Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T11:54:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirela Assuncao Simoes.pdf: 1074751 bytes, checksum: 81a2d122c520a14eea7d6b436bd3b529 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T11:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirela Assuncao Simoes.pdf: 1074751 bytes, checksum: 81a2d122c520a14eea7d6b436bd3b529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-03 / Gracilaria is the best represented genus of red algae, with more than 100 recognized species and is distributed in most tropical and temperate seas of the world. Thus, this genus is distinguished for being the world's leading source of agar. Agar is a substance which can be extracted from the cell wall of some red algae species. Its main feature is the ability to form a gel known generically as phycocolloids. This compound can be purified to be used in a wide variety of industrial products, such as food, medicines, cosmetics, chemicals, textile, among others. The present study aimed to determine the growth of the macroalgae Gracilaria birdiae cultivated in Pau Amarelo, Pernambuco, Brazil and the quality of its phycocolloids (agar). The experiment was divided into two parts: one conducted in field (cultivation of seaweed) and the other in laboratory (quality analysis of the macroalgae; carotenoids extraction and quality assessment of the agar). By comparing the total biomass produced during the dry and rainy seasons, higher values (p <0.01) were observed for the dry season (41.32 kg) in relation to the rainy season (13.36 kg). The maximum relative growth rates obtained at the end of cultivation in the dry period was 7.52% day-1 and the minimum was 0.32% day-1. In the rainy season the same measurements were 5.33 and -2.64% day-1. The bromatological parameters (g/100g) evaluated for the dry and rainy seasons were respectively moisture content and volatile substances (88.37 and 89.06%), proteins (14.78 and 21.48%), ash (41.78 and 40.85%), lipids (5.33% and 4.20%), carbohydrates (38.09% to 33.45%) and carotenoids (5.86 and 6.93 mg / mL). The results show the high performance of 30-day cultivation in this region in addition to the high bromatological properties and good quality of hardness of the agar from these macroalgae, which can be marketed and used for human consumption. / A macroalga Gracilaria é o gênero mais bem representado de algas vermelhas, com mais de 100 espécies reconhecidas e, além disso, se distribuem na maior parte dos mares tropicais e temperados do mundo. Desta forma, esse gênero destaca-se por ser a principal fonte mundial de ágar. O ágar é uma substância que pode ser extraído da parede celular de macroalgas desse gênero. Sua principal característica é a capacidade de formar um gel conhecido genericamente como ficocolóide. Este composto ao ser purificado pode ser utilizado em uma grande diversidade de produtos industriais, como no ramo alimentício, medicinal, cosmético, químico, farmacêutico, têxtil, dentre outras. O estudo teve como objetivo determinar o crescimento e a qualidade da macroalga Gracilaria birdiae cultivada na praia de Pau Amarelo em Pernambuco-Brasil durante o período seco e chuvoso, bem como a qualidade do ficocolóide ágar. O experimento foi dividido em 2 partes: uma realizada em campo (cultivo da macroalga) e a outra em laboratório (análise da qualidade da macroalga; extração de carotenóides e avaliação da qualidade do ágar). Ao comparar a biomassa total produzida nos períodos seco e chuvoso, valores superiores (p<0,01) foram observados para a estação seca (41,32 kg) em relação a chuvosa (13,36 kg). As taxas de crescimento relativo máximo obtido no final do cultivo no período seco foi de 7,52 %dia-1 e mínimo de 0,32 %dia-1, no período chuvoso de 5,33 e -2,64 %dia-1. Os parâmetros bromatológicos (g/100g) avaliados para os períodos seco e chuvoso respectivamente foram: umidade e substâncias voláteis (88,37 e 89,06%), proteínas (14,78 e 21,48%), cinzas (41,78 e 40,85%), lipídeos (5,33% e 4,20%), carboidratos (38,09% e 33,45%) e carotenóides totais (5,86 e 6,93 mg/mL). Os resultados demonstram que a macroalga apresenta grande desempenho para o cultivo em torno de 30 dias na região referida, boa qualidade bromatologica da macroalga e boa qualidade de dureza do ágar, dessa forma, podendo ser comercializada e utilizada para consumo humano.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaMariaSM.pdf: 217960 bytes, checksum: 2de591943a3cac6bc496d8cf75adf593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-25 / Modified polyacrylamides with &#8773; 0.2 mol % of N,N-dihexylacrylamide and hydrolysis degree from 0 to 25 % were synthesized by micellar copolymerization. The hydrophobic monomer was obtained by the reaction between acryloyl chloride and N,Ndihexylamine and characterized by infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer molecular structures were determined through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and the polymers were studied in dilute and semi-dilute regimes by viscometry, rheometry, static light scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy, at the temperature range from 25 to 55 ?C. The data obtained by viscometry showed that the intrinsic viscosity from the hydrolyzed polymers is larger than the precursor polymers at the same ionic strength. The comparison between the charged polymers showed that the polymer with higher hydrolysis degree has a more compact structure in formation water (AFS). The increase of temperature led to an enhanced reduced viscosity to the polymers in Milli-Q water (AMQ), although, in brine, only the unhydrolyzed polymer had an increase in the reduced viscosity with the temperature, and the hydrolyzed derivatives had a decrease in the reduced viscosity. The static light scattering (SLS) analyses in salt solutions evidenced a decrease of weight-average molecular weight (&#9135;Mw) with the increase of the hydrolysis degree, due to the reduction of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent, which was evidenced by the decrease of the second virial coefficient (A2). The polymers showed more than one relaxation mode in solution, when analyzed by photon correlation spectroscopy, and these modes were attributed to isolated coils and aggregates of several sizes. The aggregation behavior depended strongly on the ionic strength, and also on the temperature, although in a lower extension. The polymers showed large aggregates in all studied conditions, however, their solutions did not displayed a good increase in water viscosity to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes / Poliacrilamidas modificadas com &#8773; 0,2 mol % de N,N-dihexilacrilamida e grau de hidr?lise de 0 a 25 % foram sintetizadas por copolimeriza??o micelar. O mon?mero hidrof?bico foi obtido pela rea??o entre cloreto de acrilo?la e N,N-dihexilamina e foi caracterizado por espectroscopia no infravermelho (IV) e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear de pr?ton (1H RMN). As estruturas moleculares dos pol?meros foram determinadas atrav?s de espectroscopia de RMN 1H e 13C e os pol?meros foram estudados em regime dilu?do e semidilu?do por viscosimetria, reometria, espalhamento de luz est?tico e espectroscopia de correla??o de f?tons, na faixa de temperatura de 25 a 55 ?C. Os dados obtidos por viscosimetria mostraram que as viscosidades intr?nsecas dos pol?meros hidrolisados s?o maiores que a do pol?mero precursor na mesma for?a i?nica e a compara??o entre os pol?meros carregados mostrou que o pol?mero com maior grau de hidr?lise tem uma estrutura mais compacta em ?gua de forma??o sint?tica (AFS). A eleva??o da temperatura induziu um aumento na viscosidade reduzida dos pol?meros em ?gua Milli-Q (AMQ). Em solu??o salina, apenas o pol?mero neutro apresentou aumento na viscosidade reduzida com a temperatura, enquanto os derivados hidrolisados apresentaram uma diminui??o na viscosidade reduzida. A partir do espalhamento de luz est?tico (SLS), em meio salino, foi evidenciada uma diminui??o da massa molar ponderal m?dia (&#9135;Mw) com o aumento do grau de hidr?lise, que foi atribu?da ? redu??o das intera??es termodin?micas entre pol?mero e solvente, o que p?de ser deduzido pela diminui??o do segundo coeficiente do virial (A2). Os pol?meros apresentaram mais de um modo de relaxa??o em solu??o, quando analisados por espectroscopia de correla??o de f?tons, e esses modos foram atribu?dos a cadeias isoladas e a agregados de diversos tamanhos. O comportamento de agrega??o dependeu fortemente da for?a i?nica, e tamb?m da temperatura, embora de uma forma menos pronunciada. Os pol?meros apresentaram grandes agregados em todas as condi??es estudadas, contudo, suas solu??es n?o mostraram um bom aumento na viscosidade da ?gua para serem usados em processos de recupera??o melhorada de petr?leo (EOR)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosemiroMB_DISSERT.pdf: 2340991 bytes, checksum: c71ab28274a335ce511c0a85fd6c1157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The knowledge of the rheological behavior of microemulsionated systems (SME) is of fundamental importance due to the diversity of industrial applications of these systems. This dissertation presents the rheological behavior of the microemulsionated system formed by RNX 95/alcohol isopropyl/p-toulen sodium sulfonate/kerosene/distilled water with the addition of polyacrylamide polymer. It was chosen three polymers of the polyacrylamide type, which differ in molar weight and charge density. It was studied the addition of these polymers in relatively small concentration 0,1% in mass and maximum concentration of 2,0%. It was made analysis of flow to determine the appearing viscosities of the SME and rheological parameters applying Bingham, Ostwald de Waale and Herschell-Buckley models. The behavior into saline environment of this system was studied for a solution of KCl 2,0%, replacing the distilled water. It was determined the behavior of microemulsions in relation with the temperature through curves of flow in temperatures of 25 to 60?C in variations of 5?C. After the analysis of the results the microemulsion without the addition of polymer presented a slight increase in its viscosity, but it does not mischaracterize it as a Newtonian fluid. However the additive systems when analyzed with low concentration of polymer adjusted well to the applied models, with a very close behavior of microemulsion. The higher concentration of the polymer gave the systems a behavior of plastic fluid. The results of the temperature variation point to an increase of viscosity in the systems that can be related to structural changes in the micelles formed in the own microemulsion without the addition of polymer / O conhecimento do comportamento reol?gico de sistemas microemulsionados (SME) ? de fundamental import?ncia, devido ? diversidade de aplica??es industriais desses sistemas. Esse trabalho apresenta o comportamento reol?gico do sistema microemulsionado formado por RNX 95/?lcool isoprop?lico/p-tolueno sulfonato de s?dio/Querosene/?gua destilada com a adi??o do pol?mero poliacrilamida. Foram escolhidos tr?s pol?meros do tipo poliacrilamida, que diferem quanto a massa molar e sua densidade de carga. Estudou-se a adi??o desses pol?meros em concentra??o relativamente baixa 0,1% em massa e concentra??o m?xima de 2,0%. Foram realizadas an?lises de escoamento para a determina??o das viscosidades aparente dos SME e par?metros reol?gicos aplicando os modelos de Bingham, Ostwald de Waale e Herschell-Buckley. O comportamento em meio salino desse sistema foi estudado para uma solu??o de KCl 2,0%, em substitui??o ? ?gua destilada. Foi determinado o comportamento das microemuls?es em rela??o ? temperatura atrav?s de curvas de escoamento a temperaturas de 25 a 60?C com varia??es de 5?C. Ap?s an?lise dos resultados a microemuls?o sem adi??o de pol?mero apresentou um ligeiro aumento em sua viscosidade, mas o que n?o a descaracteriza como um fluido newtoniano. Os sistemas aditivados quando analisados com concentra??o baixa de pol?mero ajustaram-se bem aos modelos aplicados, com comportamento muito pr?ximo da microemuls?o. J? a concentra??o mais elevada de pol?mero deu aos sistemas comportamento de fluido pl?stico. Os resultados da varia??o de temperatura apontam para um aumento na viscosidade dos sistemas que pode estar relacionado a mudan?as estruturais nas micelas formadas na pr?pria microemuls?o sem adi??o de pol?mero

By-products of fruit, cereal and vegetable processing are often regarded as waste while they contain significant amounts of dietary fibre and phytochemicals that can positively contribute to the human diet when reused as food ingredient. The application of fibre from by-products in baked goods could increase the sustainability of the processing chain but is usually associated with changes in product characteristics, such as lower volume, denser structure and increased hardness. In the current study, the interactions of fibres from by-products and wheat macromolecules were analysed in muffins, starch slurries and wheat doughs. The three selected fibres differed significantly in their chemical composition and technofunctional properties. In muffins wheat flour replacement by apple fibre was assessed by rheological measurements of batter and determination of product characteristics. Water proportion adaption based on batter viscosity to create isoviscosity was evaluated as a promising method to develop muffins with satisfying characteristics, where a wheat flour replacement of 30 % is suggested. The addition of apple fibre influenced starch gelatinisation in muffins during baking as indicated by the results of pasting experiments and in vitro starch digestion. Starch slurries with apple and wheat fibre were analysed in pasting experiments. Soluble dietary fibre, mainly pectin, strongly influenced the pasting profile of wheat starch, in comparison to insoluble dietary fibre, that acted as an inert filler and did not interact with the starch. Wheat doughs with fibre from by-products were analysed for rheology, texture and microstructure. The gluten development was negatively influenced by the fibres, which resulted in less extensible doughs. Soluble dietary fibre resulted in increased dough stickiness and limited dough handling at high application levels. It can be reasoned that dough with 10% fibre from by-products would produce products with satisfying characteristics, whereas higher application levels cannot be recommended without using additives to increase the gluten strength. Fibres from by-products are suitable wheat flour replacers in bakery products, where the negative effects of the high water binding capacity of the fibre, can be partly balanced by water proportion adaption, especially in products were gluten development is not that dominating for product structure, like in muffins or cakes. / Nebenprodukte der Obst-, Getreide- und Gemüseverarbeitung werden oft als Abfall betrachtet, wobei sie signifikante Gehalte an Ballaststoffen und sekundären Pflanzeninhaltsstoffen aufweisen, und bei der Verwendung als Lebensmittelzutat positiv zur menschlichen Ernährung beitragen können. Die Anwendung von Fasern aus Nebenprodukten in Backwaren könnte die Nachhaltigkeit der Verarbeitungskette erhöhen, ist jedoch mit Änderungen der Produkteigenschaften verbunden, wie verringertes Volumen, dichtere Struktur und erhöhte Härte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Wechselwirkungen von Fasern und Weizenmakromolekülen in Muffins, Stärkesuspensionen und Weizenteigen analysiert, wobei sich die drei ausgewählten Fasern in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung und ihren technofunktionellen Eigenschaften unterschieden. In Muffins wurde die Mehlsubstitution durch Apfelfaser anhand von Teigrheologie und Produkteigenschaften analysiert. Die Anpassung des Wassergehaltes basierend auf der Teigviskosität wurde als vielversprechende Methode zur Entwicklung von Muffins mit akzeptablen Eigenschaften bewertet, wodurch ein Mehlersatz von 30% möglich war. Die Zugabe von Apfelfasern beeinflusste die Stärkeverkleisterung in Muffins, wie durch die Ergebnisse von Verkleisterungsexperimenten und In vitro-Stärkeverdauung gezeigt wurde. Stärkesuspensionen mit Apfel- und Weizenfasern wurden auf ihr Verkleisterungsverhalten analysiert. Lösliche Ballaststoffe beeinflussten das Verkleisterungsprofil von Weizenstärke im Vergleich zu unlöslichen Ballaststoffen, die als inerter Füllstoff fungierten und nicht mit der Stärke in Wechselwirkung traten. Weizenteige mit Fasern wurden auf Rheologie, Textur und Mikrostruktur untersucht. Die Glutenentwicklung wurde durch die Fasern negativ beeinflusst, was zu weniger dehnbaren Teigen führte. Lösliche Ballaststoffe führten zu einer erhöhten Teigklebrigkeit. Weizenteig mit 10% Faser besitzt zufriedenstellenden Eigenschaften, während höhere Fasermengen nicht zu empfehlen sind, ohne Zusatzstoffe, um die Glutenfestigkeit zu erhöhen. Fasern aus Nebenprodukten sind geeignet als Mehlersatz in Backwaren, wobei die negativen Auswirkungen der hohen Wasserbindekapazität der Faser teilweise durch Wasseranpassung ausgeglichen werden können, insbesondere in Produkten, bei denen die Glutenentwicklung nicht die Produktstruktur dominiert, wie in Muffins oder Kuchen.

Le but de cette thèse est d'évaluer le rôle de la solvatation des PCP (copolymère greffé utilisé en tant qu'additif du béton) sur la fluidité et la viscosité des bétons. Pour répondre à cette problématique, des copolymères greffés différant par la nature chimique des chaînes latérales sont synthétisés. L'état de solvatation des PCP est évalué à l'aide du paramètre de Flory-Huggins χ. Ce dernier est calculé à partir du 2nd coefficient du viriel A2, déterminé par diffusion de la lumière. Des valeurs du paramètre χ de 0,37 ; 0,43 ; 0,47 et 0,48 ont été obtenues pour des PCP comportant des chaînes latérales à base d'éthylène glycol (EG), de 2-méthyloxazoline (MOx), de N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) et de N-acryloylmorpholine (NAM), respectivement. Le pouvoir couvrant des PCP et leur épaisseur de couche peuvent être calculés par l'intermédiaire d'une formule proposée par Flatt. L'introduction des PCP à différents dosages (donc différents taux de recouvrement) à des suspensions de calcite a permis de montrer qu'à même taux de recouvrement de surface, tous les PCP induisaient la même fluidité, alors que l'épaisseur de couche de PCP diffère de plus de 50% dans les cas les plus extrêmes. Le taux de recouvrement de surface joue un rôle tout aussi important en ce qui concerne la viscosité des suspensions. Appliquer ces conclusions sur un mortier s'avère délicat car les PCP pourraient entrainer des retards d'hydratation différents en fonction de la nature des chaînes latérales / The objective of this PhD work is the evaluation of the role of the solvation of PCP (grafted copolymer used in concrete as additive) on the concrete fluidity and viscosity. Grafted copolymers with different side-chains were synthesized. The solvation state of the PCP was estimated by mean of the χ Flory-Huggins parameter. The latter was calculated from the 2nd virial coefficient A2, itself determined by light scattering measurements. χ -parameter values of 0,37 ; 0,43 ; 0,47 and 0,48 are obtained for PCP respectively possessing ethylene glycol (EG), 2-methyloxazoline, N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-acryloylmorpholine-based side-chains. The surface coverage of the PCPs and their layer thickness can be calculated with Flatt’s formula. The introduction of the PCPs at different contents (therefore different surface coverage ratio) to calcite suspensions showed that at same surface coverage ratio, all PCPs induce the same fluidity, although the adsorbed PCP layer thickness differed up to 50% in the certain cases. The surface coverage played also a keyrole in the suspensions viscosity. The transposition of these results to a mortar seemed however risky since PCPs might lead to hydration delays depending on the chemical nature of the side-chains

Le polypropylène isotactique est un thermoplastique semi-cristallin de grande consommation présentant de nombreux avantages tels que sa résistance chimique, sa haute température de fusion ou sa rigidité. Néanmoins, sa faible résistance à l'état fondu le rend inadapté à certains procédés de mis en forme. La présence branchements longs au sein de la structure polymérique permet toutefois de renforcer significativement les propriétés d'un polymère dans son état fondu. De ce fait, de nombreuses approches ont été développées afin de générer du polypropylène branché (irradiation, addition de peroxides, greffages etc.). La catalyse de polymérisation par les métallocènes est d'une grande flexibilité dès qu'il s'agit de concevoir des polymères de spécialité. De plus, la rhéologie moléculaire est un outil indispensable à la compréhension des liens entre les propriétés viscoélastiques et la structure macroscopique des polymères (distribution des masses, topologie des branchements, etc.). Grâce à l'alliance de ces deux expertises, les travaux de cette thèse se sont focalisés sur la caractérisation structurelle, thermique et rhéologique de matériaux de type LCB-iPP obtenus par catalyse des zirconocènes {Cp'CR2Flu}ZrCl2. L'objectif premier était de jouer sur la génération des branchements longs en modifiant les conditions opératoires de polymérisation du propylène. En parallèle, un gros travail analytique a été fourni afin de développer des protocoles rhéologiques fiables et adaptés. Suite à ces résultats, nous avons démontré qu'un mécanisme via génération/incorporation de macro-α-oléfines était à l'origine de la génération de LCB-iPP, ce qui a permis la synthèse de polypropylènes hautement branchés et de vérifier l'effet positif des branchements longs sur le comportement viscoélastique des matériaux finaux. / Because of its high melting point, high tensile strength, stiffness and chemical resistance, isotactic polypropylene has one of the leading and fast growing thermoplastic polymers in the world. However, commercial PPs usually have relatively low melt strength, which limits their use in applications such as blow molding. Since long-chain branching (LCB) is known to enhance the melt properties of a polymer, several approaches have been developed to make branched polypropylenes (electron beam irradiation, peroxide curing, grafting etc.). Development of metallocene technology provides unprecedented flexibility in polymer design. Many structural features, including LCB, can now be introduced into polymers. In this work, long chain branched isotactic polypropylene (LCB-iPP) was synthesized using {Cp'CR2Flu}ZrCl2 metallocene catalyst and fully characterized (rheological, spectroscopic and thermal analysis). The branching (macro-α-olefins having predominantly vinyl-terminated chain end) was in situ generated and further incorporated by the same catalyst system to obtain LCB-PP/Linear PP blends. The LCB content was increased using a novel tandem catalysts system for converting propylene alone to isotactic polypropylene with long branches which exhibit enhanced melt properties.

Nous avons cherché à comprendre le comportement sous écoulement de suspensions colloïdales d'argiles naturelles. Les particules constitutives de ces argiles ont comme particularité d'être extrêmement anisotropes puisqu'elles se présentent (en moyenne) sous la forme de disques de 200 nm de diamètre pour une épaisseur de 1 nm. Ces matériaux présentent des propriétés mécaniques remarquables parmi lesquelles une forte rhéofluidification ainsi que l'apparition de seuils d'écoulement et ce, pour de très faibles fractions volumiques en particules (environ 1%). Afin de comprendre l'origine de ces propriétés mécaniques, nous avons mis en place un dispositif expérimental permettant d'effectuer simultanément des mesures de viscosité (en cellule de Couette cylindrique) et des mesures de diffusion de rayons-X aux petits angles. Le champ orientationnel de particules 2D très anisotropes en écoulement cisaillé a ainsi été mesuré. En l'absence de cisaillement, et dans la phase de liquide isotrope, les particules s'orientent librement et occupent statistiquement un volume équivalent à celui de la sphère de volume exclu englobant la particule. En appliquant un cisaillement croissant on confine les particules discoïdales, faisant passer progressivement le volume de fluide piégé dans le mouvement moyen des particules de la sphère de volume exclu à un ellipsoïde à double anisotropie. Connaissant le champ orientationnel des particules on peut alors, par le biais d'une relation viscosité - fraction volumique de type Quemada, reconstruire la rhéofluidification de ces suspensions en prenant en compte, non pas la fraction volumique en disques mais celle en ellipsoïdes de confinement / We focussed our interest on the flow behaviour of colloidal suspensions of natural swelling clays. Such systems are strongly anisotropic since the disk-shaped particles in suspensions display an average diameter around 200 nm with a thickness close to 1 nm. Under flow, and for very low volume fractions (around 1%), these materials display remarkable mechanical properties going from quasi-Newtonian liquid to yield stress gel. In order to understand the mechanisms leading to such macroscopic behaviour, we have set up an experimental device that enables us to perform simultaneously viscosity (in a cylindrical Couette cell) and small angles x-ray scattering measurements. Thanks to this Rheo-SAXS device, we measured the orientational field of strongly anisotropic bi-dimensional particles in shear flow. When no shear is applied (and in the isotropic liquid phase), the particles are randomly oriented and occupy statistically a volume equivalent to that of the sphere of excluded volume encompassing the particle. The stronger is the applied shear stress, the more confined are the disk-like particles and consequently the small amount of fluid trapped in the statistical motion of the particles decreases from that of the sphere of excluded volume to that of an oblate ellipsoid with double anisotropy. Thus, knowing the orientational field of the particles (measured by SAXS) and applying an effective approach as the one suggested by Quemada for hard spheres, we tried to rebuild the shear-thinning behaviour of these suspensions by taking the volume fraction in statistical ellipsoid instead of that of disk-shaped particles

Os escorregamentos causados por precipitação intensa ocasionam grandes prejuízos a cada estação chuvosa no sudeste brasileiro. Essa dissertação estudou 2 amostras de solos da região serrana do Rio de Janeiro sob uma nova ótica de análise para escorregamentos. As amostras foram coletadas 4 meses após a ocorrência do megadesastre, onde chuvas com precipitação de 325mm em 48 horas causaram mais de 1500 mortes. Em relatos e vídeos obtidos de movimentos de massa que ocorreram nesse evento foi possível observar que o solo apresentou comportamento de um líquido denso e viscoso, escoando pelas encostas da cidade, ou seja, o solo, encharcado pelas chuvas intensas que ocorreram na região, sofreu liquefação. Esse material viscoso formado pela mistura de solo+água que foi caracterizado através da utilização da reologia. Para isso foram apresentados os conceitos da reologia e dos ensaios reométricos, e as possíveis aplicações para solos e na caracterização de corridas de lama. Foram utilizados três ensaios para caracterizar o solo no estado fluido, que foi o squeeze flow, o reômetro de torque com reometria planetária, e o reômetro de placas paralelas. O principal objetivo para utilização desses ensaios é a praticidade para realização dos ensaios, que tem como características: a rapidez na execução, a coleta de dados é realizada automaticamente, apresentam receptibilidade e a facilidade na execução. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar a mudança de comportamento do solo (de um material com comportamento elástico para um material como um fluxo de lama) com a elevação da umidade, para os dois ensaios. Os resultados demonstram que o valor do limite de liquidez calculado através do aparelho de Casagrande é confirmado com esses novos aparelhos, ii sendo que, para esses aparelhos é visível a mudança de comportamento que define o limite de liquidez. Através dos resultados também foi possível determinar que o solo em estado fluido tem seu comportamento regido pelo modelo de Herschel Bulkley. Para tornar os resultados obtidos aplicáveis foi apresentado um capítulo ligando os resultados obtidos da reometria com a possibilidade do solo sofrer liquefação, aliado com os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de caracterização geotécnica. Sendo realizadas análises de estabilidade com os resultados obtidos, correlacionando a inclinação do talude, o nível dágua e a ocorrência da liquefação. / Landslide caused by rainfalls cause major damage each rainy season in southeastern Brazil. This dissertation studied two soil samples from the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in a new light analysis for landslides. Samples were collected four months after the occurrence of disaster, when rainfall with intensity of 325mm in 48 hours caused more than 1,500 deaths. In reports and video obtained from mass movements that occurred at this event was observed that the soil responded as a dense liquid, viscous draining the citys landscape. The drenched soil, by heavy rains that occurred in the region, suffered liquefaction. This viscous material formed by mixture of soil and water that was characterized by the use of rheology. In this dissertation was presented the concepts of rheology and rheometric tests for application in soils and characterization of fluid movements. Tree different rheometric tests were performed to characterize the soil in the fluid state, which was the squeeze flow, torque rheometer with planetary geometry and parallel plate rheometer. The main objective of these tests is to use the convenience for the tests, that presents the follow characteristics: the speed of execution, data collection is performed automatically and the testes present repeatability apart from ease of application. With the results we observed the change of soil behavior (of a material with elastic properties for a material that presents the behavior as a mud flow) with increasing humidity for the tests. The results show that the value of the liquidity limit calculated by the Casagrande apparatus is confirmed with these new devices, furthermore with the use of these devices is visible the behavior change that defines the liquid limit. iv Was determined that the Herschel Bulkley model is the one that best represents the behavior of the soil in the fluid state. Was presented a chapter with an application of the results obtained by adding the results of the rheometer with the results of geotechnical characterization tests to determine the possibility of soil suffer liquefaction. To this aim, were performed stability analysis considering the results obtained, correlating the slope inclination, the water level and the occurrence of liquefaction.

Todos os seres vivos compartilham uma característica comum na sua composição estrutural, a célula. No corpo humano, as células vasculares de músculo liso são fundamentais para o bom funcionamento dos vasos arteriais. A principal função dessas células é contrair e regular o calibre desses vasos, a pressão sanguínea e a distribuição do fluxo de sangue. Devido a isto, alterações mecânicas sofridas por estas células acarretam modificações estruturais nos vasos, podendo levar à hipertensão, vasoespasmo e arteriosclerose. O principal objetivo do nosso trabalho foi o de desenvolver uma nova plataforma de análise de imagens de células vasculares para caracterizar suas propriedades estruturais. Em nossa plataforma, analisamos parâmetros estruturais de células vasculares de músculo liso de diferentes leitos arteriais, com as fibras de actina evidenciadas com marcadores fluorescentes, obtidas por microscopia confocal. Estes parâmetros são: o Índice de Alinhamento das fibras de actina da imagem, a distribuição de comprimento dessas fibras e sua dimensão fractal. Mostramos que com esses parâmetros somos capazes de comparar células de leitos arteriais diferentes de forma quantitativa, assim como, correlacionar esses parâmetros com suas propriedades mecânicas. / All living organisms share a unique characteristic in their structural composition, the cell. In the human body, vascular smooth muscle cells are fundamental for the ideal functioning of the arterial vessels. The main function of these cells is to contract and regulate these vessels caliber, as well as the blood pressure and flow distribution of blood. Due to the exposed above, mechanical alterations suffered by these cells cause structural modifications in vessels, which may lead to hypertension, vasospasm and atherosclerosis. The main objective of our research was to develop a new framework of image analysis for vessel cells in order to characterize their structural properties. In our framework we analyzed structural parameters of vascular smooth muscle cells from different arterial sites, with actin fibers labeled with fluorescent markers, obtained by confocal microscopy. These parameters are: the actin fibers alignment index of the image, the length distribution of these fibers and their fractal dimension. We presented that with these parameters we are able to quantitatively compare cells in different arterial sites as well as correlate these parameters with their mechanical properties.

A ítria vem sendo muito utilizada como material luminescente e estrutural resistente a altas temperaturas, devido às suas excelentes características ópticas e refratárias. No processamento coloidal da ítria, o controle da estabilidade da suspensão consiste em uma importante etapa quando se objetiva produzir componentes reprodutivos, com densidade controlada, microestrutura homogênea e estabilidade estrutural. Desta maneira, os estudos envolvendo o comportamento de superfície, as condições de estabilidade das suspensões e o comportamento frente às condições de conformação (fluxo), fornecem importantes subsídios para controle dos processos na fabricação de componentes cerâmicos para queimadores de gás. Neste sentido, realizaram-se estudos sobre o comportamento de superfície, de estabilidade e reológico de suspensões aquosas de ítria e do concentrado de terras raras contendo ítria a fim de adequá-las para o processo de conformação por impregnação, onde foram testados diferentes materiais orgânicos como matrizes de réplica, para a confecção de membranas porosas para queimadores de gás. Neste estudo foram avaliados os parâmetros como: pH do meio, concentrações de dispersante, sólidos e ligante na estabilidade e no comportamento ao fluxo das suspensões cerâmicas, e também os aspectos dos distintos materiais orgânicos selecionados como matrizes de réplica para impregnação com as suspensões cerâmicas otimizadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que se pode confeccionar membranas cerâmicas porosas pelo método de réplica a partir das suspensões aquosas de ítria e do concentrado de terras raras contendo ítria, utilizando-se pH alcalino, polieletrólito aniônico e uma tela mista de nylon-algodão como matriz de réplica. / Yttria has been used very much as luminescent and high temperature material due to its excellent optical and refractory characteristics. In yttria colloidal processing, the control of the stability of suspension is an important step in the fabrication of reproducible products with controlled density, homogeneous microstructure and structural stability. So, the studies concerning surface behavior, stability conditions of the suspensions and the behavior under conformation conditions (flow), give important information for the control of fabrication process of ceramic components for gas burners. In this way, studies concerning surface behavior, stability and rheology of aqueous suspensions of yttria and rare earth concentrate containing yttria were carried out, in order to adequate them for impregnation method, where different organic materials were tested as replica matrix to fabricate porous membranes for gas burners. In this study, the effect of some parameters as pH and concentrations of dispersant, solids and binder on stability and flow behavior of ceramic suspensions were evaluated, and also, different kinds of organic materials selected as replica matrix for impregnation method using optimized ceramic suspensions. The results show that porous ceramics membranes can be produced by replica using yttria and rare earth concentrate containing yttria, using alkaline pH, anionic polyelectrolyte and a nylon-cotton cloth as replica matrix.