. The GEM posits that idiom comprehension develops in tandem with other linguistic development requiring inferencing ability; and that idiom x comprehension ability can be predicted by reading comprehension ability. The present research design included the evaluation of idiomatic familiarity, semantic transparency, and contextual support, as well as three other linguistic measures: a) a reading comprehension task, b) an error detection task, and c) a synonym task. Results indicated that the three linguistic measures predicted 33% of the variance in idiom comprehension accuracy; and error detection was the strongest predictor of idiom comprehension accuracy. Furthermore, monolinguals outperformed bilinguals on all measures. The synonym task, a measure of lexical depth, best predicted language group membership. There was a three-way interaction among idiomatic familiarity, semantic transparency, and contextual support; and a three-way interaction among familiarity, transparency, and language group. Lastly, the three linguistic measures significantly predicted the bilinguals' amount of English experience, with qualitative differences emerging between sequential and simultaneous language learners. Findings lend support to the psychological reality of the GEM and provide insight into the linguistic foundations of reading comprehension in Spanish-English bilinguals.
774

Teaching reading comprehension to Thai EFL students: Reciprocal Teaching Procedure

Wisaijorn, Patareeya, n/a January 2003 (has links)
The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of strategy training in small group work on the reading comprehension of academic texts in English by Thai English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. The strategy-training used was the Reciprocal Teaching Procedure (RTF) which focused on the four reading comprehension strategies: predicting, clarifying, questioning and summarizing. The research study was an experimental one using a single group design. The participants were thirty-four first year students enrolled in the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program at a tertiary institution in the northeastern part of Thailand. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The pre-, post- and follow-up reading tests were employed for quantitative analysis. The students' performances were analyzed for statistically significant differences immediately at the end of the ten-week training and in the follow-up test eight weeks after the training. Qualitative data were collected from students' pre-, post- and follow-up questionnaires, checklists and journals, teacher's checklists and journal, and independent observer's checklists and field notes.
775

The design of an ESL academic reading skills programme

Chiu, Man-ming, Joseph. January 1986 (has links)
Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 33-36). Also available in print.
776

Hur begriplig är den lättlästa samhällsinformationen? : En studie av fyra texter från fyra myndigheter / How well understood is the easy-to-read information from Swedish authorities? : A study of four texts from four authorities

Olsson Kihl, Lena January 2005 (has links)
<p>The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about the comprehensibility of the easy-to-read civic information. In the study I present my analysis of the content of four easy-to-read texts from four government authorities. The analysis constitutes the starting point for interviews with the target group – people with a minor mental retardation –, but it also reveals some possible difficulties for the intended readers. In the empirical study ten persons from the target group were asked to read a text and the comprehension was tested by oral questions about facts in the text. The empirical findings indicate that the main message was often understood. Still, the target group had some difficulties understanding the texts, although they are easy-to-read and intended for people with a minor mental retardation. The difficulties seem to be caused by the choice of words, abstract explanations and unclear content. Therefore I suggest further research to find out how to prevent such difficulties.</p> / <p>I dag ställs det krav på att myndigheter ska ge ut viss information på lättläst svenska till grupper som har svårt för att läsa och förstå annan information. En av de målgrupper som denna information riktar sig till är personer med en begåvningsnedsättning. Det ställer särskilt höga krav på att texten är enkelt skriven och skribenten kan t.ex. inte utgå från att läsaren har förkunskaper eller kan förstå bildspråk.</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om hur myndigheternas lättlästa samhällsinformation kan göras begripligare för målgruppen personer med en begåvningsnedsättning. I studien undersöks fyra texter, med information som vi behöver i vardagslivet, från fyra statliga myndigheter. Studien försöker dels utröna hur begriplig den lättlästa samhällsinformationen är för målgruppen, dels vad det är som gör en text svår. Med utgångspunkt från svaren på dessa frågor förs en diskussion om hur texterna skulle kunna bli lättare att förstå för målgruppen.</p><p>Undersökningen har en explorativ karaktär och forskningsansatsen är hermeneutisk. Studien utgår inte från någon vedertagen teori om lättläst samhällsinformation, men däremot utgör teorier inom språk-, kognitions- och handikappvetenskap en viktig bas.</p><p>Studien består av en analys av innehållet i texterna. Textanalysen är framförallt avsedd att vara ett underlag för intervjuer och tolkningar av dessa. Analysen lyfter dock även fram tänkbara svårigheter i texterna. Studiens empiriska och viktigaste del består av intervjuer med tio personer ur texternas målgrupp. Samtliga personer hämtades från en skola för vuxna med en begåvningsnedsättning. Varje intervjuperson har fått läsa en text och därefter svarat på frågor om textens innehåll. Slutligen har jag jämfört om intervjupersonens svar stämmer överens med den tolkning jag gjort av textens budskap.</p><p>Resultatet visar att texterna oftast lyckades förmedla sitt övergripande budskap, men att enstaka eller flera detaljer orsakade svårigheter för läsarna. Svårigheterna verkade bero på ordval, abstrakta förklaringar och innehållsliga otydligheter samt att texten krävde förkunskaper som läsaren inte hade. Att dessa faktorer kan leda till att förståelsen av en text försvåras är i sig inte nytt inom språkvetenskapen och kognitionsvetenskapen, men det intressanta är att svårigheter kvarstår även i texter som bearbetats till lättläst. Därför bör ytterligare forskning om lättläst samhällsinformation uppmuntras.</p>
777

Bildens betydelse vid läsning : - En studie av barns läsförståelse och läsvanor i skolår 2. / The significance of illustrations to readers : - A study on children´s reading comprehension and reading habits in school year 2.

Grefbäck, Anna January 2009 (has links)
<p> </p><p><strong><p>Abstract</p></strong><p>My curiosity of students' use of images for reading led me to seek knowledge of the students view on the text illustrations in the literature and through interviews. This study is about how pupils in the school year 2 experience reading, especially with images. The purpose is to investigate the significance of illustrations in reading for students in school year 2. I also want to find out how students see themselves as readers and how the survey material believes that the students comprehend reading. Eight children, both girls and boys have participated in the interview. They had to read from three books in different formats with the same approach and questions. Interview and reading aloud were recorded and analyzed. The results suggest that the students are not always aware of their own development of reading process and the importances of the images are not considered as high among students. Notably, many of them used the images to get the information they needed to answer questions. Those who read other than books at home believe that they do not read, even if reading is about decoding information and messages. ´The broadens the concept of text´, which means that the text also includes the message that is mediated by other than through the written word, seems unfamiliar to the students. You can see that it is of importance for their reading comprehension among the students who read a lot at home.</p></p> / <p> </p><p><strong><p>Sammanfattning</p></strong><p>Min nyfikenhet över elevernas användande av bilder vid läsning ledde mig till att söka kunskap om elevernas syn på textillustrationer, i litteratur och genom intervjuer. Den här studien handlar om hur elever i skolår 2 upplever läsning, och då främst med bilder. Syftet består i att undersöka vad illustrationer kan ha för betydelse vid läsförståelse för elever i skolår 2. Jag vill också ta reda på hur eleverna ser sig själva som läsare och var eleverna befinner sig enligt olika kartläggningsmaterial om läsförståelse. Åtta barn, både tjejer och killar har deltagit i intervjun. De fick läsa högt ur tre böcker i olika format med samma tillvägagångssätt och frågor. Intervju och högläsning har spelats in och analyserats. Resultatet tyder på att eleverna inte alltid är medvetna om sin egen läsutvecklingsprocess och att betydelsen av bilder inte anses så stor bland eleverna. Noterbart är att många av dem använde sig av bilderna för att få den information de behövde för att svara på frågorna. De som läser annat än böcker hemma anser sig inte läsa, även om det innebär att avläsa information och meddelanden. Det vidgade textbegreppet, som innebär att text också innefattar budskap som medieras på annat sätt än genom det skrivna ordet, verkar obekant för eleverna. Det märks att det är av betydelse för deras läsförståelse bland de elever som läser mycket hemma.</p></p>
778

The effectiveness of the "Hiway" literacy programme for learner support in the foundation and intermediate phase / Milson Donald Hailstones

Hailstones, Milson Donald January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
779

Hur begriplig är den lättlästa samhällsinformationen? : En studie av fyra texter från fyra myndigheter / How well understood is the easy-to-read information from Swedish authorities? : A study of four texts from four authorities

Olsson Kihl, Lena January 2005 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about the comprehensibility of the easy-to-read civic information. In the study I present my analysis of the content of four easy-to-read texts from four government authorities. The analysis constitutes the starting point for interviews with the target group – people with a minor mental retardation –, but it also reveals some possible difficulties for the intended readers. In the empirical study ten persons from the target group were asked to read a text and the comprehension was tested by oral questions about facts in the text. The empirical findings indicate that the main message was often understood. Still, the target group had some difficulties understanding the texts, although they are easy-to-read and intended for people with a minor mental retardation. The difficulties seem to be caused by the choice of words, abstract explanations and unclear content. Therefore I suggest further research to find out how to prevent such difficulties. / I dag ställs det krav på att myndigheter ska ge ut viss information på lättläst svenska till grupper som har svårt för att läsa och förstå annan information. En av de målgrupper som denna information riktar sig till är personer med en begåvningsnedsättning. Det ställer särskilt höga krav på att texten är enkelt skriven och skribenten kan t.ex. inte utgå från att läsaren har förkunskaper eller kan förstå bildspråk. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om hur myndigheternas lättlästa samhällsinformation kan göras begripligare för målgruppen personer med en begåvningsnedsättning. I studien undersöks fyra texter, med information som vi behöver i vardagslivet, från fyra statliga myndigheter. Studien försöker dels utröna hur begriplig den lättlästa samhällsinformationen är för målgruppen, dels vad det är som gör en text svår. Med utgångspunkt från svaren på dessa frågor förs en diskussion om hur texterna skulle kunna bli lättare att förstå för målgruppen. Undersökningen har en explorativ karaktär och forskningsansatsen är hermeneutisk. Studien utgår inte från någon vedertagen teori om lättläst samhällsinformation, men däremot utgör teorier inom språk-, kognitions- och handikappvetenskap en viktig bas. Studien består av en analys av innehållet i texterna. Textanalysen är framförallt avsedd att vara ett underlag för intervjuer och tolkningar av dessa. Analysen lyfter dock även fram tänkbara svårigheter i texterna. Studiens empiriska och viktigaste del består av intervjuer med tio personer ur texternas målgrupp. Samtliga personer hämtades från en skola för vuxna med en begåvningsnedsättning. Varje intervjuperson har fått läsa en text och därefter svarat på frågor om textens innehåll. Slutligen har jag jämfört om intervjupersonens svar stämmer överens med den tolkning jag gjort av textens budskap. Resultatet visar att texterna oftast lyckades förmedla sitt övergripande budskap, men att enstaka eller flera detaljer orsakade svårigheter för läsarna. Svårigheterna verkade bero på ordval, abstrakta förklaringar och innehållsliga otydligheter samt att texten krävde förkunskaper som läsaren inte hade. Att dessa faktorer kan leda till att förståelsen av en text försvåras är i sig inte nytt inom språkvetenskapen och kognitionsvetenskapen, men det intressanta är att svårigheter kvarstår även i texter som bearbetats till lättläst. Därför bör ytterligare forskning om lättläst samhällsinformation uppmuntras.
780

Academic Language Proficiency Development and Its Impact on Reading Comprehension: Within and Across Languages

Spies, Tracy 2011 May 1900 (has links)
A path model of second language (L2; English) oral language and reading comprehension variables was tested on a sample of 100 Spanish-speaking English-language learners enrolled in a transitional bilingual program over a 3-year period. The data collected were a part of a longitudinal, federally funded experimental project entitled English Language and Literacy Acquisition (Project ELLA). The purpose of this study was (a) to test a path model on discrete L2 academic language proficiency variables on L2 reading comprehension, (b) to test a path model on discrete L2 academic language proficiency variables and L2 reading comprehension on L1 reading comprehension, and (c) to compare the influence of L2 language development on reading comprehension development in L2 and L1 between students enrolled in transitional bilingual education experimental (TBE-E) classrooms and those enrolled in the transitional bilingual education control or typical (TBE-T) classrooms. Results indicated the two groups did not differ significantly in their overall levels of achievement. However, striking differences were noted in how the academic language proficiency variables influenced reading comprehension outcomes. English listening comprehension, vocabulary, and grammar had significant influences on reading comprehension in the TBE-E group while English listening comprehension was the only predictor variable for the TBE-T group. Cross-linguistic transfer was established in the TBE-E group from English reading comprehension to Spanish reading comprehension whereas no transfer was detected in the TBE-T group. It is evident that high quality comprehensive ESL instruction develops academic oral language proficiency that contributes to effective reading comprehension while students continue to learn in their native language. However, in the absence of a high quality ESL instruction, students may develop academic oral language proficiency, but are ineffective in utilizing these skills for reading comprehension. It is also evident that time spent developing quality L2 reading comprehension influences L1 reading comprehension even though less time is spent in L1, suggesting cross-linguistic transfer from L2 to L1. More effective English skills coupled with effective native language skills suggests the TBE-E students have added cognitive benefits of bilingualism while the TBE-T students remain ineffective in using available language proficiency skills for effective reading comprehension.

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