Debido a la expansión del virus COVID-19 en el Perú, los supermercados sufrieron un gran impacto económico en sus operaciones, viéndose obligados a adaptarse a las nuevas medidas de salud y protección establecidas por la OMS y el Estado Peruano para continuar con sus operaciones. Supermercados como Wong, Metro, Tottus, entre otros más, tuvieron que implementar nuevas estrategias de comunicación organizacional con el fin de que sus propios colaboradores adopten los nuevos protocolos de seguridad y así evitar que sean contagiados o que expandan el virus. Es por esta razón que uno de los objetivos que busca resolver la comunicación organizacional es el de mitigar las percepciones y emociones negativas que la coyuntura pudo haber causado en el cliente y mejorar su experiencia de compra. El presente artículo tiene como propósito principal analizar la percepción final que tienen los clientes sobre el manejo de comunicación organizacional y las medidas de seguridad que fueron implementadas por diversos supermercados durante el periodo de aislamiento social y estado de emergencia en Perú. Para cumplir este objetivo, se usará la recolección de data por medio de 15 entrevistas para determinar si las percepciones y experiencias de compra de los consumidores sobre las acciones de los supermercados son positivas o negativas. / Due to the expansion of the COVID-19 in Peru, supermarkets suffered a great economic impact on their operations, being forced to adapt to the new health and protection measures established by the WHO and the Peruvian State to continue with their operations. Supermarkets such as Wong, Metro, Tottus and others, had to implement new organizational communication strategies in order for their own employees to adopt the new security protocols and thus prevent them from being infected or spreading the virus. Another objective that organizational communication seeks to resolve in these times is to mitigate negative perceptions and emotions that the situation may have caused in the customer and replace them with good shopping experiences. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the final perception that customers have about the management of organizational communication and the security measures that were implemented by various supermarkets during the period of social isolation and state of emergency in Peru. To meet this objective, data collection will be used through 15 interviews to determine whether consumers' perceptions and shopping experiences on the actions of supermarkets are positive or negative. / Trabajo de investigación

Los seguros patrimoniales forman parte del portafolio de productos de las empresas aseguradoras, estos se ofrecen para el mercado empresas y personas. La intención de compra de este servicio ha desencadenado una serie de cuestiones sobre los factores involucrados en dicha acción. Es por ello, que se ha realizado una investigación académica donde se analizan los factores influyentes en la intención de compra de un seguro patrimonial, donde de la importancia se centra en la definición e interpretación de la percepción del riesgo. Esta percepción es un factor muy importante de analizar, puesto que la incorporación de dichos factores definen a nuestro consumidor y su tendencia de compra. Se reconoce que la percepción del riesgo es parte fundamental de la intención de compra y es de ahí donde desencadenan otros factores como son los sociodemográficos, de comportamiento, entre otros. / Property insurance is part of the product portfolio of insurance companies, these are offered to the market for companies and individuals. The intention to purchase this service has triggered a series of questions about the factors involved in such action. That is why an academic investigation has been carried out where the influencing factors in the intention to purchase property insurance are analyzed, where the importance is focused on the definition and interpretation of the perception of risk. This perception is a very important factor to analyze, since the incorporation of these factors defines our consumer and their purchasing trend. It is recognized that the perception of risk is a fundamental part of the purchase intention and that is where other factors such as sociodemographic, behavioral, among others, trigger. / Trabajo de investigación

Inledning: Varje dag drabbas i genomsnitt 250 personer av fysiskt- och sexuellt våld i Sverige, vilket leder till cirka 90 dödsfall och cirka 2000 allvarligt skadade per år. Våld är något som traditionellt studeras utifrån det kriminologiska forskningsområdet, men som i denna undersökning angrips tvärvetenskapligt med stöd i både den kriminologiska, men framförallt i de epidemiologiska- och riskperceptionella perspektiven. För att konstruera effektiva preventionsunderlag för skador (våld), krävs gedigen kunskap om den målgrupp som insatsen fokuserar. Genom att undersöka en målgrupp som oftast inte är föremål för kriminologisk forskning - studenter i åldern 20-34 år - kan detaljerad och fördjupad kunskap i någon form skapas, vilket utreder eventuella preventionsbehov samt bidrar till ett framtida preventionsunderlag.      Metod: Denna studie har en kvantitativ studiedesign där datainsamlingen utförts med hjälp av ett digitalt enkätformulär. Valet av ett kvantitativt angreppssätt baseras på studiens syfte, vilket är av tvärsnittsdesign och kräver kvantifierbara data. Datainsamlingen utfördes via studentgrupper på Facebook, där sammanlagt fem högskolor och universitet geografiskt fördelat över Sverige ingick. Enkätformuläret bestod av tre avsnitt med totalt 30 frågor. Frågorna gjordes om till variabler och strukturerades i programmet SPSS till ett dataset med diverse omkodningar. Analysen av datamaterialet utfördes dels rent deskriptivt, men även utifrån bivariata korstabellsanalyser med Pearson´s Chi2-test som metod för sambandstestning. De etiska aspekterna i studien har dels följt Karlstads Universitets riktlinjer gällande GDPR, men även Vetenskapsrådets fyra etiska krav. Resultat: Resultatet från de 486 respondenterna tyder på en relativt hög utsatthet för våld i den undersökta populationen studenter i åldern 20-34 år. Män utsätts i större utsträckning av fysiskt våld, medan kvinnor utsätts för sexuellt våld. Det fysiska våld som drabbar kvinnor inträffar oftast inomhus och utövas av en partner/ex-partner, medan männen utsätts utomhus av en okänd utövare. När det gäller riskuppfattning finns en utbredd oro för att drabbas av våld, vilket i många fall hänger samman med tryggheten i bostadsområdet. Otryggheten leder även till förändringar av rutiner och aktiviteter. Kopplat till bakgrundsfaktorer har förtroendet för rättssystemet, narkotika, tobak, egen våldsutövning samt kön och ålder visat sig vara faktorer som spelar in i utsattheten för våld samt i den angivna riskuppfattning rörande att utsättas för våld.   Diskussion: Utsattheten för våld i den undersökta populationen är hög, vilket i kombination med en påtaglig riskuppfattning och oro för att utsättas visar på behovet av ett välunderbyggt preventionsunderlag. Resultatet för den undersökta gruppen stämmer även till vis del väl överens med det som tidigare statistik och forskning har visat. Bakgrundsfaktorer så som narkotikaanvändning, våldsutövning och lågt förtroende är faktorer som ökar utsattheten och leder till större oro att utsättas igen. Analysen tyder på att de som utsätts för fysiskt våld, även tenderar att vara mer utsatta för även sexuellt våld. Det verkar även som om de som utövar våld, i större omfattning själva är utsatta för våld. Det finns också ett samband mellan större oro och utsatthet, samt mellan reell erfarenhet av sexuellt våld och den egna riskuppfattning rörande samma våldstyp. Detta samband finns dock inte för fysiskt våld, vilket eventuellt kan handla om en sorts avtrubbning. Det kan även bero på felkunskap via massmedias något skeva rapportering. / Introduction: Every day an average of 250 people are affected by physical- and sexual violence in Sweden, which leads to about 90 deaths and about 2000 seriously injured per year. Violence is something that is traditionally studied based on the criminological research area, but which in this study is interdisciplinary with support in both the criminological, but especially in the epidemiological and risk perceptual perspectives. To construct effective prevention bases for injuries (violence), solid knowledge of the target group that the intervention focuses on is required. By examining a target group that is not usually the subject of criminological research - students aged 20-34 - can be detailed and in-depth knowledge in some form be created, which investigates possible prevention needs and contributes to a future prevention basis.   Methods: This study has a quantitative study design in which data collection was carried out using a digital questionnaire. The choice of a quantitative approach is based on the purpose of the study, which is of cross-sectional design and requires quantifiable data. The data collection was conducted through student groups on Facebook, which included a total of five universities geographically distributed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections with a total of 30 questions. The questions were converted into variables and structured in the SPSS program into a dataset with various recodes. The analysis of the data material was performed partly purely descriptively but also based on bivariate cross-table analyzes using Pearson's Chi2-test as a method for correlation testing. The ethical aspects of the study have partly followed Karlstad University's guidelines on GDPR, but also the basis of the Swedish Research Council's four ethical requirements.   Results: The results from the 486 respondents indicate a relatively high risk of violence in the studied population of students aged 20-34 years. Men are more frequently subjected to physical violence, while women are subjected to sexual violence. The physical violence that affects women usually occurs indoors and is practised by a partner/ex-partner, while the men are exposed outdoors by an unknown practitioner. When it comes to risk perception, there is widespread concern about being affected by violence, which in many cases is related to the security of the housing area. The insecurity also leads to changes in routines and activities. In connection with background factors, confidence in the justice system, drugs, tobacco, own violence and gender and age are factors that play a role in the exposure to violence and in the stated risk perception of being subjected to violence.   Discussion: The exposure to violence in the population studied is high, which in combination with significant risk perception and concern about being exposed indicates the need for a well-founded prevention basis. The results for the investigated group are also, to a certain extent, well in line with previous statistics and research. Background factors such as drug use, violence, and trust are factors that increase vulnerability and lead to greater concern about being exposed again. The analysis suggests that those who are subjected to physical violence also tend to be more vulnerable to sexual violence as well. It also seems that those who practice violence are themselves subject to violence to a greater extent. There is also a connection between greater anxiety and vulnerability, as well as between real experience of sexual violence and one's risk perception regarding the same type of violence. This connection, however, does not exist for physical violence, which may involve a kind of psychic numbing. This may also be due to the lack of knowledge, via the somewhat skewed reporting of the media.

<p>Security breaches nowadays are not limited to technological orientation. Research in the information security domain is gradually shifting towards human behavioral orientation toward breaches that target weaknesses arising from human behaviors (Workman et al., 2007). Currently, social engineering breaches are more effective than many technical attacks. In fact, the majority of cyber assaults have a social engineering component. Social Engineering is the art of manipulating human flaws towards a malicious objective (Breda et al., 2017). In the likely future, social engineering will be the most predominant attack vector within cyber security (Breda et al., 2017). Human failures, persuasion and social influences are key elements to understand when considering security behaviors. With the increasing concerns for social engineering and advancements in human factors-based technology, phishing emails are becoming more prevalent in exploiting human factors and external factors. Such factors have been researched upon in pairs, not overall. Till date, there is not much research done to identify the collaborative links between authority, urgency, risk perception and human factors such as personality traits, and knowledge. This study investigates about phishing email characters, external influences, human factors influences, and their collaborative effects. </p>

Risk, and how one proceeds with uncertainty, are key indicators of behavior. In particular, in observing farmers, risk perception is found to influence the decision to innovate and adopt new crops (Ghadim et al., 2005). Farmers who are more risk-averse tend to be later adopters of new crops, while risk-loving farmers tend to be first adopters (Barham et al., 2014). As such, the recent legal shifts in hemp production laws have prompted many growers eager to test out the crop to do so. A vast majority of current licensees planted less than 50 acres to start, despite being mostly corn and soy producers—implying large acreage access. The American ‘hemp rush’ provides us with a real-time display of adoption behavior and its gendered implications.

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Kärnkraft är ett kontroversiellt ämne, som ofta ger upphov till två läger – de som är positivt inställda och de som är negativt inställda till kärnkraft. NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) är ett fenomen som syftar till de som är positiva till kärnkraft generellt, men som inte vill ha den i sin närhet. Utfasningen av fossila bränslen och den kommande ökningen av energibehovet ställer frågan vilken roll kärnkraften ska spela i framtidens energiproduktion. Den svenska regeringen vill satsa mer på kärnkraft och har pekat ut olika platser som möjliga lokaliseringar för kärnkraft. Säffle är en av dessa platser.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka den lokala uppfattningen i fallet Säffle kring en potentiell kärnkraftsetablering i näromgivningen, samt vilka risker som invånarna ser med kärnkraft, för att se om NIMBY föreligger. Ett vidare syfte är också att undersöka hur invånarna i Säffle anser att energifrågan ska lösas.  Metoden som använts är mixed methods där både en kvantitativ enkät och kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts. Data från 59 enkätrespondenter har analyserats med deskriptiv statistik, och sex djupintervjuer har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultatet pekar på att det finns olika läger hos respondenterna – de som är för och de som är mot kärnkraft. NIMBY föreligger endast i några få fall bland enkätens respondenter, däremot upptäcktes flera fall av omvänd NIMBY, där positiva yttranden om att förlägga ett kärnkraftverk i Säffle uttalades. Det finns olika faktorer som påverkar människors riskperception – de som är positiva till kärnkraft medger även de att det finns risker, samtidigt som de som är negativa också anser att det råder hög säkerhet vid svenska kärnkraftverk. Säkerhet och Rädsla var två således kategorier som identifierades. Både de som är positiva och de som är negativa till kärnkraft pratar om att ta ett miljöansvar, men ur olika utgångspunkter. Alla vill att Sverige satsar på förnyelsebar energi, och vissa vill addera kärnkraft till den mixen. Ingen vill satsa på kol eller olja. Det konstaterades också en brist på kommunikation från beslutsfattare om varför Säffle är utpekat som möjlig plats för kärnkraft i framtiden. / Nuclear power is a controversial subject that often gives rise to two camps – those who are in favor and those who are opposed to nuclear power. NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) is a phenomenon that refers to those who are generally supportive of nuclear power but do not want it in their vicinity. The phasing out of fossil fuels and the upcoming increase in energy demand raise the question of what role nuclear power should play in future energy production. The Swedish government wants to invest more in nuclear power and has identified various locations as possible sites for nuclear power plants, including Säffle.  The purpose of this essay is to examine the local perception in the case of Säffle regarding a potential nuclear power establishment in the vicinity, as well as the risks that residents associate with nuclear power, to determine if NIMBY exists. Another aim is to investigate how the residents of Säffle believe the energy issue should be resolved.  The method used is mixed methods, including both a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. Data from 59 survey respondents have been analyzed using descriptive statistics, and six in-depth interviews have been analyzed using qualitative content analysis.  The results indicate that there are different camps among the respondents - those who are in favor and those who are against nuclear power. NIMBY exists only in a few cases among the survey respondents; however, several instances of reverse NIMBY were discovered, where positive statements about locating a nuclear power plant in Säffle were expressed. Various factors influence people's risk perception – those who are in favor of nuclear power also acknowledge the existence of risks, while those who are against it believe that Swedish nuclear power plants are highly secure. Safety and Fear were thus identified as two categories. Both those in favor and those against nuclear power discuss taking environmental responsibility, but from different perspectives. Everyone wants Sweden to invest in renewable energy, and some want to add nuclear power to the mix. No one wants to rely on coal or oil. A lack of communication from decision-makers regarding why Säffle has been identified as a potential site for nuclear power in the future was also noted.

Ce mémoire examine les perceptions et les pratiques de travail sécuritaires des producteurs agricoles au début de la pandémie de la COVID-19 ainsi que les différents défis rencontrés en matière de santé et de sécurité du travail. La recherche vise à comprendre les facteurs individuels (p.ex. niveau de connaissances) et contextuels (c.-à-d. l’environnement immédiat de travail, l’entreprise agricole, le secteur d’activité agricole) ayant influencé la perception du risque et les pratiques de travail sécuritaires adoptées par des producteurs agricoles en marge de la crise de la COVID-19. Pour ce faire, des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été effectués d’auprès d’éleveurs de porcs (n=20) au début de la pandémie de la COVID-19. Ces entretiens font partie du volet qualitatif de l’étude Éleveurs de porcs en santé (Beauregard et al., 2023). De ce volet, onze entretiens ont été analysés grâce à une combinaison des deux modèles théoriques, soit le modèle des croyances relatives à la santé (HBM) et la théorie du comportement planifié (TPB). Des sources documentaires publiques diffusées par treize acteurs clés issus de différents milieux (p.ex. gouvernemental, mouvement associatif agricole) visant à appuyer les travailleurs et les producteurs agricoles dans la prévention de la transmission de la COVID-19 ont aussi été examinées en complément. L’analyse des sources documentaires a permis de dégager trois thèmes portant sur les incitatifs à l’action : 1) sensibiliser et informer; 2) agir en prévention primaire à la ferme ; et 3) intervenir en prévention tertiaire en cas d’infection et appuie le constat selon lequel des incitatifs à l’action multiples ont été mobilisés pour stimuler une gestion efficace de la COVID-19 à la ferme. On constate que les acteurs clés ont bien adopté une communication de crise axée sur les risques et les soins afin de prévenir le risque d’infection et de propagation du SARS-CoV-2. L’analyse des entretiens semi-dirigés précise que les éleveurs ont utilisé les sources documentaires et les recommandations de la santé publique provinciale ou fédérale pour se renseigner sur la nature de la COVID-19 et les pratiques de travail sécuritaires à adopter sur leur ferme. En plus, chaque composante analytique de la perception individuelle du risque conceptualisée par les deux modèles théoriques se retrouve dans l’analyse globales des entretiens semi-dirigés, permettant d’une part d’éclairer pertinemment des éléments de contexte des pratiques de travail sécuritaires, et d’autre part confirmant l’apport important de chaque élément analytique pour expliquer l’adoption des pratiques de travail sécuritaires adoptées par les éleveurs en marge de la COVID-19. / This thesis aims to understand the individual (e.g., level of knowledge) and contextual (e.g., immediate work environment, farm business, agricultural activity sector) factors that influenced the risk perception and safety practices adopted by swine producers from the province of Quebec on the sidelines of the COVID-19 crisis. To do this, semi-directed interviews were carried out with swine producers at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. These interviews are part of the qualitative component of the Healthy Swine Producers study (Beauregard et al., 2023). From this component, eleven (11) interviews were analyzed using a combination of two theoretical models, namely the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Public documentary sources disseminated by thirteen (13) key actors from different backgrounds (e.g. government, agricultural associative movement) aimed at supporting workers and producers in preventing the transmission of COVID-19 were also examined in addition to our interviews. The main results emanating from the analysis of documentary sources is the identification of three different themes relating to incentives to action, which are as follows: 1) raise awareness and inform; 2) act in primary prevention on the farm; and 3) intervene in tertiary prevention in the event of infection and supports the observation that multiple incentives to action have been mobilized to stimulate effective management of COVID-19 on the farm. We can see that the key actors have indeed adopted crisis communication (on risks and care communication) to help prevent the risk of infection and spread of SARS-CoV-2. The analysis of the semi-structured interviews allows us to learn that breeders have used documentary sources and provincial or federal public health recommendations to learn about the nature of COVID-19 and the safety practices to adopt on their farm. In addition, each analytical component of the individual perception of risk conceptualized by the two theoretical models is found in the global analysis of the semi-structured interviews, making it possible to relevantly shed light on elements of the context of safety practices, thus confirming the important contribution of each analytical element to explain the adoption of safety practices by farmers on the sidelines of COVID-19.

This dissertation focuses on the non-market valuation of health-risks of malaria, an infectious disease that imposes a substantive public health burden across the globe, hitting particularly hard the tropical developing nations of Africa and Asia. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals include malaria control as a priority and large investments are underway to promote effective prevention and treatment. Despite such concerted supply-side efforts, malaria-related mortality and morbidity still abound due to a complex interface of factors like climate-change, poverty, inadequate control behavior, infection and prevention externalities, parasite resistance etc. This research project digs into the demand-side of the health problem, considers the "externality" dimension to prevention, and primarily asks the question: how do individuals in developing countries view competing disease-control (prevention) measures, viz. a publicly-administered community-level malaria control measure as against private preventive choices. A theoretical model is developed to help explore the public-private interplay of health risks of malaria. The malaria-endemic regions of Kolkata (India) and its rural fringes comprise the site for an empirical investigation. A field survey (Malaria Risk and Prevention Survey, October-December, 2011) incorporating a mix of stated and revealed preference techniques of health valuation is implemented. Risk-perceptions of respondents are elicited using a measurable visual-aid and individuals' perceived valuations of health-risk reductions, randomly offered with the public and private health treatments, are empirically ascertained. Using a Likelihood Ratio Test on the structural risk parameters, it is seen that individuals’ valuations of health risk reductions are the same across the private and public treatments. The comparative valuation iv exercise, thus, corroborates the externality dimension to malaria control, calling for greater public action to combat malaria. The viability of such a scaled-up public malaria program, in the context of Kolkata, is discussed by comparing the public treatment willingness to pay estimates with the annual estimated costs that the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the civic body in the city of Kolkata, maintains on account of vector control. Results from the comparative valuation exercises also support the idea that private prevention is generally responsive to prevention costs, indicating the importance of price incentives to induce greater prevention. The issues of health valuation and price sensitivity are further explored across various split-samples differentiated on the basis of socio-economic attributes, disease exposure, actual prevention efforts and perceived malaria risks of survey respondents. Such auxiliary exercises help analyze the valuation question in greater depth, and generate policy insights into the potential factors that shape private prevention behavior.

<p>  </p> <p>Highway workers are required to work close to moving traffic during road construction and maintenance activities, which exposes them to the risk of being struck by a distracted driver or intruding vehicle. In addition, work zones disturb the usual traffic flow and patterns due to changes in the existing geometric layout of a roadway, and this is also problematic for the drivers as they must navigate a layout of signs, barrels, and lane changes while keeping the vehicle in control. Moreover, late-night tasks, reckless driving, inconsistent work zones, drunk driving, and increased vehicle miles traveled are some of the additional causes of work zone incidents in the United States. Nationwide, around 40,000 accidents occur each year in highway work zones due to vehicle intrusion into the work zone and have steadily increased during the past ten years. Most often, the driver and passenger of the vehicle are the victims of such accidents. The resulting fatalities, injuries, and property damage due to such incidents lead to significant expenses, prolonged travel delays, and potential damage to expensive products in transit.</p> <p>While traditional safety precautions (e.g., truck-mounted attenuators, rumble strips, speed monitoring displays) can help enhance work zone safety, the number of work zone intrusions calls for designing and implementing emerging intrusion alert technologies to warn drivers and workers when errant vehicles intrude into the work zone. Several state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have begun examining the use of intrusion alert technologies to mitigate work zone intrusions. While previous studies examined the general effectiveness (e.g., sound levels, work zone coverage, deployment characteristics, etc.) of these technologies in both controlled and active construction and maintenance work zones, there are still significant research gaps in investigating how well these intrusion technologies alert the driver and workers, and no documented best practices are available for transportation agencies and DOTs interested in implementing them. In addition, these technologies have been through many improvements and modifications, and further research is imperative to ascertain their chances of acceptance by workers and contractors.</p> <p>To address these gaps, this thesis focuses on (a) empirically examining the effectiveness, implications, and practices of four commercially available intrusion technologies in enhancing work zone safety through various field tests and surveys, and (b) empirically investigating the effectiveness of these technologies considering drivers’ cognitive processing (perception -reaction time) and responses in case of work zone intrusion. The findings of this research study provide detailed information on the identification and testing procedures of technologies and offer guidelines and recommendations for adopting these technologies for practitioners and professionals in the highway construction sector. The proposed decision-making matrix and multi-criteria decision-making framework are based on the empirical data obtained from the various field experiments, literature review, and evaluation survey. This study also provides valuable insights into the overall effectiveness (i.e., by considering functional characteristics, associated drivers’ responses and reactions, and current implementation) of commercially available intrusion technologies to incorporate required modifications in designing and implementing these technologies to enhance work zone safety. The long-term outcome of this study is to significantly reduce the injuries and fatalities in highway maintenance work zones in Indiana and across the country.</p>