Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Rubens Maciel Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CeronRodriguez_AstridLiliana_M.pdf: 3023609 bytes, checksum: d8c7bf657afb8875e9a6b75db8eed4f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A metodologia da destilação molecular tem sido usada para caracterizar frações pesadas de petróleo, permitindo estender a curva de ponto de ebulição verdadeiro obtida pelos procedimentos padrão ASTM D 2892 e ASTM D 5236. Visando estabelecer uma metodologia que segue a estrutura das normas ASTM foi usada a correlação DESTMOL para corrigir a temperatura de operação do destilador molecular à temperatura atmosférica equivalente. A correlação foi testada com os diferentes petróleos trabalhados pelo grupo de pesquisa do LOPCA/LDPS/UNICAMP permitindo chegar até temperaturas próximas dos 700°C. Através de ferramentas computacionais foram calculadas as principais propriedades físico-químicas dos petróleos em estudo com a intenção de relacioná-las com os parâmetros do polinômio de terceiro grau que representa a curva PEV estendida. O ajuste de parâmetros foi feito empregando o algoritmo genético PIKAIA o que permitiu minimizar a porcentagem média de desvio absoluto %AAD. Finalmente empregando a Destilação Molecular foram destilados 5 resíduos de petróleo, os quais foram usados para testar o polinômio gerado / Abstract: Molecular Distillation Methodology has been used to characterize heavy oils, allowing the extension of the True Boiling Point (TBP) curve obtained with the ASTM D2892 and ASTM D5236 Standard procedures. In order to establish a methodology similar to an ASTM standard, a molecular distillation correlation (DESTMOL) was used to convert the operation temperature of the molecular distiller in an equivalent atmospheric temperature. This correlation was tested with different oils studied previously by the LOPCA/LDPS/UNICAMP research group, achieving temperatures up to 700°C. The main physicochemical properties of those oils were calculated with a computing tool, in order to correlate one or more properties with the polynomial coefficients that represents the extended TBP curve. The parameter adjustment was done with the PIKAIA genetic algorithm, minimizing the mean absolute deviation percentage (%AAD). Finally, 5 oil residues were distilled using the molecular distillation and their results were used to validate the polynomial previously calculated / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

O presente trabalho propõe um formato de legislação que abordará pontos fundamentais relacionados aos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, no que tange ao meio ambiente, na cidade de Taubaté. Na atualidade tal proposta apresenta-se como necessária e efetiva na busca da redução de danos ambientais. O resultado de pesquisa aponta a criação de regra legislativa municipal que buscará reduzir os danos causados pelo não tratamento dos resíduos sólidos. Analisa a legislação vigente aplicável, bem como, suas teorias mais importantes ao caso concreto para análise e sugestões de possíveis melhorias para a situação atual (2007) dos resíduos sólidos. / The present work proposes a legislation format that will approach fundamental topics related to Solid Urban Residue in the environment, in the city of Taubaté. Nowadays, this proposition is necessary and effective to reduce environmental damage. The result of this research points the making of a "municipal" legislative rule that will try to reduce the damage caused by the non-treatment of solid residue. It analysis the actual applicable law as well as its most important theories to the case for analysis and suggestions of possible improvement for the actual situation (2007) of solid residue.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-02-06T13:26:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio.pdf: 1319330 bytes, checksum: c69129ca6222e6dd63758c3ebbb678e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T13:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio.pdf: 1319330 bytes, checksum: c69129ca6222e6dd63758c3ebbb678e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / The sugar-energy sector is one of the oldest Brazilian industrial activities. It was began with the colonization of Brazil and was focused on the production of sugar. After 1975 , with the beginning of Proálcool - National Alcohol Program , it began to be developed technologically receiving the extension of production and when production takes aim ethanol that would be used as an alternative fuel and replacement of oil derived fuels. We had an evolution in the agricultural sector in terms of development of new equipment , new technologies and , particularly , the development of new varieties of sugar cane. It is noticed that the development of the sector turned also in the development socioeconomic from regions and in his tip over while producing straight and indirect jobs. The growing production of ethanol, sugar and electric energy, has became out to be in bigger environmental impacts, due to the residues volumes that they started to produce. It is in this context that this work was developed, and since them the identified target the criterion for the use of the residues of the industry sugarcane pointing out the great quantity of vinasse as fertilizing potential from a program developed by a group of company of the sector and situated in the State of South Mato Grosso – Brazil. there were carried out bibliographic and field , that supported the growing of these dissertation and that made it possible: the identification of the produced residues and his forms of destination and the identification of alternative program of use of the great quantity of vinasse as fertilizer in the sugarcane crops as an ecologically sustainable practice. / O Setor sucroenergético é uma das mais antigas atividades industriais brasileiras. Teve início com a colonização do Brasil e era focado na produção de açúcar. Após 1975 com o início do Proálcool - Programa Nacional do Álcool, passou a se desenvolver tecnologicamente culminando com a ampliação da produção e tendo como objetivo principal a produção de etanol que seria utilizado como combustível alternativo e substituto de combustíveis derivados de petróleo. Tivemos uma evolução marcante na área agrícola em termos de desenvolvimento de novos equipamentos, novas tecnologias e principalmente no desenvolvimento de novas variedades de cana-de-açúcar. Observa-se que o desenvolvimento do setor resultou também no desenvolvimento socioeconômico de regiões e em seu entorno ao gerar empregos diretos e indiretos. O aumento da produção de etanol, açúcar e energia elétrica, resultou em maiores impactos ambientais, devido aos volumes de resíduos que passaram a ser gerados. É nesse contexto que se desenvolveu este trabalho, e teve por objetivo identificar os critérios para a utilização dos resíduos da indústria sucroenergética salientando a vinhaça como potencial fertilizante a partir de um programa desenvolvido por um grupo de empresas do setor e localizado no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e de campo, que embasaram o desenvolvimento dessa dissertação e possibilitaram: a identificação dos resíduos gerados e suas formas de destinação e a identificação de programa alternativo de utilização da vinhaça como fertilizante nas lavouras de cana-de-açúcar como uma prática ecologicamente sustentável.

O engaço de bananeira, suporte que sustenta o cacho de bananas, normalmente é descartado após a colheita da fruta, seja nas casas de embalagens (packing houses) ou em centros distribuidores, onde é considerado verdadeiro resíduo pelo grande volume gerado e por não ser aproveitado. Por essa razão e por constituir-se em material fibroso, o engaço foi avaliado para produção de polpa celulósica. O engaço in natura apresenta cerca de 93% de umidade e células de parênquima em abundância; em termos de composição química, o engaço apresenta 7,4% de lignina, 47,8% de extrativos totais, e 47,6% de holocelulose. Nesta pesquisa, a performance do engaço como matéria-prima para produção de polpa celulósica foi avaliada, usando o CaO como fonte álcali. Foram utilizadas lavagem e pré-extração aquosa (100 ºC, por 100 minutos) como pré-processos com o propósito de reduzir a grande quantidade de extrativos no bagaço do engaço de bananeira. O bagaço original e os materiais obtidos após os pré-processos foram submetidos à polpação com CaO com 8, 10, 12 e 14% de CaO, à temperatura de 120 ºC por 120 minutos em digestor rotativo. Para comparação foi utilizado o processo soda de polpação, sob as mesmas condições, usando-se 12% de NaOH como carga alcalina. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação da lavagem e pré-extração aquosa ocasionaram a redução de cerca de 40% da massa inicial do bagaço. Considerando-se as condições de polpação e também a composição química do engaço de bananeira, os pré-processos avaliados não apresentaram um significativo efeito no processo de cozimento. Para a polpação do engaço, o processo de polpação cal pode ser considerado uma alternativa técnica para produção de polpa celulósica, apresentando níveis de deslignificação similar ao do processo de polpação soda. / The banana stem, grain stalk that supports the banana fruits, is normally discarded after the fruit harvesting, either in the 'packing house' or in the delivering centers, where it is considered a residue due to the great volume generated. For this reason and for being a fibrous material, stem was evaluated for pulp production. The stem in natura presents 93 % of humidity and parenchymatic cells in abundance; in terms of chemical composition the stem presents 7,4% of lignin, 47,0 % of total extractives and 45,6% of holocelullose. In this research, the performance of the stem as raw material for pulp production was evaluated, using the CaO as an alkali source. Washing and aqueous pre-extraction (100 ºC and 100 minutes) were considered as a pre-process in order to reduce the amount of extractives on the banana stem bagasse; the original bagasse and the materials obtained after the pre-processes were submitted to the CaO pulping with 8, 10, 12 and 14 % of CaO, at 120 ºC temperature during 120 minutes in rotating digester. For comparison, a soda cooking was carried out, under the same conditions using 12% of NaOH as alkaline charge. The results showed that the aplication of washing and aqueous pre-extraction caused a reduction of about 40% in the initial mass of bagasse. Considering the pulping conditions and also the chemical composition of the banana stem bagasse the pre-process evaluated did not show a significant effect on the cooking process itself. For the banana stem pulping, a CaO process can be considered a technical alternative for pulp production, with delignification rates similar to the NaOH process.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a influencia da configuração física do sistema de espalhamento de palha em colheitadeira de grãos na eficiência do espalhamento da palha, visando cobertura mais uniforme do solo de cultivo. Tal processo produzirá melhoramentos no próximo plantio, pois espalhamento mais uniforme de palha evita perdas de nutrientes do solo por incidência luz solar, assim como previne erosão hídrica e eólica. Para analisar a influencia dos parâmetros da configuração física do sistema espalhador de palha foram realizados testes alterando parâmetros como quantidade de pás, ângulo de pás, rotação dos rotores, diâmetro dos rotores, defletor central e vazão de material. Devido à importância econômica no cenário nacional e mundial, utilizou-se a cultura de soja e os testes foram realizados em laboratório seguindo as normas da Sociedade Americana de Engenheiros Agrícolas e Biológicos (ASAE). O trabalho visa fornecer dados que auxiliem designers no desenvolvimento de novos projetos de gerenciamento de resíduos, de modo que venham a aumentar a eficiência desses sistemas, contribuindo com o crescimento da agricultura em no país. Os resultados apontam que a geometria do defletor central apresenta o parâmetro de maior influencia na uniformidade de cobertura da palha ao solo. / The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the physical configuration of the straw spread system in grain harvester on the efficiency of the straw spread, aiming at a more uniform coverage of the crop soil. This process will produce improvements in the next planting, because more uniform straw spread prevents soil nutrient losses by sunlight, as well as prevent water and wind erosion. In order to analyze the influence of the parameters of the physical configuration of the straw spreader system, tests were performed changing parameters such as blade quantity, blade angle, rotor rotation, rotor diameter, central deflector and material flow. Due to the economic importance in the national and world scenario, the soybean crop was used and the tests were carried out in laboratory according to the standards of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASAE). The work aims to provide data to assist designers in the development of new waste management projects, so that they will increase the efficiency of these systems, contributing to the growth of agriculture in the country. The results indicate that the geometry of the central baffle presents the parameter of greatest influence on the uniformity of covering of the straw to the soil.

O setor siderúrgico é um grande consumidor de energia e envolve grandes volumes de insumos, emissões de poluentes e resíduos sólidos. As usinas siderúrgicas semi-integradas são recicladoras de aço, tendo a sucata como sua principal matéria-prima. Os trituradores de sucata são utilizados para minimizar as impurezas e ajustar as dimensões da sucata. Esta etapa de separação gera um grande volume de resíduos que não são aproveitados no processo siderúrgico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações do resíduo de um triturador de sucata de uma indústria siderúrgica da região do Vale dos Sinos-RS, para fins de um posterior reaproveitamento. Através de estudos de otimização do equipamento foi possível separar o material em quatro frações <20 mm (funil), >20 e <30 mm (EC1), >30 e <100 mm (EC2) e >100 mm (TC9). Estas frações foram analisadas em relação à composição das amostras, distribuição granulométrica, análise térmica, análise imediata, análise elementar, análise do poder calorífico superior, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a concentração de metais. Pode se concluir que a fração fina (<20 mm), possui potencial para incorporação em blocos cerâmicos estruturais. A fração entre 20 mm e 30 mm apresentam características compatíveis para o uso na indústria cimenteira. As amostras de maior granulometria, fração entre 30 e 100 mm e > 100 mm, apresentam potencial de uso para o reaproveitamento energético. Apontou-se oportunidade na recuperação de ferrosos e não ferrosos em todas as frações estudadas. Para o reaproveitamento do resíduo do shredder é necessário a separação deste em granulometrias diferentes. / The steel sector is a major consumer of energy and involves large volumes of inputs, pollutant emissions and solid waste. The semi-integrated steel mills are steel recyclers, with scrap as their main raw material. Scrap grinders are used to minimize impurities and adjust scrap dimensions. This separation stage generates a large volume of waste that is not used in the steelmaking process. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the fractions of the waste from a scrap crusher from a steel industry in the Vale dos Sinos-RS region, for purposes of subsequent reuse. By means of equipment optimization studies it was possible to separate the material into four fractions <20 mm (funnel),> 20 and <30 mm (EC1),> 30 and <100 mm (EC2) and> 100 mm (TC9). These fractions were analyzed in relation to the composition of the samples, particle size distribution, thermal analysis, immediate analysis, elemental analysis, higher calorific value analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metal concentration. It can be concluded that the fine fraction (<20 mm) has potential for incorporation of the raw material for the production of structural ceramic blocks. The smaller fractions (<20 mm and <30 mm) have compatible characteristics for use in the cement industry. Samples with higher grain size (> 30 mm and> 100 mm) show potential for use in energy recovery. It was pointed out an opportunity in the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous in all fractions studied. For the reuse of the shredder residue it is necessary to separate it in different granulometry.

The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs produced in Khartoum State, Sudan was estimated and determined. All available producing layer farms in the state were sampled in April, June and August 2008. For each layer house three egg samples were randomly collected to increase the sensitivity of antimicrobial residue screening test detectability. In total, 933 egg samples were analyzed, collected from 175 layer farms (335 layer houses) in three periods of collection. An in-house residue detection test using Geobacillus stearothermophillus var calidolactis was the analytical procedure used for the analysis. Data were analysed using Survey Toolbox to calculate the true prevalence and confidence intervals. The proportion of layer farms with antimicrobial residues in April, June and August was 61.1%, 60.2% and 68.7% respectively. The proportion of layer houses affected in April, June and August were 56.0%, 54.1% and 57.1% respectively. The results showed insignificant variation among the three periods of the surveillance (p = 0.57). A census covering all three localities of the state (Khartoum, Bahry and Omdurman) was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008. Data were recorded on areas where farms occur, number of houses per farm, total capacity of birds and farming systems. The census showed that there were 252 layer farms in the state distributed in 31 different areas with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out in April 2008 in the state, to assess and collect data on risk factors associated with the presence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs. The questionnaire investigated antibiotic usage patterns for each layer farm as well as the basic knowledge and understanding of farmers about public health concerns associated with antibiotic use in food producing animals. Questions were closed ended and data was obtained through direct interviews with farm owners and managers. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the information captured; calculating frequencies, graphs and measures of association, using the EpiInfo™ statistical package. Ninety two farms were surveyed 98% of which comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 48.9% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, while 58.7% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last three months. There was a significant association between having disease on the farm and using antibiotics (P<0.001). The study showed that there is a serious lack of knowledge about the dangers of using antibiotics in animals and their potential impact on human health. In addition, Sudan lacks any type of formal control of veterinary drugs in terms of legislated residue limits or monitoring and surveillance programmes. This leads the authors to the conclusion that all Sudanese consumers are at risk for ARs in eggs. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

There is an increasing demand for natural fibres in the textile industry as a consequence of the negative impact of the industry on the environment. Svensk Hampaindustri (SHI) is currently growing hemp in Sweden for its seeds. This leaves residue in the form of hemp stems that could be processed for textile products. Today this residue material is not used for anything, however there is a desire that it could be used for added value. This study investigates the possibility of extracting fibres from the hemp residue mechanically and using them in applications. Hemp, a variety of Cannabis sativa L., is a multipurpose low-input crop cultivated for its seeds, fibres and hurds. Hemp fibre is a bast fibre, derived from the plant’s outer stem tissues. To extract hemp fibres from hemp stems, the first step is to separate the fibre bundles from the other, non-fibrous parts of the stem. This process is done using various mechanical methods. In order to ease the separation, hemp stems are retted. Retting is a biological process that uses enzymatic activities to degrade the pectins and thus making the separation easier. Retting is one of the most considerable challenges towards a wider use of hemp fibres. Water retting offers high fibre-quality but consumes high amounts of water and causes effluents in the wastewater. Dew retting offers a high fibre yield and low labour costs but will result in a lower fibre-quality. Alternative methods that can contribute with a more consistent fibre yield and quality are available, but with an economic uncertainty for the farmers that limits the competitiveness of the hemp fibre. The hemp material provided by SHI was unretted and needed to be broken down by means of mechanical processing in order to extract the fibres. This was done using a domestic blender. The crushed material was then carded using a hand carding machine to achieve oriented and clean fibres. The obtained fibres were then evaluated for their length and fineness. Three different types of nonwoven were made using the hemp fibres: NW1, NW2 and NW3. NW1 consists of 100% hemp, whereas NW2 and NW3 are 80/20 blends of hemp and PLA. NW1 was needle punched, NW2 was thermally bonded and NW3 was manufactured by both thermal bonding and needle punching. The produced nonwovens were evaluated by their air permeability, thermal conductivity, sound absorption, drapability and tensile strength. The results from the study showed that it is possible to extract unretted fibres using mechanical methods. The fibres are quite coarse and therefore more suitable for industrial applications. The different production methods for the nonwovens gave different results which supports the diversity of hemp applications. This study suggests that the residue should be used rather than be disposed of.

The purpose of this work was to recover uranium from residue originating from the production of molybdenum -99. Carbonate solutions containing hydrogen peroxide or oxygen gas as oxidants were used as leachants. Experimental parameters included: different peroxide and carbonate concentrations, dissolution time and temperature. Results indicate complete dissolution of the residue at 60 oC, after thirty minutes, in ammonium carbonate solution enriched with hydrogen peroxide. Almost two hours were needed to achieve the same extent in the presence of oxygen. The yield and rate of uranium extraction were found to increase as a function of both temperature, in the range of 25-60 oC, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. The leaching kinetics were determined for various leaching conditions and the activation energy was found to be 45.5kJ/mol. The order of reaction with respect to uranium concentration was found to be unity. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientador: William Natale / Banca: Danilo Eduardo Rozane / Banca: Silvia Helena Modonese Gorla da Silva / Banca: Luiz Antonio Junqueira Teixeira / Banca: José Frederico Centurion / Resumo: A utilização do subproduto da indústria de processamento de goiabas poderia substituir parcialmente a adubação mineral, tendo em vista o relativamente elevado teor de nutrientes contidos neste subproduto, diminuindo os impactos ambientais de seu acúmulo e reduzindo os custos de produção nas áreas frutícolas. Dada à escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado de subprodutos orgânicos na agricultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do subproduto em um Argissolo, determinando-se as alterações químicas provocadas no solo, no estado nutricional das goiabeiras e na produção de frutos. O delineamento empregado foi em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do subproduto (moído) iguais a: zero, 9, 18, 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso seco) e mais dois tratamentos adicionais sendo a utilização do subproduto não moído (na dose de 18 t ha-1) e a recomendação de adubos minerais. Foram feitas aplicações em: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 e 2010. Com o incremento das doses houve aumento nas concentrações de N, P e Mn no solo, além de decréscimo no valor pH; houve, também, elevação dos teores foliares de N, Mg e Mn; incremento no índice SPAD, no teor de clorofila b nas folhas e na produção de frutos; houve, ainda, aumento no teor de N e decréscimo no teor de Ca nos frutos, além do aumento da exportação de N e K. As doses do subproduto não influenciaram os atributos de pós-colheita dos frutos. Os macronutrientes mais exportados foram: K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca e, micronutrientes foram: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B. A aplicação do subproduto não moído (sementes não trituradas) pode ser uma opção, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. A adubação com o subproduto da indústria processadora de goiabas em pomar de goiabeiras mostrou-se potencialmente viável / Abstract: The use of byproduct processing industry guavas could partially replace chemical fertilizers, in view of the relatively high content of nutrients in the residue, reducing the environmental impacts of their accumulation and reducing production costs in the areas of fruit. Considering the scarcity of information in literature and the importance of proper management of organic residue in agriculture aimed to evaluate the effects of the byproduct in an Hapludults, determining the chemical changes induced in the soil, nutritional status and yield of guava fruit. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replications, the doses of the byproduct equal to zero, 9, 18, 27 and 36 t ha-1 (dry weight) plus two additional treatments, one using of byproduct not crushed (equal 18 t ha-1) and other the recommendation of mineral fertilizers. The applications were made in: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The increase of doses increased concentrations of N, P and Mn in the soil, decrease the pH, there was also increase foliar content of N, Mg and Mn, an increase the SPAD index, chlorophyll content b in leaves and fruit yield, also increase N content and decrease Ca content in fruits, in addition to increased export of N and K. The doses of the residue did not affect the attributes of post-harvest fruit. Macronutrients were exported more K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca, and micronutrients were: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B. The application of residue not crushed may be an option, showing satisfactory results. The fertilization with residue of guava processing industry in the guava orchard proved to be potentially viable / Doutor