Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOIVA.pdf: 2181216 bytes, checksum: a41d9926d43532ee99952522a7e59135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / The study object in this thesis is the integration system of fowl in Francisco Beltrão and the relation of this integration with permanence or not of small agricultural owner on the field, having the work as central category. We study the agriculture modernization, which reflects the capitalist system development. We analyze how the productive capital restructuring if it materializes in the work organization of Sadia Company, having as parameter its fowl integrated producers. We seek to define a "profile" to the Sadia farmer integrated of Francisco Beltrão and determine if this activity represents improvement in their material conditions, and allow them to exist as a agricultural owner, as well as understanding the role played by him in relation to integration and thus determine whether is a owner capitalist or an owner employee. The work is structuralized in five chapters: 1) Agriculture Modernization and Countryside Industrialization, 2) Capital Restructuring and Labor - the integration system, 3) Paraná Southwestern Region, 4) Sadia at Francisco Beltrão, and 5) Sadia farmer integrated: owners employees? We used as methodology for survey of the data, beyond the theoretical referential, interview half-structuralized with integrated Sadia Company, with associations presidents of agriculturalist communities, with employees and former employees of Sadia, with those responsible for the Francisco Beltrão Poultry Association, and with owners supplying equipment companies for poultry keeping of the city. The modernization brought new parameters for the farming production and of labor relations. The capital has got control of agriculture through the integration and submission to the farmer's market, and promoted its revolution with new technologies use. The integration system nowadays adopted reflects the production restructuring, is the contracting (inserted into the Toyota Production regulation model), where the company seeks to costs reduces by effective reducing and transfer of responsibilities and risks. In general, the profile of land owners to the city and the Sadia farmer integrated, are small owners agricultural, whose origin is directly related to the southwestern occupation. The index of dissatisfaction with the integrator by integrated ones part is high, but the activity is an alternative to the small agricultural owner to generate income and if to keep in the field while proprietor. However, the possibility of continuing owner is not given by the integrated poultry farming, but because it's integrating a second income-generating activity. The relationship integrative / integrated is conflicting, are different interests. The farmer integrated has no autonomy in the integration system or the agro-industrial complex that he is part and can be perceived as a Sadia "employee". Their fight should be to pay raise and better working conditions - this fight will not take him to independence, but its can take to the "producer" status inside the agribusiness. / O objeto de estudo, nesta dissertação, é o sistema de integração de aves no município de Francisco Beltrão e a relação dessa integração com a permanência ou não dos pequenos proprietários rurais no campo, tendo como categoria central o trabalho. Estudamos a modernização da agricultura, enquanto reflexo do desenvolvimento do sistema capitalista. Analisamos como a reestruturação produtiva do capital se materializa na organização de trabalho da empresa Sadia, tendo como parâmetro os produtores de aves integrados ao seu sistema de produção. Procuramos definir o "perfil" do avicultor integrado à Sadia no município de Francisco Beltrão e determinar se a atividade representa melhoria em suas condições materiais, e permite sua existência enquanto proprietário rural, bem como compreender qual o papel desempenhado por ele na relação de integração e assim determinar se o integrado é um proprietário capitalista ou um proprietário assalariado. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco capítulos: 1) A Modernização da Agricultura e a Industrialização do Campo; 2) A Reestruturação Produtiva do Capital e o Trabalho – o sistema de integração; 3) A Região Sudoeste do Paraná; 4) A Sadia no município de Francisco Beltrão; e 5) Avicultores integrados à sadia: proprietários assalariados? Utilizamos como metodologia para o levantamento dos dados, além do referencial teórico, entrevista semi-estruturada com integrados da empresa Sadia; com presidentes das Associações de Moradores das comunidades rurais; com funcionários e ex-funcionários da Sadia; com os responsáveis pela Associação de Avicultores de Francisco Beltrão; e com proprietários de empresas fornecedoras de equipamentos para avicultura do município. A modernização trouxe novos parâmetros para a produção agropecuária e para as relações de trabalho. O capital se apoderou da agricultura através da inserção e submissão do agricultor ao mercado, e promoveu sua revolução com a utilização de novas tecnologias. O sistema de integração adotado atualmente é reflexo da reestruturação produtiva, é a subcontratação (inserida no modelo de regulamentação da produção toyotista), onde a empresa busca a redução de custos através da diminuição do efetivo, e a transferência de responsabilidades e riscos. No geral, o perfil do proprietário de terras do município e do avicultor integrado da Sadia, é de pequenos proprietários rurais, cuja origem está diretamente relacionada à ocupação do Sudoeste. O índice de insatisfação com relação à integradora por parte dos integrados é alto, mas a atividade é uma alternativa para o pequeno proprietário rural gerar renda e se manter no campo enquanto proprietário. No entanto, a possibilidade de se manter proprietário não é dada pela avicultura integrada, mas por ser a integração uma segunda atividade geradora de renda. A relação integradora/integrado é conflituosa, são interesses diferentes. O avicultor não tem autonomia no sistema de integração ou no complexo agroindustrial de que faz parte e pode ser percebido como um “assalariado” da Sadia. Sua luta deve ser por aumento de salário e melhores condições de trabalho – esta luta não vai levá-lo à independência, mas pode levá-lo à condição de "produtor" integrado à agroindústria avícola.

Millions of Americans were terminated from their employment in massive layoffs in 2013, which not only created outrage among employees. but also opened the door for retaliatory lawsuits. However, profitable companies are still engaged in restructuring and layoffs, which have a negative effect on employees, managers, and survivors. Such actions create mistrust in management and continue to plague the workforce and the economy. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the impacts that layoffs and downsizing have on employees' trust, work performance, behavior, and health. Informed by Sarker's theory on management and employee trust, the research questions explored participants' work attitudes and performances after layoffs had taken place. Twenty participants, both managers and workers who were laid off or who had survived layoffs, took part in semistructured interviews. The data were coded and analyzed using comparative analysis. The results showed (a) most employees do not trust management, (b) stress and low morale were the most common effects from layoffs, and (c) employee productivity was limited during and after the downsizing process. The study can contribute to positive social change by identifying ways for company leaders to manage impacts of layoffs and implement effective organizational communication strategies that may result in reduced stress for laid off employees and a more productive work environment for surviving employees and managers.

This is a thesis presented on the position of the distance education student at a distance education university in the present era. Traditionally, the distance education student has been a sort of Cinderella: marginalised, being constructed as some form of lesser version of the on campus one. A largely invisible part of the higher education system in Australia since 1911, the distance education student has really only come to be foregrounded in university education discourses from 1983 onwards. It was not until then that the distance education student emerged from ‘hidden pools’ identified by Karmel (1975), and since then the construction of this student has undergone a number of modifications, mapped in this thesis. At the same time university education itself has undergone a series of modifications, not least of which has been its taking on mercantilist overtones as investments made by students in their own careers and professional development. The modifications, also mapped in this thesis, have progressed to the stage where the construction of the old distance education student is now one of a flexible learner in a mercantilist system of university education. The notion of distance education and the distance education student has undergone significant shifts, redefinitions and constructions, which are tracked in this thesis. My research has focussed on a number of pertinent questions, based on a study of Deakin University and its practice since its establishment. The thesis draws on a number of works which have been informed by those of Foucault, and I have framed my research questions accordingly. I have asked why and how Deakin University came into being as a distance education provider at tertiary level. What were the conditions of its establishment and progression in relation to the political events, economic practices and communication technology in use over time? To consider such questions, I needed to analyse the changes that I had seen occurring in the context of wider restructurings in university education. These had occurred in the context of government forging a closer interconnectedness between education and national economic aims and objectives at the same time as it demanded greater productivity in the face of commercial and industrial sector pushes for applied knowledge. Poststructuralist philosophical developments offer tools to explore not only questions of power, but the practical outcomes of questions of power, and how the complicity of individuals is established. This thesis explores ways in which such considerations helped to shape the changing constructions of the distance education student from a marginalised, disadvantaged and under-represented participant in higher education to a privileged, well catered for and advantaged learner. These same considerations are used to explore ways in which they have helped to shape university distance education courses from a perceived second-rate form of higher education to a prototype that better captures the essential elements of learning for what has been styled in a postmodern world as the Information Age. Overlaid on these considerations is a changing view of the economics of such provision of higher education. It is anticipated that this thesis will contribute to developing new understandings of the construction of subjectivities in relation to the distance education university student specifically, and to the university student generally, in the postmodern world. The implications of this examination are not inconsiderable for students and academics in a self-styled Information Society.

Limited English proficiency (LEP) amongst non-English-speaking background (NESB) employees is a major concern for the Government, employers and unions in Australia. Due to their low levels of English proficiency, NESB employees are often unable to carry out effectively the required workplace tasks. In the current climate of rapid change in workplaces, as a result of Award Restructuring, NESB employees may also lack the communication skills necessary to undertake skill-based training and, therefore, be further disadvantaged. In light of these concerns, this study investigated the English learning needs of a group of NESB non-academic staff at the University of Canberra (UC). It established that there was a gap between their present levels of English proficiency and the levels required in their current positions. As a result, these employees are unable to engage effectively in all communication tasks required in the workplace. Following a detailed analysis of the current literature on the provision of workplace English training it is recommended that an English in the Workplace (EWP) program be provided at the UC for NESB non-academic employees. Specific recommendations are made regarding the design and implementation of the learning program.

本研究主要目的是為探討台灣服飾產業，曾經在 60.70年代為台灣外銷出口創下佳績，同時也帶動上游紡織布業的發展，和設計新穎圖案的專業研發，以及印染業的技術突破，更甚至影響下游產生另一批輔料業者，大小廠家不下數萬家。 所謂輔料也就是成衣副料/零配件，但是隨著 80年代台灣經濟成長，薪資上漲，幣值的升值等因素，這些勞力密集的產業遂被中國大陸與東南亞、中亞、中南美、非洲等開發中國家逐漸取代，競爭力盡失。曾幾何時這些為台灣出口創匯立過汗馬功勞的尖兵們，如今多流落異地他鄉各自求生存。 台灣服裝輔料產業整個幾近空洞化，這個產業鏈可以從台北市的迪化街布市及永樂市場布匹批發市場現今的景氣窺知一二。從鼎盛時期到如今零星錯落，盛景不再令人唏噓。 本人身為服裝輔料行業其中一份子，深感此行業沒落。因此就以本公司PK實業為個案，營運三十多年來的心得想法，經歷過營運重心的遷徙轉換策略，尚得以殘存至今，同時經兩年來EMBA 課程的薰陶洗禮，遂有把數年來公司運作經驗與理論結合的念頭，從學術觀點探討下一步該有的經營策略與轉型升級。 / The main purpose of this study is to investigate Taiwan's fashion industry, once in the export of Taiwan's exports of 60.70 era a success, but also led the development of upstream textile fabrics industry, and design new patterns of professional development, and printing and dyeing industry, technological breakthroughs, more and even affect Downstream industry produces another batch of materials, size, no less than tens of thousands of manufacturers. The so－called clothing accessories that is material/spare parts, but with economic growth in Taiwan 80 era, wage inflation, currency appreciation, and other factors, these labor－intensive industries was considered by the Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia. Central Asia. Central America and South America. Africa ... and other developing countries, gradually replacing, competitiveness lost. Once upon a time they set off or Taiwan's export contribution of the pioneer who is now living on their native place more than their survival. Taiwan's garment industry, the near－emptying clothing accessories expected, the industry chain from Taipei City Tihua Street and Wing Lok fabric cloth wholesale market economy obvious visible in today. From its heyday to the present sporadic scattered, not spectacular Cause for regret. I expected as a garment industry in which Deputy member of deeply personal pain. therefore PK Industries of the Company as a case, thirty years of experience working the idea, the focus of migration experienced business transformation strategy, yet to be surviving so far, EMBA program by two years while the influence of baptism, then the company has put years of operating experience combined with the theoretical idea, the next step from the academic point of view of any business strategy and restructuring and upgrading.

<p>The overall aim of this study is to describe and analyse some of the consequences of market forces and decentralisation in the educational systems of Sweden and England.</p><p>Since the 1980s, many countries have restructured their educational systems and introduced decentralisation and market forces. The reasons have sometimes been the same and sometimes they have differed, but demands for better school performance and the need for economic cuttings in the public sector, including schooling, are two of the most common reasons. This study will describe the development towards market forces and decentralisation in some countries in the western world in general, and, in particular Sweden and England. </p><p>The thesis makes a general overview of research on these issues in different countries and focuses on certain key concepts. Interviews and document analyses are the principal methods used, and case studies have been conducted in seven secondary schools in one Swedish municipality, and in ten schools in an English county. Interviews were made with 20 school leaders in the Swedish municipality and 20 in the English community in order to study their opinions on market solutions like competition and choice of school, as well as decentralisation and local management of schools.</p><p>The findings indicate that the educational systems of Sweden and England differ in many aspects, even if both can be described as decentralised. While the Swedish system gives the schools a high degree of autonomy, whereby the school leaders are responsible for almost everything in the daily running of the school, the English system includes more aspects of centralism, and provides less local decision making. The findings also indicate that the school leaders in Swedish municipalities are more satisfied with both decentralisation and market forces in schooling than their English colleagues. Several plausible interpretations could be made of the interview answers from the school leaders, but it seems that the higher degree of decentralisation in the Swedish educational system is perhaps the most important factor in this case. </p><p>Finally, the findings also indicate that the school leaders see positive aspects of choice and competition in schooling, like increased quality and better efficiency, as well as negative aspects, primarily the risk of segregation due to free school choice.</p>

<p>Based on the interlanguage hypothesis and with reference to skill learning and central concepts of connectionist language-acquisition theory, this study develops an explanatory model, with the help of which untutored acquisition of grammatical gender in German is shown to be a sequence of meta-individual developmental phases. The empirical evidence consists of linguistic data compiled from interviews with Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish foreign workers carried out within the framework of the ZISA- Cross-Sectional Study. </p><p>The acquisition process is promoted by a combination of two cognitive procedures, one analytic (restructuring) and the other reproductive (automation). Both contribute to the construction of a network of associative <i>form-function mappings</i> which, in the course of the process, assume the character of prefabricated linguistic elements or chunks, thus enabling automatic processing. Accordingly, the gender of a noun is not acquired separately as such, but rather as an integral component of an automatic form-function mapping. </p><p><i>Formula</i> and <i>routine</i> are central concepts. They denote the norm-language (formula) and interlanguage (routine) chunks used by the learner and thereby the subsumed forms of the respective determiners, that is, gender markers. Their creation and substitution, as well as the sequence of their acquisition, are described and elucidated by means of cognitive mechanisms and psycholinguistic principles. </p><p>For the interlanguage routine in particular, but to some extent for the norm-language formula as well, it was possible to confirm the fundamental concept of the interlanguage hypotheses, according to which the learner sets up provisional hypotheses about the perceived elements and gradually approaches the form of the target language, albeit with the assistance of a concept of language acquisition that does not primarily center on any rule-defined morphology of the target language but rather on the phonetic surface-level form of concrete linguistic communication. </p><p>Against this background some key concepts of previous language-acquisition research, such as <i>explicit/implicit, rules, chunks, simplification, omission, </i>and<i> over-generalization</i>, are discussed and partially reassessed.</p>

<p>Organisations are by nature, dynamic entities that continuously undergo transformation in response to both internal and external pressures, which are imposed on them (Robbins, Odendaal &amp / Roodt, 2003). Government departments are by no means immune to these changes, which pose challenges that affect their service delivery. During periods of fundamental transformation, individuals typically experience changes in their levels of organisational commitment, which impacts on effective and efficient service delivery. Organisational commitment as an area of research is one of the factors that could lead to greater morale, strong organisational climate, motivation and productivity in many organisations facing transformation (Salami, 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate the level of organisational commitment after a transformation process at a Provincial Government Department. Recent organisational transformations (both in the private and public sector) have included the redrawing of divisional boundaries, flattening of hierarchic levels, spreading of spans of control, revising compensation, streamlining processes and reforming governance (Ndlovu &amp / Brijball Parusumar, 2005). The results of the research indicate that employees are moderately committed to the organisation. Statistically significant relationships were found between the dimensions of organisational commitment, except for affective commitment and total commitment which were not significant.&nbsp / Furthermore, results indicate that statistically significant differences exist based on the biographical characteristics (namely, gender, race, tenure, marital status, age and job level) but these characteristics do not significantly explain the variance in organisational commitment for this organisation. A limitation of the research is that the sampling composition and research design preclude the results of this study being generalised to other organisations and it is recommended that a stratified random sampling design be utilised for future research.</p>

Based on the interlanguage hypothesis and with reference to skill learning and central concepts of connectionist language-acquisition theory, this study develops an explanatory model, with the help of which untutored acquisition of grammatical gender in German is shown to be a sequence of meta-individual developmental phases. The empirical evidence consists of linguistic data compiled from interviews with Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish foreign workers carried out within the framework of the ZISA- Cross-Sectional Study. The acquisition process is promoted by a combination of two cognitive procedures, one analytic (restructuring) and the other reproductive (automation). Both contribute to the construction of a network of associative form-function mappings which, in the course of the process, assume the character of prefabricated linguistic elements or chunks, thus enabling automatic processing. Accordingly, the gender of a noun is not acquired separately as such, but rather as an integral component of an automatic form-function mapping. Formula and routine are central concepts. They denote the norm-language (formula) and interlanguage (routine) chunks used by the learner and thereby the subsumed forms of the respective determiners, that is, gender markers. Their creation and substitution, as well as the sequence of their acquisition, are described and elucidated by means of cognitive mechanisms and psycholinguistic principles. For the interlanguage routine in particular, but to some extent for the norm-language formula as well, it was possible to confirm the fundamental concept of the interlanguage hypotheses, according to which the learner sets up provisional hypotheses about the perceived elements and gradually approaches the form of the target language, albeit with the assistance of a concept of language acquisition that does not primarily center on any rule-defined morphology of the target language but rather on the phonetic surface-level form of concrete linguistic communication. Against this background some key concepts of previous language-acquisition research, such as explicit/implicit, rules, chunks, simplification, omission, and over-generalization, are discussed and partially reassessed.

The overall aim of this study is to describe and analyse some of the consequences of market forces and decentralisation in the educational systems of Sweden and England. Since the 1980s, many countries have restructured their educational systems and introduced decentralisation and market forces. The reasons have sometimes been the same and sometimes they have differed, but demands for better school performance and the need for economic cuttings in the public sector, including schooling, are two of the most common reasons. This study will describe the development towards market forces and decentralisation in some countries in the western world in general, and, in particular Sweden and England. The thesis makes a general overview of research on these issues in different countries and focuses on certain key concepts. Interviews and document analyses are the principal methods used, and case studies have been conducted in seven secondary schools in one Swedish municipality, and in ten schools in an English county. Interviews were made with 20 school leaders in the Swedish municipality and 20 in the English community in order to study their opinions on market solutions like competition and choice of school, as well as decentralisation and local management of schools. The findings indicate that the educational systems of Sweden and England differ in many aspects, even if both can be described as decentralised. While the Swedish system gives the schools a high degree of autonomy, whereby the school leaders are responsible for almost everything in the daily running of the school, the English system includes more aspects of centralism, and provides less local decision making. The findings also indicate that the school leaders in Swedish municipalities are more satisfied with both decentralisation and market forces in schooling than their English colleagues. Several plausible interpretations could be made of the interview answers from the school leaders, but it seems that the higher degree of decentralisation in the Swedish educational system is perhaps the most important factor in this case. Finally, the findings also indicate that the school leaders see positive aspects of choice and competition in schooling, like increased quality and better efficiency, as well as negative aspects, primarily the risk of segregation due to free school choice.