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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1001

Influence of Chemical and Physical Properties of Poorly-Ordered Silica on Reactivity and Rheology of Cementitious Materials

Jedadiah Floyd Burroughs (8065844) 02 December 2019 (has links)
<p>Silica fume is a widely used pozzolan in the concrete industry that has been shown to have numerous benefits for concrete including improved mechanical properties, refined pore structure, and densification of the interfacial transition zone between paste and aggregates. Traditionally, silica fume is used as a 5% to 10% replacement of cement; however, newer classes of higher strength concretes use silica fume contents of 30% or greater. At these high silica fume contents, many detrimental effects, such as poor workability and inconsistent strength development, become much more prominent. </p> <p> </p> <p>In order to understand the fundamental reasons why high silica fume contents can have these detrimental effects on concrete mixtures, eight commercially available silica fumes were characterized for their physical and chemical properties. These included traditional properties such as density, particle size, and surface area. A non-traditional property, absorption capacity, was also determined. These properties or raw material characteristics were then related to the hydration and rheological behavior of pastes and concrete mixtures. Other tests were performed including isothermal calorimetry, which showed that each silica fume reacted differently than other silica fumes when exposed to the same reactive environment. Traditional hydration models for ordinary portland cement were expanded to include the effects that silica fumes have on water consumption, volumes of hydration products, and final degree of hydration. </p> <p> </p> <p>As a result of this research, it was determined necessary to account for the volume and surface area of unhydrated cement and unreacted silica fume particles in water-starved mixture proportions. An adjustment factor was developed to more accurately apply the results from hydration modeling. By combining the results from hydration modeling with the surface area adjustments, an analytical model was developed to determine the thickness of paste (hydration products and capillary water) that surrounds all of the inert and unreacted particles in the system. This model, denoted as the “Paste Thickness Model,” was shown to be a strong predictor of compressive strength results. The results of this research suggest that increasing the paste thickness decreases the expected compressive strength of concretes at ages or states of hydration.</p> <p> </p> <p>The rheological behavior of cement pastes containing silica fume was studied using a rotational rheometer. The Herschel-Bulkley model was fit to the rheological data to characterize the rheological behavior. A multilinear model was developed to relate the specific surface area of the silica fume, water content, and silica fume content to the Herschel-Bulkley rate index. The Herschel-Bulkley rate index is practically related to the ease at which the paste mixes. This multilinear model was shown to have strong predictive capability when used on randomly generated paste compositions. </p> <p> </p> <p>Additionally, an analytical model was developed that defines a single parameter, idealized as the thickness of water surrounding each particle in the cementitious system. This model, denoted as the “Water Thickness Model,” incorporated the absorption capacity of silica fumes discovered during the characterization phase of this study and was shown to correlate strongly with the Herschel-Bulkley rate index. The Water Thickness Model demonstrates how small changes in water content can have a drastic effect on the rheology of low w/c or high silica fume content pastes due to the combined effects of surface area and absorption. The effect of additional water on higher w/c mixtures is significantly less.</p>
1002

Experimental investigation of olivine and olivine-rich rocks at high pressure and high temperature

Mu, Shangshang 18 November 2015 (has links)
Olivine is the most abundant mineral in Earth's upper mantle and is one of the major minerals discovered in extraterrestrial objects. Its physical properties govern the dynamics of the upper mantle. The most dynamic regions of the upper mantle are sites where melting and melt segregation occurs. These regions are also the most variable in terms of their oxygen fugacity. We therefore conducted piston cylinder experiments to determine the intergranular melt distribution, and explore a range of oxygen buffers. We annealed olivine aggregates in metallic and graphite capsules to determine the oxygen fugacities set by the capsule materials. These experiments show that oxygen fugacities are below their corresponding metal-oxide buffers. The oxygen fugacity in nickel80-iron20 and graphite capsules most closely represents the intrinsic oxygen fugacity of Fo90 olivine, while iron capsules are too reducing perhaps explaining the formation of "dusty" olivine in chondrites. We annealed olivine-basalt aggregates in order to determine the melt distribution. The results show that the length of olivine grain boundaries wetted by melt (grain boundary wetness) increases with increasing melt content to values well above those predicted by a simplified model which is commonly applied to this system. At fixed melt content the grain boundary wetness increases with increasing grain size. These observations emphasize that the dihedral angle of the simplified system is not adequate to characterize the melt distribution in partially molten rocks. Our observations indicate that at upper mantle grain sizes the shear viscosity of partially molten rocks is one order of magnitude lower than predicted by the simplified model. Naturally partially molten rocks exist in the form of olivine-rich troctolites or plagioclase dunites, but the conditions for their formation are not entirely clear. We therefore conducted step-cooling experiments that indicate that slow cooling of samples with a steady-state microstructure reproduces the interstitial geometry observed in natural samples. The grain boundary wetness determined from the interstitial phases is somewhat reduced during slow cooling relative to samples quenched from high temperature. The microstructural similarity of experimental and natural samples suggests that mush zones identified beneath mid-ocean ridges may have lower melt contents than previously envisioned. / 2016-11-18T00:00:00Z
1003

Vliv hyperkinetické zátěže na vybrané mechanické změny axiálního systému člověka. / Influence of Hyperkinetic Load on Selected Mechanical Changes of Human Axial System.

Panská, Šárka January 2019 (has links)
Title: Influence of Hyperkinetic Load on Selected Mechanical Changes of Human Axial System. Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to determine the influence of hyperkinetic load on the change of selected mechanical properties of the rhythmic gymnastic axial system based on the sophisticated use of the Transfer Vibration through Spine (TVS) method. Methods: The following experimental methods were used to identify changes in rheological properties of AS and to assess load intensity: 1) TVS method; 2) software for evaluating and analyzing vibration tests of heterogeneous systems; 3) kinematic and dynamic motion analysis using:  2D motion video recording,  QUALISYS 3D motion analysis system,  KISTLER, to analyze dynamic human-surroundings interactions. Results: Pilot studies and the main experimental part of the thesis have shown that the use of the TVS method can identify both short-term and longitudinal changes of AS mechanical properties. Due to the hyperkinetic load, the selected mechanical properties of the rhythmic AS are changed. The gymnastic apparatus reacts to the training load by reducing the rheological parameters, especially the damping coefficient b and the viscosity µ. After regeneration, which is on the following day, the parameters return to the default values. The impact load...
1004

Rheology and dynamics at the interface of multi micro-/nanolayered polymers / Rhéologie et dynamique à l'interface de polymères multicouches / micro-couches

Lu, Bo 21 December 2017 (has links)
Les travaux de cette thèse concernent des études fondamentales liées à la rhéologie et dynamique des chaines aux interfaces/interphases dans des structures polymères multi- micro et nano-couches obtenues par le procédé de coextrusion. Des couples de matériaux modèles présentant une compatibilisation physique et/ou chimique aux interfaces ont été étudiés. L’objectif ultime consiste en la compréhension des phénomènes multi-physiques et multi-échelles mis en jeu lors de l’élaboration du confinement de ces matériaux. Dans un premier temps, l'influence de «l'interphase diffuse» sur le comportement rhéologique aux échelles micro- et nanométriques a été étudiée. Malgré le caractère compatible du système PVDF/PMMA, ce travail met en évidence que les chaines macromolécules des deux polymères présentent une certaine hétérogénéité locale dans la dynamique spatiale, allant de l’échelle des segments jusqu’à la conformation globale des chaînes. L’étude par spectroscopie diélectrique, montre que cette hétérogénéité est dépendante de la composition de l'interphase. Cette dernière est gouvernée à son tour par la diffusion mutuelle des chaines aux interfaces. Les résultats obtenus ont été analysés et modélisés en se basant sur les concepts de la dynamique moléculaire. La deuxième partie de cette étude porte en l’étude de l’effet d’une interphase diffuse (et ou réactive) sur les propriétés microstructurales, rhéologique et en particulier sur la dynamique moléculaire dans les multi- micro et nano-couches confinés. Les systèmes élaborés ont été analysés à différentes échelles par différents moyens spectroscopiques. L’effet du confinement sur la structure cristalline est mis en exergue. Ces systèmes ont été étudiés sous sollicitations en cisaillement et en élongation en viscoélasticité linéaire (VEL) et non-linéaire (VENL). Des modélisations ont été alors possible et elles étaient établies en se basant sur les mécanismes physiques et physico-chimiques mis en jeu. En concomitance avec cette seconde partie, nous avons démontré que la formation du copolymère greffé au niveau de cette interphase réactive présente une influence sur la dynamique moléculaire aux échelles micro- et nanométriques. Par conséquent, un nouveau processus de relaxation interfaciale diélectrique est démontré. Sa signature est dépendante du temps ouvert à la réaction ainsi que du nombre de couches. Le dernier volet de la thèse a porté sur l'effet du l’ultra-confinement sur les propriétés microstructurales, la dynamique et les propriétés diélectriques à l’état fondu et solide. En outre, des moyens type 2D-WAXS/SAXS, spectroscopie diélectrique multifréquences ont été déployés pour mener à bien ces travaux. Enfin, les résultats de cette thèse présentent une première approche pour le contrôle des propriétés d’interphases dans les structures multinanocouches. Les applications visées sont principalement la plastronique, l’énergie ou l’emballage alimentaire à propriétés Ultra-barrière. / Interphase developed at the polymer–polymer interface crucially determines the overall macroscopic properties of multilayered polymers from coextrusion. A better understanding of the interfacial properties involving rheology and dynamics is essential for establishing the processing-structure-property relationship. Therefore, this thesis is focused on a fundamental study of the role of interphase in rheology and dynamics of multicomponent polymers, towards tailoring the interface/interphase in multilayered structures from coexrusion process. The work proceeded from the diffuse interphase in compatible multilayered systems to the reactive interphase in reactive counterparts. Starting with a preliminary study on a model compatible system of PVDF/PMMA blends, we firstly revealed their blending phenomena and physics, involving dynamic heterogeneity in segmental and terminal scales, and locally structural heterogeneity due to the nanoscale interphase. Particularly, the local heterogeneity significantly altered the thermorheological and dynamic behaviours. Based on the findings with blends, we were able to further clarify the effects of interdiffusion and diffuse interphase formation on the structure, rheology and dynamics in compatible multilayered PVDF/PMMA systems fabricated by forced-assembly multilayer coextrusion. The remarkable changes in the rheological and dynamic behaviors of these compatible multilayers were explained in terms of the physical picture for interdiffusion mechanism and physics of diffuse interphase occurring in coextrusion process. Secondly, we incorporated in situ interfacial chemical reaction to multilayered systems based on PVDF-g-MAH/PA6 in comparison to PVDF/PA6 pair, thereby allowing us to probe the generated reactive interphase with graft copolymers from bilayer to multi nanolayers. Influence of interfacial reaction and formed interphase on the resulting macroscopic rheological behaviors and microscopic dynamics were preliminarily elaborated using a stacked model bilayer of PVDF-g-MAH/PA6, by taking into account the factors involving interfacial morphology development, copolymer architecture and reaction extent/time, etc. Based on this preliminary investigation, we further probed the role of interfacial reaction and reactive intephase formation in the coextruded multilayered structures alternating of PVDF-g-MAH/PA6 with the layer thickness varying from micro- to nanoscale. Therein, we investigated systematically the layer architecture/structure, morphology, dielectric properties, charge transport dynamics, and especially the uniaxial extensional rheology of the reactive multilayered polymers in the presence of reactive interphase. Findings obtained in this thesis are aimed at a better understanding of the interfacial properties including rheology, dynamics and dielectric properties, towards controlling the interface/interphase and confinement in multilayered polymers from coextrusion and for their advanced applications.
1005

Synthèse et caractérisation de dérivés amphiphiles du xanthane : application à la stabilisation d'émulsions / Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic xanthan derivatives : application as emulsions stabilizers

Fantou, Céline 14 December 2018 (has links)
Les polysaccharides amphiphiles sont constitués d’un squelette hydrophile sur lequel sont greffés des groupements hydrophobes. Ils possèdent des propriétés rhéologiques accrues dues à leur capacité d’auto-organisation en solution aqueuse mais également interfaciales dues à leurs propriétés d’adsorption aux interfaces eau/huile. Néanmoins, peu d’études s’intéressent à conférer ce type de propriétés à des polysaccharides complexes en termes de structure ou de conformation, comme le xanthane. En effet, ce polymère adopte en solution deux conformations distinctes selon les conditions expérimentales : une forme ordonnée hélicoïdale rigide et une forme désordonnée de type pelote flexible.Partant de ce constat, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de déterminer l’impact de la rigidité du squelette du xanthane modifié hydrophobiquement sur les propriétés amphiphiles en solution mais également sur les propriétés stabilisantes en émulsion.Il s’avère que la conformation adoptée par le polymère pendant le processus de greffage a un impact majeur sur ses propriétés rhéologiques : le xanthane modifié sous forme désordonnée possède un caractère associatif, contrairement au xanthane modifié sous forme ordonnée.De plus, le xanthane modifié hydrophobiquement est capable, sous certaines conditions, de former et de stabiliser des émulsions H/E, sans ajout de tensioactif moléculaire, en se partitionnant entre stabilisation de l’interface eau/huile et maintien de la viscosité de la phase aqueuse continue. / Amphiphilic polysaccharides are composed of a hydrophilic backbone grafted with hydrophobic moieties. They show specific rheological properties due to their capacity to self-associate in solution, but also interfacial properties due to their ability to adsorb at the water/oil interface. However, only few studies describe the chemical modification of complex heteropolysaccharides regarding their structure or their conformation, such as xanthan. Indeed, this polysaccharide can adopt in solution two distinct conformations depending on experimental conditions: an ordered rigid helix or a disordered flexible coil.The objective of this work is to determine the impact of the chain stiffness of hydrophobically modified xanthan on associative properties in solution, but also on stabilizing properties in emulsion.The conformation adopted by the polymer during the grafting procedure has a major impact on the rheological properties: xanthan modified under disordered conformation is an associative polysaccharide, contrary to xanthan modified under its ordered conformation.In addition, hydrophobically modified xanthan is able, under certain conditions, to form and stabilize O/W emulsion, without further addition of molecular surfactant, by partitioning between stabilization of the water/oil interface and viscosifying the continuous aqueous phase.
1006

Microstructural and textural analysis of naturally deformed granulites in the Mount Hay block of central Australia: Implications for the rheology of polyphase lower crustal materials

Shea, Lauren January 2019 (has links)
Thesis advisor: Seth C. Kruckenberg / Quantitatively describing the deformational behavior (i.e. the rheology) of lower crustal materials has proven challenging due to the highly variable nature of structural and compositional fabrics in the lower crust. Further, many flow laws describing the rheology of monophase aggregates are experimentally derived and do not necessarily apply to polyphase materials, such as gabbro, that dominate the lower crust. Here, we present the results of integrated microstructural analysis and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) textural analysis from exhumed lower crustal granulites in the Mount Hay block of central Australia. The preservation of heterogeneous mafic and felsic granulites containing monophase and/or polyphase mixtures of anorthite, pyroxene, and quartz (interlayered on the mm- to m-scale) make this region uniquely suited for advancing our knowledge of the processes that affect deformation and the rheology of the lower crust. Forty-two samples from distinct structural and compositional domains were chosen to compare the microstructural record of deformation, the development of crystallographic textures, and to provide estimates of lower crustal rheology and deformation conditions. Full thin-section maps of crystallographic texture were produced using EBSD methods. The resultant orientation maps were processed to characterize crystallographic textures in all constituent phases, and all other quantifiable aspects of the rock microstructure (e.g., grain size, grain shape, misorientation axes). The EBSD analysis reveals the presence of strong crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) in nearly all constituent phases, suggesting deformation dominated by dislocation creep. Differential stresses during deformation are calculated using grain size piezometry for all major phases, and range between 34-54 MPa in quartz within monophase layers. Two-pyroxene geothermometry was used to constrain deformation temperatures to ca. 780-810 C. Based on the estimated CPO patterns, stress, and temperature, we quantify strain rates and effective viscosities of all major phases through application of monophase flow laws. Monophase strain rates range from 2.10 x 10-12 s-1 to 1.56 x 10-11 s-1 for quartz, 4.68 x 10-15 s-1 to 2.48 x 10-13 s-1 for plagioclase feldspar, 1.56 x 10-18 s-1 to 1.64 x 10-16 s-1 for enstatite, and 5.66 x 10-16 s-1 to 1.00 x 10-14 s-1 for diopside. The determined flow law variables used for monophase calculations were subsequently applied to two different models – the Minimized Power Geometric model of Huet et al. (2014) and the Asymptotic Expansion Homogenization (AEH) method of Cook (2006) – in order to calculate a bulk aggregate viscosity of the polyphase material. At a strain rate of 10-14 s-1, polyphase effective viscosities for our samples range from 3.07 x 1020 to 2.74 x 1021 Pa·s. We find that the bulk viscosity of heterogeneous, gabbroic lower crust in the Mount Hay region lies between that of monophase plagioclase and monophase quartz, and varies as a function of composition. These results are consistent with past modeling studies and geophysical estimates. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.
1007

Konzeptionelle Modelle zur Beschreibung der Rheologie granularer Medien am Beispiel der Lausitzer Fließsande

John, Johannes 03 December 2020 (has links)
Infolge gravitativer Massenbewegungen sind aktuell weiträumige Flächen der ehemaligen Lausitzer Tagebaugebiete gesperrt. Um den zugrundeliegenden Verflüssigungsprozess der sandigen Innenkippenböden zu analysieren und auf granularer Ebene zu beschreiben, wurde in einem ersten Schritt das eindimensional-vertikale Verhalten einer wassergesättigten, locker gelagerten Granulatsäule untersucht. Unter Einbeziehung von Lageenergie, Kugelpackungen und Grenzflächen ließen sich daraus konzeptionelle Modelle und Hypothesen zur Abbildung der Verflüssigung und Reverfestigung von Fließsanden entwickeln. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen legen nahe, dass die durch ein dynamisches Energieinitial ausgelöste Verflüssigung zur Horizontalverschiebung der Granulatkörner und damit zur Reduzierung der effektiven Spannungen sowie zur Porenwasserdruckerhöhung führt. Zudem lassen die Betrachtungen vermuten, dass der Absinkvorgang der Granulatkörner im Zuge der Reverfestigung an die Relativbewegung zwischen dem verdrängten Porenwasser und dem Schwebkornfilter der Granulatkorntextur gekoppelt ist. Die hierbei auftretende Filterströmung lässt sich durch das DARCY-Gesetz beschreiben. Da die wassergesättigte Grundwasserzone mancherorts von einer wasserungesättigten Überdeckungszone mit geringerer Durchlässigkeit überlagert werden kann, wurde in einem zweiten Schritt ein konzeptionelles Überdeckungsmodell erstellt, das die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den zwei Zonen nach einem Verflüssigungsereignis mit Fokus auf geohydraulische Zustandsparameter untersucht und gestützt auf drei idealisierte Basisprozesse charakterisiert. Im Zuge der Reverfestigung des verflüssigten Granulats kann sich unterhalb der ungesättigten Überdeckungszone eine Wasserlamelle bilden. Der sich daran anschließende instationäre Aufsättigungsvorgang der Überdeckungszone wurde mittels der numerischen Software HYDRUS-1D für verschiedene Szenarien analysiert und darauf aufbauend ein vereinfachtes Approximationsverfahren entwickelt, das die Aufsättigungsfront als vordringende, stabile, makroskopische Grenzfläche erfasst. Das temporäre Auftreten des verflüssigten Granulats sowie der Wasserlamelle tragen zur Verringerung der Kippenstabilität bei. Aufbauend auf dem Modellverständnis des eindimensional-vertikalen Verhaltens des Kippenkörpers wurden in einem weiteren Schritt verschiedene Untersuchungen zum rheologischen Verhalten der Lausitzer Innenkippensande durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe von Rotationsscherversuchen mittels eines Präzisionsrheometers konnte unter der Verwendung von Flügelrotoren eine funktionale Abhängigkeit zwischen dem Feststoffanteil und der Fließgrenze hergestellt werden. Darüber hinaus haben die Rotationsscherversuche gezeigt, dass der Feststoffanteil der Lausitzer Innenkippensande eine maßgebliche Rolle für deren rheologisches Fließverhalten spielt. Je größer der volumetrische Feststoffanteil des Fließsands im Ausgangszustand ist, desto größer sind auch die mit einer Fließbewegung einhergehenden Reibungskräfte zwischen den Granulatkörnern sowie die dadurch verursachten resultierenden Scherspannungen in der immersiven granularen Flüssigkeit. Weiterhin lassen die Ergebnisse der Rotationsversuche darauf schließen, dass die Art der dynamischen Anregung (impulsartig oder zyklisch) einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Verflüssigungs- und Reverfestigungsverhalten von wassergesättigten Fließsanden hat. Das dynamische Fließverhalten der Lausitzer Innenkippensande lässt sich mit den konventionellen rheologischen Modellen jedoch nicht vollständig beschreiben, da der Einfluss der komplexen Korninteraktionen bei dichten immersiven Granulaten den hydrodynamischen Einfluss der interpartikularen Flüssigkeit bei weitem übersteigt. Es ist dagegen möglich, das viskoplastische Fließverhalten der gleichförmigen, gerundeten, wassergesättigten Fließsande der Lausitzer Innenkippen mit den konzeptionellen Modellansätzen immersiver granularer Medien auf Basis von phänomenologischen rheologischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten abzubilden. Hierzu wurden weiterführende Fließversuche auf einer geneigten rauen Ebene durchgeführt. Es konnte dabei bestätigt werden, dass das rheologische Fließverhalten von Granulaten durch eine einzige dimensionslose Kennzahl, die Inertialzahl I, bestimmt wird. Somit lassen sich unterschiedliche gravitative Massenbewegungen der Lausitzer Tagebaurestlöcher innerhalb eines universellen rheologischen Modellkonzepts beschreiben. Hierzu zählen beispielsweise das dynamische Verhalten von trockenen Schüttungen, die zu erwartenden Abflachungen der subhydrischen Tagebauböschungen sowie die Fließsandströmung nach einer Verflüssigung. Summa summarum tragen die gebildeten konzeptionellen Modelle und darauf aufbauenden Hypothesen sowie die durchgeführten rheometrischen Rotationsscherversuche und rheologischen Fließversuche zu einem tieferen Verständnis des Verhaltens der Lausitzer Fließsande im Zusammenhang mit Verflüssigungsereignissen bei, was zur Vermeidung von Schadwirkungen sowie zur Entwicklung von effizienteren Sanierungsverfahren beitragen kann.:1 Einführung 1 1.1 Ansatzpunkt der Arbeit 1 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 3 1.3 Methoden der Arbeit 4 1.3.1 Literaturrecherche 4 1.3.2 Modellierung 4 1.3.3 Computersimulation 6 1.3.4 Laborversuche 6 1.4 Gliederung der Arbeit 7 2 Grundlagen 9 2.1 Rheologie 9 2.1.1 Grundlagen der Rheologie 9 2.1.1.1 Einordnung 9 2.1.1.2 Elastizität 10 2.1.1.3 Plastizität 10 2.1.1.4 Viskosität 11 2.1.2 Rheologische Modelle 14 2.1.2.1 Rheologische Grundmodelle 14 2.1.2.2 Zusammengesetzte Modellkörper 15 2.1.2.3 Nichtlineare rheologische Modellansätze 17 2.1.3 Rheometrie 17 2.2 Granulare Medien 18 2.2.1 Definition 18 2.2.2 Entstehung 19 2.2.3 Granulometrie 19 2.2.4 Physikalische Beschreibung 20 2.2.5 Interpartikulare Kräfte 20 2.3 Granulare Feststoffe 21 2.3.1 Granulare Packungen 21 2.3.2 Nichtimmersive granulare Feststoffe 22 2.3.2.1 Kräftenetzwerk 22 2.3.2.2 Spannungsansatz der Kontinuumsmechanik 24 2.3.2.3 Plastisches Verhalten 24 2.3.3 Immersive granulare Feststoffe 27 2.3.3.1 DARCY-Filterströmung 27 2.3.3.2 Grenzen des DARCY-Gesetzes 29 2.3.3.3 Spannungen nach TERZAGHI 30 2.3.4 Teilimmersive granulare Feststoffe 30 2.3.4.1 Einteilung des unterirdischen Wassers 30 2.3.4.2 Mobilitätsbereiche 32 2.3.4.3 Hydraulische Zustandsgleichung 34 2.3.4.4 Durchlässigkeit 37 2.3.4.5 Kapillarität 39 2.3.4.6 Spannungen nach BISHOP 41 2.4 Granulare Flüssigkeiten 42 2.4.1 Untersuchungs- und Messmethoden 43 2.4.2 Nichtimmersive granulare Flüssigkeiten 44 2.4.2.1 Dimensionsanalyse 44 2.4.2.2 Rheologische Stoffgesetze 47 2.4.2.3 Rheologie komplexer Granulate 48 2.4.2.4 Strömung auf einer geneigten Ebene 49 2.4.2.5 Grenzen der phänomenologischen Rheologie 52 2.4.2.6 Tiefengemittelte Fließgleichungen 53 2.4.2.7 Segregation in granularen Strömungen 55 2.4.3 Immersive granulare Flüssigkeiten 57 2.4.3.1 Granulare Rutschungen 57 2.4.3.2 Granulare Medien und Suspensionen 58 2.4.3.3 Druckgesteuerte Rheologie 59 2.4.3.4 Volumengesteuerte Rheologie 62 2.4.3.5 Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Studien 64 3 Verflüssigung und Reverfestigung 66 3.1 Verhalten ohne ungesättigte Überdeckung 66 3.1.1 Grundlagen 66 3.1.2 Lageenergie 67 3.1.2.1 Lageenergieintegral 68 3.1.2.2 Reverfestigungsmodell 68 3.1.3 Kugelpackungen 70 3.1.3.1 Schichtmodell 70 3.1.3.2 Validierung des Schichtmodells 72 3.1.4 Grenzflächen 73 3.1.4.1 Säulenmodell 74 3.1.4.2 Filtermodell 75 3.1.4.3 Zonenmodell 76 3.1.4.4 Intensive und extensive Modellvariablen 77 3.1.5 Hypothesen 78 3.1.5.1 Höhenkonstanz 79 3.1.5.2 Dichte 79 3.1.5.3 Volumenstromdichte 79 3.1.5.4 Durchlässigkeitsbeiwert 80 3.1.5.5 Porenwasserüberdruck 80 3.1.5.6 Reverfestigungsdauer 81 3.1.5.7 Wasserbilanz 81 3.2 Verhalten mit ungesättigter Überdeckung 82 3.2.1 Grundlagen 82 3.2.2 Konzeptionelles Überdeckungsmodell 83 3.2.2.1 Modellstruktur 83 3.2.2.2 Geohydraulische Zustandsgrößen 84 3.2.2.3 Bodenmechanische Zustandsgrößen 85 3.2.2.4 Prozesse und Zustände 85 3.2.3 Verflüssigung und Reverfestigung der Grundwasserzone (Prozess I) 86 3.2.4 Aufsättigung der Überdeckungszone (Prozess II) 87 3.2.4.1 Berechnungsmethodik und Pre-Processing in HYDRUS-1D 88 3.2.4.2 Post-processing in HYDRUS-1D 88 3.2.4.3 Berücksichtigung von Niederschlag 92 3.2.4.4 Numerisches Approximationsverfahren 94 3.2.5 Absinkvorgang der Überdeckungszone (Prozess III) 97 4 Granulare Rheologie 99 4.1 Versuchsgranulate 99 4.1.1 Mikroglaskugeln 99 4.1.2 Fließsand 99 4.1.3 Durchlässigkeit 102 4.2 Rotationsversuche 105 4.2.1 Grundlagen 105 4.2.1.1 Messung der Fließgrenze 105 4.2.1.2 Messung der Viskosität 109 4.2.2 Rotationsrheometer zur eigenen Versuchsdurchführung 110 4.2.3 Eigene Versuche zur Fließgrenze 111 4.2.4 Eigene Versuche zur Fließkurve 117 4.2.5 Eigene Versuche zur Reverfestigung 120 4.3 Fließversuche 122 4.3.1 Grundlagen 123 4.3.2 Aufbau der eigenen Fließversuche 129 4.3.3 Auswertung der eigenen Fließversuche 132 4.3.3.1 Kalibrierung 132 4.3.3.2 Front Tracking 133 4.3.3.3 Particle Tracking 134 4.3.3.4 Höhenmessung 135 4.3.3.5 Genauigkeit 135 4.3.3.6 Auswertung 136 4.3.4 Strömungskonfiguration Luft-Luft 136 4.3.5 Strömungskonfiguration Wasser-Wasser 140 4.3.6 Strömungskonfiguration Wasser-Luft 144 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 148 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS I ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS XIX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS XXV SYMBOLVERZEICHNIS XXVI ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS XXXVI / Large areas of former Lusatian opencast pits have recently become inaccessible due to gravitational mass movements. To understand the underlying liquefaction process of the overburden dump sand and to describe it on a granular scale, the one-dimensional vertical behaviour of a saturated, loosely packed column was studied. Considering elevation energy, sphere packing and interfaces, several conceptual models and hypotheses for describing the liquefaction and resolidification of quicksand were developed. The analyses suggest that liquefaction leads to horizontal grain movement and thus to effective stress reduction and increases in pore water pressure. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that grain settlement during the resolidification phase is linked to the relative movement between displaced pore water and the suspended grain filter of the granulate structure. The filter flow can be described by DARCY’s law. Since the water-saturated groundwater zone can be overlaid by a water-unsaturated cover zone with lower permeability, a conceptual cover model was designed, which examines the interactions between the two zones with focus on geohydraulic state parameters and characterises them based on three main processes. Due to the resolidification of the liquefied quicksand, a water lamella can form below the unsaturated cover zone. Based on HYDRUS-1D simulations, a numerical approach was developed for the subsequent transient saturation of the cover, which treats the saturation front as an advancing stable macroscopic interface. The temporary appearance of the liquefied quicksand and the water lamella reduces stability of the inner overburden dump. Based on the understanding of the one-dimensional vertical granular behaviour, various investigations on the rheological behaviour of the Lausatian inner overburden dump sands were carried out. With the help of rotational shear tests by means of a precision rheometer, a functional dependence between solid content and yield stress could be established using vane rotors. Furthermore, it could be shown that the solid content plays a decisive role for the rheological flow behaviour of the Lausatian quicksand. The greater the solid content in its initial state, the greater are the frictional forces between the grains associated with flow movement as well as the resulting shear stresses in the immersive granular liquid. Moreover, the results suggest that the type of dynamic excitation (pulsed or cyclic) has a significant influence on the liquefaction and resolidification behaviour of water-saturated quicksands. However, the dynamic flow behaviour of the Lusatian inner overburden dump sands cannot completely be described by conventional rheological models, since the influence of the complex grain interactions in dense immersive granular media exceeds the hydrodynamic influence of the interparticulate fluid. In contrast, it is possible to model the viscoplastic flow behaviour of the uniform, rounded, water-saturated Lusatian inner overburden dump sands with the conceptual model approaches of immersive granular media based on phenomenological rheological laws. For this purpose, further flow tests were carried out on an inclined rough plane. It was confirmed that the rheological flow behaviour of granular media is determined by a single dimensionless number, the inertial number I. Thus, the different gravitational mass movements of the former Lusatian opencast pits can be described within an universal rheological model concept. This includes, for example, the dynamic behaviour of dry deposits, the expected flattening of the subhydric mine slopes and the flow of the water-saturated quicksand after liquefaction. In all, the conceptual models and hypotheses as well as the rheometric rotational shear tests and rheological flow tests contribute to a deeper understanding of the behaviour of Lusatian quicksand in connection with liquefaction events, which helps to avoid harmful effects and to develop more efficient remediation methods.:1 Einführung 1 1.1 Ansatzpunkt der Arbeit 1 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 3 1.3 Methoden der Arbeit 4 1.3.1 Literaturrecherche 4 1.3.2 Modellierung 4 1.3.3 Computersimulation 6 1.3.4 Laborversuche 6 1.4 Gliederung der Arbeit 7 2 Grundlagen 9 2.1 Rheologie 9 2.1.1 Grundlagen der Rheologie 9 2.1.1.1 Einordnung 9 2.1.1.2 Elastizität 10 2.1.1.3 Plastizität 10 2.1.1.4 Viskosität 11 2.1.2 Rheologische Modelle 14 2.1.2.1 Rheologische Grundmodelle 14 2.1.2.2 Zusammengesetzte Modellkörper 15 2.1.2.3 Nichtlineare rheologische Modellansätze 17 2.1.3 Rheometrie 17 2.2 Granulare Medien 18 2.2.1 Definition 18 2.2.2 Entstehung 19 2.2.3 Granulometrie 19 2.2.4 Physikalische Beschreibung 20 2.2.5 Interpartikulare Kräfte 20 2.3 Granulare Feststoffe 21 2.3.1 Granulare Packungen 21 2.3.2 Nichtimmersive granulare Feststoffe 22 2.3.2.1 Kräftenetzwerk 22 2.3.2.2 Spannungsansatz der Kontinuumsmechanik 24 2.3.2.3 Plastisches Verhalten 24 2.3.3 Immersive granulare Feststoffe 27 2.3.3.1 DARCY-Filterströmung 27 2.3.3.2 Grenzen des DARCY-Gesetzes 29 2.3.3.3 Spannungen nach TERZAGHI 30 2.3.4 Teilimmersive granulare Feststoffe 30 2.3.4.1 Einteilung des unterirdischen Wassers 30 2.3.4.2 Mobilitätsbereiche 32 2.3.4.3 Hydraulische Zustandsgleichung 34 2.3.4.4 Durchlässigkeit 37 2.3.4.5 Kapillarität 39 2.3.4.6 Spannungen nach BISHOP 41 2.4 Granulare Flüssigkeiten 42 2.4.1 Untersuchungs- und Messmethoden 43 2.4.2 Nichtimmersive granulare Flüssigkeiten 44 2.4.2.1 Dimensionsanalyse 44 2.4.2.2 Rheologische Stoffgesetze 47 2.4.2.3 Rheologie komplexer Granulate 48 2.4.2.4 Strömung auf einer geneigten Ebene 49 2.4.2.5 Grenzen der phänomenologischen Rheologie 52 2.4.2.6 Tiefengemittelte Fließgleichungen 53 2.4.2.7 Segregation in granularen Strömungen 55 2.4.3 Immersive granulare Flüssigkeiten 57 2.4.3.1 Granulare Rutschungen 57 2.4.3.2 Granulare Medien und Suspensionen 58 2.4.3.3 Druckgesteuerte Rheologie 59 2.4.3.4 Volumengesteuerte Rheologie 62 2.4.3.5 Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Studien 64 3 Verflüssigung und Reverfestigung 66 3.1 Verhalten ohne ungesättigte Überdeckung 66 3.1.1 Grundlagen 66 3.1.2 Lageenergie 67 3.1.2.1 Lageenergieintegral 68 3.1.2.2 Reverfestigungsmodell 68 3.1.3 Kugelpackungen 70 3.1.3.1 Schichtmodell 70 3.1.3.2 Validierung des Schichtmodells 72 3.1.4 Grenzflächen 73 3.1.4.1 Säulenmodell 74 3.1.4.2 Filtermodell 75 3.1.4.3 Zonenmodell 76 3.1.4.4 Intensive und extensive Modellvariablen 77 3.1.5 Hypothesen 78 3.1.5.1 Höhenkonstanz 79 3.1.5.2 Dichte 79 3.1.5.3 Volumenstromdichte 79 3.1.5.4 Durchlässigkeitsbeiwert 80 3.1.5.5 Porenwasserüberdruck 80 3.1.5.6 Reverfestigungsdauer 81 3.1.5.7 Wasserbilanz 81 3.2 Verhalten mit ungesättigter Überdeckung 82 3.2.1 Grundlagen 82 3.2.2 Konzeptionelles Überdeckungsmodell 83 3.2.2.1 Modellstruktur 83 3.2.2.2 Geohydraulische Zustandsgrößen 84 3.2.2.3 Bodenmechanische Zustandsgrößen 85 3.2.2.4 Prozesse und Zustände 85 3.2.3 Verflüssigung und Reverfestigung der Grundwasserzone (Prozess I) 86 3.2.4 Aufsättigung der Überdeckungszone (Prozess II) 87 3.2.4.1 Berechnungsmethodik und Pre-Processing in HYDRUS-1D 88 3.2.4.2 Post-processing in HYDRUS-1D 88 3.2.4.3 Berücksichtigung von Niederschlag 92 3.2.4.4 Numerisches Approximationsverfahren 94 3.2.5 Absinkvorgang der Überdeckungszone (Prozess III) 97 4 Granulare Rheologie 99 4.1 Versuchsgranulate 99 4.1.1 Mikroglaskugeln 99 4.1.2 Fließsand 99 4.1.3 Durchlässigkeit 102 4.2 Rotationsversuche 105 4.2.1 Grundlagen 105 4.2.1.1 Messung der Fließgrenze 105 4.2.1.2 Messung der Viskosität 109 4.2.2 Rotationsrheometer zur eigenen Versuchsdurchführung 110 4.2.3 Eigene Versuche zur Fließgrenze 111 4.2.4 Eigene Versuche zur Fließkurve 117 4.2.5 Eigene Versuche zur Reverfestigung 120 4.3 Fließversuche 122 4.3.1 Grundlagen 123 4.3.2 Aufbau der eigenen Fließversuche 129 4.3.3 Auswertung der eigenen Fließversuche 132 4.3.3.1 Kalibrierung 132 4.3.3.2 Front Tracking 133 4.3.3.3 Particle Tracking 134 4.3.3.4 Höhenmessung 135 4.3.3.5 Genauigkeit 135 4.3.3.6 Auswertung 136 4.3.4 Strömungskonfiguration Luft-Luft 136 4.3.5 Strömungskonfiguration Wasser-Wasser 140 4.3.6 Strömungskonfiguration Wasser-Luft 144 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 148 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS I ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS XIX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS XXV SYMBOLVERZEICHNIS XXVI ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS XXXVI
1008

Impacts of Using Crushed Rocks in Concrete.

Horta, Andre January 2011 (has links)
Concrete in Sweden has traditionally been manufactured with natural aggregate from glaciofluvial eskers. There is a need to preserve the remaining eskers because of their cultural value and importance for water filtration, thus natural aggregate has to be replaced. The most realistic alternative is to use crushed rocks. The major problem with crushed rocks in concrete production is the workability. This is because crushed rocks have less favorable properties. The fragments are flakier and have a rougher surface than natural aggregates that have been rounded in water. Without any amelioration of the crushed rock, to reach a certain workability and strength, the amount of cement in the mix has to be increased. Cement production requires large amounts of energy and the decarbonation of limestone releases large amounts of CO2. Combined, the release of CO2, due to burning and decarbonation of limestone, accounts for about 5% of the global CO2 emissions. An increase in cement consumptions is less desirable. Thus to replace natural aggregates, the use of crushed rocks has to be optimized as regard cement consumption. Several crushed aggregates, most from granitic rocks, from all over Sweden were analysed in this study. These crushed rocks were characterized according to their grading, specific surface, shape and petrography and compared to natural sand. Rheological tests that reveals the workability in detail was performed on mortars. The tests showed that as regard workability the 0-2 mm fraction is the most important factor. Further, the maximum aggregate size was gradually increased up to 16 mm, to have a more realistic approach to the concrete produced by the building industry. The results showed that with grading optimization and superplasticizer, some crushed rocks can be used for concrete production without increasing, and even decreasing, the cement consumption. This research also contemplated the use of filler. As a mineral admixture it can improve the compressive strength. It can also be used to replace cement; a replacement up to 20 kg/m3 of cement by filler can be done without significant effect on compressive strength.
1009

Numerical Modelling of Self-Compacting Concrete Flow : Discrete and Continuous Approach

Gram, Annika January 2009 (has links)
With the advent of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) that flows freely, under the soleinfluence of gravity, the wish for hassle-free and predictable castings even in complexcases, spurged the simulation of concrete flow as a means to model and predictconcrete workability. To achieve complete and reliable form filling with smoothsurfaces of the concrete, the reinforced formwork geometry must be compatible withthe rheology of the fresh SCC. Predicting flow behavior in the formwork and linkingthe required rheological parameters to flow tests performed on the site will ensurean optimization of the casting process.In this thesis, numerical simulation of concrete flow is investigated, using both discreteas well as continuous approaches.The discrete particle model here serves as a means to simulate details and phenomenaconcerning aggregates modeled as individual objects. The here presented cases aresimulated with spherical particles. However, it is possible to make use of nonsphericalparticles as well. Aggregate surface roughness, size and aspect ratio maybe modeles by particle friction, size and clumping several spheres into forming thedesired particle shape.The continuous approach has been used to simulate large volumes of concrete. Theconcrete is modeled as a homogeneous material, particular effects of aggregates,such as blocking or segregation are not accounted for. Good correspondence wasachieved with a Bingham material model used to simulate concrete laboratory tests(e.g. slump flow, L-box) and form filling. Flow of concrete in a particularly congestedsection of a double-tee slab as well as two lifts of a multi-layered full scale wall castingwere simulated sucessfully.A large scale quantitative analysis is performed rather smoothly with the continuousapproach. Smaller scale details and phenomena are better captured qualitativelywith the discrete particle approach. As computer speed and capacity constantlyevolves, simulation detail and sample volume will be allowed to increase.A future merging of the homogeneous fluid model with the particle approach to formparticles in the fluid will feature the flow of concrete as the physical suspension thatit represents. One single ellipsoidal particle falling in a Newtonian fluid was studiedas a first step. / Med uppkomsten av självkompakterande betong (SKB) och dess möjligheter att flyta ut under inverkan av endast gravitation uppstod ett behov av att kunna förutsäga och kontrollera även mer komplicerade gjutningar. Numerisk simulering av SKBs flöde kan kommma att utgöra ett kraftfullt verktyg för att optimera gjutprocessen, ge möjlighet att förutsäga nödbvändig arbetbarhet och säkerställa kompatibilitet mellan den armerade formen och betongens reologi. I föreliggande avhandling undersöks betongens flöde med både diskreta och kontinuumbaserade simuleringsmetoder. Den diskreta partikelmodellen används för att simulera detaljer och fenomen hos t.ex. ballast i betong. I de här presenterade simuleringarna används sfäriska partiklar, men det är även möjligt att skapa ballastkorn av olika form. Ballastens ytråhet och storlek kan modelleras med parametrar för friktion och storlek medan sammanfogning av ett flertal partiklar kan ge ekvivalent form. Den kontinuumbaserade ansatsen används för att simulera större flödesmängder. Betongen modelleras som ett homogent material, eventuella effekter av ballastens inverkan, till exempel blockering eller separation, ingår ej. God överensstämmelse har uppnåtts med Binghams materialmodell som applicerats på några av SKBs provningsmetoder (bl a flytsättmått och L-låda) liksom även för större gjutningar. Formfyllnad av en hårt armerad sektion av ett STT-element, liksom två pumpade betongleveranser till en hög vägg, har framgångsrikt simulerats. En kvantitativ övergripande analys av betongflödet i formen kan göras med den kontinuumbaserade ansatsen för att upptäcka zoner med eventuella svårigheter. En högupplöst detaljstudie kompletterar sedan analysen på valda delar av och kring dessa zoner för att fånga partikelfenomen kvalitativt med hjälv av den diskreta modellen. Då datorkapaciteten ökar kommer även större volymer med högre detaljrikedom att kunna simuleras. En framtida modell simulerar med stor sannolikhet partiklar i flöde, vilket till fullo kan fånga betongens egenskaper som suspension. Som ett första steg på vägen har en fallande ellipsoid i en newtonsk vätska simulerats.
1010

Flow Behavior and Rheology in Particle Systems

Akbari Fakhrabadi, Ehsan January 2021 (has links)
No description available.

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