In social interactions it is important for perceivers to be able to differentiate between facial expressions of emotion associated with a congruent emotional experience (genuine expressions) and those that are not (posed expressions). This research investigated the sensitivity of participants with a range of depressive symptom severity and varying levels of rumination to the differences between genuine and posed facial expressions The suggested mechanisms underlying impairments in emotion recognition were also investigated; the effect of cognitive load (as a distraction from deliberate processing of stimuli) and attention, and the relationships between mechanisms and sensitivity across a range of depressive symptoms and level of rumination. Participants completed an emotion categorisation task in which they were asked if targets were showing either happiness or sadness, and then if targets were feeling those emotions. Participants also completed the same task under cognitive load. In addition, a recognition task was used to measure attention. Results showed that when making judgements about whether targets were feeling sad lower sensitivity was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms, but contrary to predictions, only when under cognitive load. Depressive symptoms and rumination were not related to higher levels of bias towards sad expressions. Recognition did not show a relationship with sensitivity, rumination or depression scores. Cognitive load did not show the expected effects or improving sensitivity but instead showed lower sensitivity scores in some conditions compared to conditions without load. Implications of results are discussed, as well as directions for future research.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by patterns of intense negative affect, interpersonal difficulties, and maladaptive impulsive behaviors, and is associated with impairments in social and occupational functioning. Rumination is a maladaptive form of repetitive thought that maintains and intensifies emotional disturbance and is associated with behavioral dysregulation. This study tested several hypotheses about relationships between rumination and borderline personality features. This study included 117 college student participants, 88 female students and 29 male students, most of whom (84%) identified themselves as Caucasian. Participants completed a series of measures which included a writing sample to sample repetitive thought. Findings consistently suggested that rumination accounts for significant incremental variance in BPD features after controlling for various facets of neuroticism, which suggests that individuals with BPD features are probably engaging in high levels of multiple types of rumination. However, scores derived from the On Your Mind writing sample did not predict severity of borderline features after controlling for the NEO-neuroticism domain. Implications for these findings and limitations to this study are also discussed.

Two prominent emotions in borderline personality disorder (BPD) are anger and shame. Rumination has been demonstrated to occur in response to shame and to escalate anger, and rumination, particularly anger rumination, has been shown to predict BPD symptoms. The present study examined whether one way that shame leads to the features of BPD is via increased anger and anger rumination. A sample of 823 undergraduates completed self-report measures of global and situational shame, trait- level anger, anger'rumination, and BPD features. A structural equation model was constructed using these measures. The hypothesized model of shame to anger and anger rumination to BPD features was largely supported. Bootstrapping was used to establish significant indirect effects from both forms of shame via anger rumination to BPD features, and from global shame via anger to BPD features. Recognizing this function of anger rumination may be important in developing and practicing interventions to reduce it. Further research into other ways individuals maladaptively respond to shame and functions of anger rumination is recommended.

Hur vi människor förhåller oss till dåtid, framtid och nutid avspeglar vår personlighet och kan länkas samman till vårt psykiska mående. Denna studie syftade till att studera sambanden mellan tidsperspektiv, depression och ångest samt oro och ältande. Vidare ämnade studien att undersöka om en bristande inhiberingsförmåga kan förklara oro och ältande. I studien deltog 65 personer från en icke-klinisk grupp; 44 kvinnor och 21 män i åldrarna 19 till 40 år. De instrument som användes var självskattningsformulären Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Response Style Questionnaire, Pennstate Worry Questionnaire samt Strooptestet Serialt färgordtest. Resultaten visade att oro men även ältande bäst predicerar en negativ framtidsorientering medan ångest och negativ framtidsorientering bäst förklarade oro. Ältande förklarades bäst av negativ framtidsorientering. Gällande inhiberingsförmåga var resultaten motstridiga, vilket tolkades som att fler undersökningar kring exekutiva funktioner, oro och ältande behövs i framtida forskning. Författarna argumenterar för att ännu tydligare samband för ångest och depression skulle kunna hittas i kliniska grupper. Att öka kunskapen om de underliggande mekanismerna kring depression och ångest argumenteras vara av stor betydelse för effektivare klinisk behandling. / The way we humans relate to the past, present and future reflect our personality and can be linked with our mental health. The aim of this study was to examine the relations between time perspective, depression, anxiety, worry and rumination. The aim was also to study if a deficient capacity of inhibition could be explained by worry and rumination. The study consisted of 65 participants from a non-clinical sample; 44 women and 21 men in the age of 19 to 40 years. The self report inventories included in the study was Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Response Style Questionnaire and Pennstate Worry Questionnaire, a Colour-Word test measured the Stroop effect. The result indicated that worry but also rumination was the best predictors to a negative future orientation while anxiety and negative future orientation best predicted worry. Rumination was mainly explained by a negative future orientation. The results of the inhibition processes was contradictory. Further research of executive funcions, worry and rumination are needed. The authors are arguing for a stronger relationship between anxiety and depression could be found in a clinical sample. More knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of depression and anxiety is of importance for a more effective clinical treatment. / Time Perspective Project

No description available.

O principal objetivo desse estudo foi registrar e propor formas de análise para a manifestação audível da conversação interna, tendo como base o modelo semiótico de self de Norbert Wiley. O Questionário de Ruminação e Reflexão e a Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo foram respondidos por 39 universitários. Destes, 23 participaram de uma segunda etapa, em que foram instruídos a responder em voz alta ao Teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven (TMPR) e a uma entrevista semi-estruturada sobre a experiência da conversação interna. Na amostra de 39 participantes, observou-se correlação moderada entre traço de neuroticismo e ruminação. Na segunda etapa, características de tempo, número de palavras verbalizadas e desempenho no TMPR foram mensuradas e confrontadas com os perfis de ruminação e reflexão. Resultados de uma análise qualitativa propuseram a distinção da conversa interna manifesta quanto à sua forma (informacional e comunicacional) e ao seu conteúdo (self ou tarefa como objetos da conversa). A comparação dos dados qualitativos e quantitativos ilustrou graficamente as oscilações de forma e conteúdo em sete casos extremos. Dados da entrevista sugeriram que a conversação interna é percebida como uma ferramenta que auxilia ou dificulta a articulação de pensamentos e sentimentos. Os achados da pesquisa refinaram o modelo de conversação interna de Wiley, exemplificando facetas exclusivas da fala interna em contraposição à fala pública; mostraram que o self semiótico (processual) flutua intencionalmente entre a tarefa e conteúdos relativos ao próprio self; mas eles não diferenciaram perfis ruminativos e reflexivos no desempenho da tarefa. / The main purpose of this study was to register and to suggest ways of analysing verbalized inner speech. The research was based on Norbert Wiley’s semiotic self model. The instruments Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire and the Factorial Scale of Emotional Adjustment/ Neuroticism were answered by 39 college students. In a second moment, 23 of the participants were instructed to answer out loud the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and a semi-structured interview on the inner speech experience. In the thirty-nine-participant sample, a moderate positive correlation was observed between rumination and neuroticism traits. In the second part, measures of time, number of verbalized words and performance in the Raven's Test were contrasted with ruminative and reflexive profiles. The results of a qualitative analysis suggested the distinction between the form (informational and communicational) and the content (self or task as objects of conversation) of verbalized inner speech. The comparison between quantitative and qualitative data illustrated graphically the oscillations of form and content in seven extreme cases which were studied. Data from the interview suggested that inner speech is perceived as a tool that either helps or hinders thoughts and feelings. The results refined the semiotic self model of Wiley, exemplifying the exclusive characteristics of inner speech in opposition to public speech; the results also showed that the (processual) semiotic self intentionally floats between the self and the task; but no correlation was observed between the ruminative and reflexive profiles and the problem solving performance.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar relações entre ruminação e reflexão com sexo, Neuroticismo/ajustamento emocional (vulnerabilidade, desajustamento psicossocial, depressão e ansiedade) e bem-estar subjetivo (BES) (satisfação de vida, afeto positivo e afeto negativo) e testá-las empiricamente. Participaram deste estudo 361 universitários que responderam coletivamente em sala de aula questionários de auto relato. Verificou-se que ruminação está relacionada com afeto negativo, depressão, ansiedade e vulnerabilidade. As implicações teóricas e clínicas destes resultados são discutidos a luz da literatura da área. / The aim of this thesis is to present relationships among rumination and reflection with sex, neuroticism (vulnerability, psychological maladjustment, depression and anxiety) and subjective well-being (SWB) (life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect) and test them empirically. For this, 361 undergraduate students answered self-report questionnaires in groups. The results showed that rumination is related with negative affect, anxiety, depression and vulnerability. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Research suggests rumination and worry, which have typically been considered as strongly linked to depression and anxiety, respectively, may be better conceptualized through a transdiagnostic construct. According to Ehring and colleagues (2011), a construct broader than worry or rumination might be considered as Repetitive Negative Thinking. Ehring notes three key characteristics of repetitive negative thinking: the thinking is repetitive; it is at least partly intrusive; and it is difficult to disengage from. Two additional features include: individuals perceive it as unproductive and it captures mental capacity. This working definition of these five features formed the basis for the initial development and validation of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (Ehring, Zetsche, Weidacker, Wahl, Schönfeld, & Anke, 2011) which is intended to be a content-independent measure of RNT. The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire includes 15 total items with three items for each of the assumed characteristics of repetitive negative thinking (repetitive, intrusive, difficult to disengage from, unproductive, and capturing mental capacity). The PTQ is designed to assess for a common process found not only in individuals with prominent worry (as seen in GAD) or rumination (as seen in depression) but also in other diagnoses such as obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. In its current state, the PTQ remains largely untested, leaving its utility in the changing field questionable. The current study intended to assess the psychometric quality of the PTQ to ensure its usefulness as a potential diagnostic tool and as a reflection of Ehring’s model of RNT. The current study administered the PTQ to a large and diverse group of college students located at a Midwestern university. Additional measures were administered to assess the psychometric properties of the measure. Construct and convergent reliability were demonstrated through comparison between the PTQ and the other measures. Unexpectedly, the PTQ and Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire demonstrated a positive correlation, suggesting the measures are tapping into similar constructs. The factor structure of the PTQ was of particular interest in the current study. Further assessment of the factors reportedly contained in the PTQ was valuable, not just to assess the quality of the measure, but also because doing so would provide support for or undermine the proposed definition and key characteristics believed to underlie the construct of repetitive negative thinking. In this study, a two factor model was best supported for the current data, through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. This finding prompts further consideration and research for the construct of repetitive negative thinking.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_wb_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 382776 bytes, checksum: b9a5da34efa76c5fda4dbd1931e49444 (MD5) / Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do grupo genético do bezerro no comportamento de mães e suas crias. Usaram-se 24 vacas Nelore paridas e seus bezerros, dos quais oito eram Nelores, oito ½Simental ½Nelore, e oito ½Red Angus ½Nelore. Avaliaram-se as medidas de freqüência e duração das mamadas, tempo de pastejo e ruminação dos bezerros e vacas. Os bezerros puros mamaram mais freqüentemente que os mestiços (3,51 vs. 3,17 vezes/dia), porém com menor duração de mamada (7,37 vs 7,80 minutos). A freqüência de mamadas, duração de cada mamada e tempo total de mamadas diminuíram com o aumento na idade do bezerro. Nos bezerros, pastejo e ruminação aumentaram com a idade; porém, nas vacas, aumentou o tempo de pastejo e diminuiu o de ruminação com o passar dos dias. Os bezerros mestiços pastaram, em média, 18 minutos a mais que os puros, e os machos, 16 minutos a mais que as fêmeas. Os bezerros machos ruminaram, aos 40 dias de idade, 25 minutos a mais que as fêmeas, mas esta diferença diminuiu com a idade e desapareceu por volta dos 220 dias. As mães de mestiços ruminaram, em média, 10 minutos a mais que as mães dos puros. O comportamento da mãe e de sua cria é influenciado pelo grupo genético desta última. / The objective was to evaluate the effect of a calf's genetic group on the behavior of dam and calf. We used 24 Nellore dams and their calves, of which eight were Nellore, eight were ½Simmental ½Nelore and eight ½Red Angus ½Nellore. Grazing and rumination times, as well as suckling frequency and time, were measured. The straightbred calves suckled more often than the crossbreds (3.51 vs. 3.17 times/day), but their suckling lasted less time (7.37 vs 7.80 minutes). Suckling frequency, suckling length and total time spent suckling decreased as calf age increased. Calf grazing and rumination time increased with age; however, the cows’ grazing time increased and rumination time decreased as the days postpartum went by. The crossbred calves grazed, on the average, 18 minutes longer than the crossbreds, and the males grazed 16 minutes longer than the females. The male calves grazed, at 40 days of age, 25 minutes longer than the females, but this difference decreased as they grew up and disappeared around 220 days. The dams of crossbreds ruminated, on the average, 10 minutes longer than the dams of straightbreds. In conclusion, dam and calf behavior are influenced by the calf's genetic group.

O principal objetivo desse estudo foi registrar e propor formas de análise para a manifestação audível da conversação interna, tendo como base o modelo semiótico de self de Norbert Wiley. O Questionário de Ruminação e Reflexão e a Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo foram respondidos por 39 universitários. Destes, 23 participaram de uma segunda etapa, em que foram instruídos a responder em voz alta ao Teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven (TMPR) e a uma entrevista semi-estruturada sobre a experiência da conversação interna. Na amostra de 39 participantes, observou-se correlação moderada entre traço de neuroticismo e ruminação. Na segunda etapa, características de tempo, número de palavras verbalizadas e desempenho no TMPR foram mensuradas e confrontadas com os perfis de ruminação e reflexão. Resultados de uma análise qualitativa propuseram a distinção da conversa interna manifesta quanto à sua forma (informacional e comunicacional) e ao seu conteúdo (self ou tarefa como objetos da conversa). A comparação dos dados qualitativos e quantitativos ilustrou graficamente as oscilações de forma e conteúdo em sete casos extremos. Dados da entrevista sugeriram que a conversação interna é percebida como uma ferramenta que auxilia ou dificulta a articulação de pensamentos e sentimentos. Os achados da pesquisa refinaram o modelo de conversação interna de Wiley, exemplificando facetas exclusivas da fala interna em contraposição à fala pública; mostraram que o self semiótico (processual) flutua intencionalmente entre a tarefa e conteúdos relativos ao próprio self; mas eles não diferenciaram perfis ruminativos e reflexivos no desempenho da tarefa. / The main purpose of this study was to register and to suggest ways of analysing verbalized inner speech. The research was based on Norbert Wiley’s semiotic self model. The instruments Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire and the Factorial Scale of Emotional Adjustment/ Neuroticism were answered by 39 college students. In a second moment, 23 of the participants were instructed to answer out loud the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and a semi-structured interview on the inner speech experience. In the thirty-nine-participant sample, a moderate positive correlation was observed between rumination and neuroticism traits. In the second part, measures of time, number of verbalized words and performance in the Raven's Test were contrasted with ruminative and reflexive profiles. The results of a qualitative analysis suggested the distinction between the form (informational and communicational) and the content (self or task as objects of conversation) of verbalized inner speech. The comparison between quantitative and qualitative data illustrated graphically the oscillations of form and content in seven extreme cases which were studied. Data from the interview suggested that inner speech is perceived as a tool that either helps or hinders thoughts and feelings. The results refined the semiotic self model of Wiley, exemplifying the exclusive characteristics of inner speech in opposition to public speech; the results also showed that the (processual) semiotic self intentionally floats between the self and the task; but no correlation was observed between the ruminative and reflexive profiles and the problem solving performance.