In the bio/pharmaceutical industry, fermentation is extremely important in pharmaceutical development, and in microbial research. However, new fermentor designs are needed to improve production and reduce costs of complex systems such as cultivation of mammalian cells and genetically engineered micro-organisms. Traditionally, stirred tank design is driven by the oxygen transfer capability needed to achieve cell growth. However, design methodologies available for stirred tank fermentors are insufficient and many times contain errors. The aim of this research is to improve the design of production scale stirred tank fermentors through the development of dimensionless correlations and by providing information on aspects of fermentor tanks that can aid in oxygen mass transfer. This was accomplished through four key areas. Empirical studies were used to quantify the mass transfer capabilities of several different reactors. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to assess the impact of certain baffle and impeller geometries. Correction schemes were developed and applied to the experimental data. Dimensionless correlations were created from corrected experimental data to act as a guide for future production scale fermentor design. The methods for correcting experimental data developed in this research have proven to be accurate and useful. Furthermore, the correlations found from the corrected experimental data in this study are of great benefit in the design of production scale stirred tank fermentors. However, when designing a stirred tank fermentor of a different size, further experimentation should be performed to refine the correlations presented.

Microservices are a new trend in application development. They allow for breaking down big monolithic applications into smaller parts that can be updated and scaled independently. However, there are still many uncertainties when it comes to the standards of the microservices, which can lead to costly and time consuming creations or migrations of system architectures. One of the more common ways of deploying microservices is through the use of containers and container orchestration platform, most commonly the open-source platform Kubernetes. In order to speed up the creation or migration it is possible to use a reference architecture that acts as a blueprint to follow when designing and implementing the architecture. Using a reference architecture will lead to more standardized architectures, which in turn are most time and cost effective. This thesis proposes such a reference architecture to be used when designing microservice architectures. The goal of the reference architecture is to provide a product that meets the needs and expectations of companies that already use microservices or might adopt microservices in the future. In order to achieve the goal of the thesis, the work was divided into three main phases. First, a questionnaire was conducted and sent out to be answered by experts in the area of microservices or system architectures. Second, literature studies were made on the state of the art and practice of reference architectures and microservice architectures. Third, studies were made on the Kubernetes components found in the Kubernetes documentation, which were evaluated and chosen depending on how well they reflected the needs of the companies. This thesis finally proposes a reference architecture with components chosen according to the needs and expectations of the companies found from the questionnaire.

This study has contributed to the development of the reference condition approach in disturbed landscapes. The reference condition approach has been an important development for the bioassessment of aquatic ecosystems by providing a practical tool for the accurate assessment of river condition. The selection of appropriate reference sites is critical to the success of the predictive model in terms of being able to distinguish between natural variation in biota and the effects of human disturbance. Capturing natural variability and explaining it is a key difference between the reference condition approach and other study designs (e.g. before/after/control/impact). Natural disturbances such as drought or bushfire can significantly alter the ecological condition of streams, and although the ecological condition of streams affected by natural drought or bushfire is part of the natural cycle, this natural variation of the ecological condition is rarely incorporated into many study designs because of a mismatch in time scales. Human disturbance has also significantly altered the condition of landscapes through the development of agriculture and urbanisation. In urban or agricultural landscapes it can be impossible to locate streams that have not been modified by human activity for use as a reference condition. This study looked at the effects of natural disturbance on the reference condition, in terms of the way natural disturbance affects the prediction of stream condition and also the incorporation of the condition of streams experiencing natural disturbance into a predictive model. Additionally this study identified an alternative benchmark for modified landscapes based on the presence of good management practices for river protection, and tested this benchmark for the assessment of streams impacted by urbanisation. Drought and bushfire regularly disturb aquatic ecosystems in Australia, and affected reference sites in the ACT and South Coast region of New South Wales in 2002 and 2003. Drought and bushfire conditions affected macroinvertebrates and environmental variables across these streams, and the majority of sites were assessed as significantly impaired using regional AUSRIVAS (AUstralian RIVers Assessment System) models. This indicated the existing reference conditions for these regions had not incorporated the ecological conditions of reference sites suffering these natural disturbances. Many of the environmental variables used to predict the condition of streams were also affected by drought or bushfire. The changes to environmental variables affected how sites were assessed in models, but the overall assessment was not significantly changed from the initial assessment that drought or bushfire had significantly impaired the ecological condition. To reduce potential assessment errors associated with changes to predictor variables an attempt was made to construct new models with changeable variables excluded. However, it was not possible to completely exclude these types of variables, and subsequent models were no better than the original models in terms of changes to predictor variables affecting the generation of expected taxa lists. The changes to environmental variables did not affect the actual assessment of site condition because although group membership probabilities were changed the probabilities of taxon occurrence did not change significantly. The different reference site groups all contained some common taxa that occurred at most sites and even when group probabilities changed this did not change the probability of these taxa occurring at a test site. For regional models, such as the ACT or NSW South Coast, changes to predictor variables may not significantly affect the assessment of site condition. Incorporating reference sites under drought conditions into a predictive model was an effective way of discriminating the effects of drought from human disturbance. The model only provided two different ecological conditions, a single drought measurement and a single non-drought measurement, so the model did not fully encompass the potential natural variability. The model has value as a starting point and was effective in distinguishing sites affected by human disturbance from sites affected by drought. Good Management Practice (GMP) for river protection is any intervention that minimises human impact on stream condition. Urban sites protected by GMP were used as an alternative benchmark to a minimally impacted reference condition. The criteria used to select reference sites were not sufficiently robust to detect a significant benefit of GMP on physical or chemical characteristics of protected sites, compared to sites without GMP. In general however, the physical and chemical condition of GMP sites was better than sites without GMP and there were significant differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages of GMP and non-GMP sites. A refinement to the site selection process is proposed to include a specific assessment of GMP effectiveness for the protection it is designed to provide. This will substantially improve the robustness of a GMP benchmark and provide a clearer picture of the factors controlling biota in urban streams protected by GMP. The GMP benchmark was developed into a predictive model for the assessment of urban stream health, and in terms of the assessment of test site condition, it did not differ significantly from a model using minimally impacted sites. The purpose of the GMP benchmark was to provide an alternative reference condition for the assessment of stream health in modified landscapes when minimally impacted sites are unavailable or provide an unattainable benchmark. The GMP reference condition as an alternative can provide an attainable and realistic benchmark. The development and application of the suggested site selection protocol will improve the robustness of the GMP benchmark and better account for natural variation in the biota and physical characteristics of the sites used to determine the reference condition.

Doctor of Health Science / An investigation of clinical Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT)dose, and associated clinical diagnostic protocols, has been ndertaken. This research was carried out to study the pattern of CT dose from routine abdominal examinations in Malaysian practices. From this study it is hoped to establish a Dose Reference Level (DRL) to assist in optimising radiation dose for CT abdominal examination in Malaysia

Commonly used craniofacial reference planes such as Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and sella nasion (SN) have shortcomings including their variable inter-individual orientation when related to true horizontal (HOR). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of a range of craniofacial reference planes to HOR including those which have not been investigated before: Krogman-Walker line (KW line), neutral horizontal axis, foramen magnum line and posterior maxillary plane. A sample of 57 (38 female, 19 males) consecutive, pre-treatment orthodontic subjects aged 12 to 18 were photographically recorded in a standing mirror guided natural head position (NHP). Cephalograms taken at the same time were traced, oriented to a plumb line (true vertical) transferred from the photograph, and measured for statistical analysis. Thirty nine of these subjects were photographically recorded 2 months later to test the reproducibility of NHP. The results showed that the variability of the 11 selected craniofacial reference planes related to HOR was generally high. The planes illustrating lowest variability to HOR were FH and KW line with standard deviations of 4.6° and 4.7°, respectively. These, however, showed about double the variation in NHP reproducibility (Dahlberg 2.1°). The KW line and palatal plane were also oriented closest to HOR on average. Therefore, KW line and palatal plane are potential substitutes for the commonly used reference planes in the absence of a reliable NHP. However, NHP still represents a more valid craniofacial reference system than the investigated reference planes. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297323 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - School of Dentistry, (Orthodonitics), 2007

The objectives for the first part of this thesis were to describe changes in oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) in newly born infants in the delivery room (DR) and to illustrate the changes using centile reference charts. The objective of the second part of the thesis was to investigate whether infants < 29 weeks gestation who receive positive pressure ventilation (PPV), immediately after birth with a T-piece have higher SpO2 measurements at five minutes than infants ventilated with a self inflating bag (SIB). / Study Design. A prospective observational study was used to achieve the first objectives. For the second part of the thesis I coordinated a randomised, controlled trial of two devices used for resuscitation of extremely preterm infants in the DR where the primary outcome measure was SpO2. / Patients and methods. In all studies a Masimo Radical pulse oximeter (PO) was placed on the infant’s right hand/wrist immediately after birth. PO data (oxygen saturation, HR and signal quality) were downloaded every 2 sec and analysed only when the signal had no alarm messages (low IQ signal, low perfusion, sensor off, ambient light). / Results. Observational studies: The dataset to develop the reference range charts included 61,650 data points from 468 infants. Infants had a mean (range) gestational age of 38 (25-42) weeks and birthweight 2970 (625-5135) g. For all 468 infants at one minute the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th centiles were 29%, 39%, 66%, 87% and 92%; at two minutes 34%, 46%, 73%, 91% and 95% and at five minutes 59%, 73%, 89%, 97% and 98%. It took a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0 to 10) minutes to reach a SpO2 > 90%. SpO2 of preterm infants rose more slowly than that of term infants. At one min the median (IQR) HR was 82 (66 to 138) bpm rising at two min and five min to 151 (112 to 169) bpm and 166 (148 to 176) bpm respectively. In preterm infants, the SpO2 and HR rose more slowly than term infants. / Randomised trial: Forty nine infants were randomly allocated to the T-piece and 50 to the SIB. Ten infants did not receive PPV, 4 (8%) in the T-piece group and 6 (12%) in the SIB group and were not included in the analysis. Forty-one infants received PPV with a T-piece and 39 with a SIB. At 5 minutes after birth there was no significant difference between the mean (SD) SpO2 in the T-piece and SIB groups [50 (31)% vs. 53 (25)%, (p=0.73)]. More T-piece infants received oxygen during DR resuscitation (100% vs. 90%, p=0.04). There was no significant difference between the groups in the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); endotracheal intubation or administration of surfactant in the DR. Fewer of the T-piece group who left the DR on CPAP were intubated in the first 24 hrs after birth. (7% vs. 23%, p=0.05). / Conclusion. The centile charts developed in this thesis provide a reference range for SpO2 and HR in the first 10 minutes after birth for preterm and term infants. In the randomised trial there was no significant difference in SpO2 at five minutes after birth in extremely preterm infants given PPV with a T-piece or a SIB.

The objectives for the first part of this thesis were to describe changes in oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) in newly born infants in the delivery room (DR) and to illustrate the changes using centile reference charts. The objective of the second part of the thesis was to investigate whether infants < 29 weeks gestation who receive positive pressure ventilation (PPV), immediately after birth with a T-piece have higher SpO2 measurements at five minutes than infants ventilated with a self inflating bag (SIB). / Study Design. A prospective observational study was used to achieve the first objectives. For the second part of the thesis I coordinated a randomised, controlled trial of two devices used for resuscitation of extremely preterm infants in the DR where the primary outcome measure was SpO2. / Patients and methods. In all studies a Masimo Radical pulse oximeter (PO) was placed on the infant’s right hand/wrist immediately after birth. PO data (oxygen saturation, HR and signal quality) were downloaded every 2 sec and analysed only when the signal had no alarm messages (low IQ signal, low perfusion, sensor off, ambient light). / Results. Observational studies: The dataset to develop the reference range charts included 61,650 data points from 468 infants. Infants had a mean (range) gestational age of 38 (25-42) weeks and birthweight 2970 (625-5135) g. For all 468 infants at one minute the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th centiles were 29%, 39%, 66%, 87% and 92%; at two minutes 34%, 46%, 73%, 91% and 95% and at five minutes 59%, 73%, 89%, 97% and 98%. It took a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0 to 10) minutes to reach a SpO2 > 90%. SpO2 of preterm infants rose more slowly than that of term infants. At one min the median (IQR) HR was 82 (66 to 138) bpm rising at two min and five min to 151 (112 to 169) bpm and 166 (148 to 176) bpm respectively. In preterm infants, the SpO2 and HR rose more slowly than term infants. / Randomised trial: Forty nine infants were randomly allocated to the T-piece and 50 to the SIB. Ten infants did not receive PPV, 4 (8%) in the T-piece group and 6 (12%) in the SIB group and were not included in the analysis. Forty-one infants received PPV with a T-piece and 39 with a SIB. At 5 minutes after birth there was no significant difference between the mean (SD) SpO2 in the T-piece and SIB groups [50 (31)% vs. 53 (25)%, (p=0.73)]. More T-piece infants received oxygen during DR resuscitation (100% vs. 90%, p=0.04). There was no significant difference between the groups in the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); endotracheal intubation or administration of surfactant in the DR. Fewer of the T-piece group who left the DR on CPAP were intubated in the first 24 hrs after birth. (7% vs. 23%, p=0.05). / Conclusion. The centile charts developed in this thesis provide a reference range for SpO2 and HR in the first 10 minutes after birth for preterm and term infants. In the randomised trial there was no significant difference in SpO2 at five minutes after birth in extremely preterm infants given PPV with a T-piece or a SIB.

<p>Den 1 februari 2007 bytte Lantmäteriet referenssystem till SWEREF 99. Anledningen till att kommuner, myndigheter och andra användare också bör byta till SWEREF 99 är att ett gemensamt referenssystem ger ett flertal fördelar, bland annat kommer informationsutbyte att underlättas inom Sverige och användare av GNSS mottagare (Global Navigation Satellite System) kommer inte att behöva bekymra sig över olika koordinatsystem.</p><p>Syftet med denna C-uppsats på 10 poäng är att underlätta för kommuner och organisationer som skall byta referenssystem.</p><p>En handledning för hur kommuner skall lägga upp arbetet med referenssystembytet samt vad kommunen bör ta hänsyn till under inmätningar av kompletteringspunkter som ligger till grund för kommunens transformation presenteras. Geografisk bunden information finns på ett stort antal förvaltningar och bolag inom kommuner och för att inte missa någon organisation vid ett referenssystembyte har vi gjort en undersökning av vilken data som bör transformeras. Kontroll av två transformationsfunktioner som finns i ArcMap jämförs med en transformation i programmet GTRANS och inmätta koordinater med GNSS teknik för att undersöka avvikelserna vid ett framtida byte av referenssystem.</p><p>För att räta upp kommunens nuvarande referenssystem görs inmätningar med GNSS teknik. Detta för att punktkoordinater ska fås i såväl SWEREF 99 som frånsystemet. Dessa punkter skall hålla en hög noggrannhet i det kommunala nätet. Resultatet från transformationerna i ArcMap och i GTRANS minimerar de spänningar och deformationer som kan finnas i det kommunala stomnätet. Antalet kända punkter i transformationssambandet är fler i ArcMap än i GTRANS och vid en jämförelse inom ett mindre område visar ArcMaps två metoder det bästa resultatet.</p> / <p>On February 1st 2007 the National land survey of Sweden changed reference system to the Swedish realisation of European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS 89), SWEREF 99. The reason why municipalities, authorities and other users should use SWEREF 99 instead of other reference systems is because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The change of reference system should be implemented in order to facilitate the exchange of information inside Sweden and so that the users of GNSS receivers (Global Navigation Satellite System) can refer to the municipality coordinate system easier.</p><p>The aim with this 10 point thesis, on C-level, is to suggest solutions for municipalities and organizations that are changing reference system.</p><p>The study results in a supervision for municipalities’ work procedures at a change of reference system, and show what they should consider during measuring of complement points to underlie their transformation. Geographic information is accessible in a large number of administrations and companies in the municipality. To avoid missing any organization at a change of reference system, an investigation of which data should be transformed has been made. A surveillance of two transformation functions in ArcMap and one in GTRANS are compared with GNSS technique measured coordinates for comparison divergence between the transformations in a future change of reference system.</p><p>Measurements with GNSS technique are made to improve the present reference system in the municipality. The measurements are made because coordinates shall be present in SWEREF 99 as well as the from-system. These points shall keep a high accuracy with respect to equipment, method of measuring etc. The result from the transformations in ArcMap and GTRANS minimize the tensions and deformations in the municipal horizontal geodetic control network in different ways in relation to the coordinates. The numbers of known points in relationship for transformations are larger in ArcMap than GTRANS, a comparison in a small area in central Gävle shows that ArcMaps results are better than GTRANS.</p>

This thesis describes Sonja, a system which uses instructions in the course of visually-guided activity. The thesis explores an integration of research in vision, activity, and natural language pragmatics. Sonja's visual system demonstrates the use of several intermediate visual processes, particularly visual search and routines, previously proposed on psychophysical grounds. The computations Sonja performs are compatible with the constraints imposed by neuroscientifically plausible hardware. Although Sonja can operate autonomously, it can also make flexible use of instructions provided by a human advisor. The system grounds its understanding of these instructions in perception and action.

This dissertation is a grammar of Rena (ISO bez), a Bantu language spoken in southwestern Tanzania by approximately 600,000 people. Bena is largely undocumented, and though aspects of Bena grammar have been described, there is no usable, detailed treatment of the Bena language. Therefore the goal of this dissertation is provide the first detailed description of Bena that discusses phonology, morphology, and syntax. The analysis described in this grammar is based on data collected in the Njombe district of Tanzania during 2008 and 2009. Data throughout the grammar is taken from both elicitation and a corpus of 23 narratives. Though Bena is spoken by over half a million people, it is threatened by Swahili (the national language of Tanzania). Swahili's prominence in Tanzania has increased drastically since independence in 1961, and many (if not most) of the approximately 120 languages spoken in Tanzania are threatened by Swahili. Bena is no exception to this. The results of a sociolinguistic survey conducted in 2009 indicate that Swahili is having a significant impact on the Bena language. Therefore the writing of this dissertation comes at a crucial time. It provides a record of Bena at a time before too many features of the language are lost due to language contact. The first chapter provides an introduction to the Bena language and people. It also discusses results from the 2009 sociolinguistic survey which had the goal of clarifying questions on both the dialectal situation and the sociolinguistic vitality of Bena. The second chapter is devoted to phonetics and phonology. Of particular interest in this chapter are Bena's "predictable" tone system and the morphophonological process of imbrication (a type of coalescence in which multiple morphemes are interwoven together). The third chapter gives an overview of Bena word classes and provides a road map of the next several chapters of the grammar. Fourth is a description of Bena nominal morphology and other elements in the noun phrase. Like other Bantu languages, Bena uses a complex noun class system; Bena's 19 noun classes and the ways in which they are used are discussed in detail in this chapter. Following this is a description of Bena verbal morphology. Of particular interest in Bena is its tense aspect system--Bena distinguishes four separate past tenses and three distinct futures; these interact with five aspects. The second major focus of Chapter 5 is the use of a series of suffixes in verbal derivation. The sixth chapter of the grammar describes adverbs and other invariable words in Bena. Chapter 7 describes major aspects of Bena syntax. Because Bantu languages have rich morphological systems, most grammars of Bantu languages either give a fairly cursory treatment of syntax or they ignore it completely. This dissertation aims to fill that gap by providing a description of a Bantu language that is more balanced and acknowledges the significant roles played by both morphology and syntax. The final chapter highlights several features of Bena from a typological perspective and discusses areas in which further research on Bena has the potential to contribute significantly to Bantu linguistics.