El trabajo de investigación busca desarrollar una propuesta de mejora de control de costos por la implementación de gestión del valor ganado, como herramienta para la toma de decisiones en la planificación y control durante la etapa de ejecución en obras de electrificación rural. En este trabajo se evidencia, la importancia de iniciar la implementación del EVM utilizando los 10 pasos fundamentales sugeridos por Fleming y Koppelman, porque es apropiado para todos los proyectos y hace referencia a un criterio específico del Estándar ANSI / EIA-748. Este trabajo pretende mostrar cómo la gestión de proyectos en obras de electrificación rural se aplica mediante este nuevo enfoque, identificando los requisitos mínimos para implementar la gestión de valor ganado de forma simple en los proyectos y generando un precedente para el desarrollo de futuras obras de este tipo. La gestión de valor ganado (EVM) es una importante herramienta de gestión de proyectos que integra el alcance, costo y cronograma, el cual permite medir el desempeño del proyecto y debería planificarse desde el principio del proyecto. / The research work seeks to develop a proposal for cost control improvement by the implementation of earned value management, as a tool for decision making in planning and control during the execution stage in rural electrification works. This paper shows the importance of starting the implementation of the EVM using the 10 fundamental steps suggested by Fleming and Koppelman, because it is appropriate for all projects and refers to a specific criterion of the ANSI / EIA-748 Standard. This work aims to show how project management in rural electrification works is applied through this new approach, identifying the minimum requirements to implement the management of earned value in a simple way in projects and generating a precedent for the development of future works of this type. Earned Value Management (EVM) is an important project management tool that integrates the scope, cost and time, which allows you to measure the performance of the project and should be planned from the beginning of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

Energy is a basic need for the overall growth and improvements of people’s living standard.But around 2 to 3 billion people in the world have no access to electric lighting. Like otherdeveloping countries the rural electrification in Ethiopia is very low and government takessome actions to promote the investment in these areas but due to economic constraints andlow level of technological advancement the growth is very low.This study focuses on solar PV based rural electrification, its impact on environment andsocio-economic development in Rema village. Three cases studies: typical households,small scale business center and public services are considered for systematic study.Interviews from villagers, existing energy system, literature data and HOMER software areused to calculate energy demand and cost of electrification. A comparison between theresults is carried out.According to the village survey the existing PV home system has a positive impact on a socioeconomic development of the village of Rema. Solar PV electricity can be used in generatingincomes. It is also used for climate mitigation by curbing CO2 emission and can be used forclimate adaptation by reducing the deforestation and facilitate carbon sequestration. PVbased electrification of health center and schools have played a vital role in improving thequality of services. The presence of refrigerator helped to have vaccines and medicines4preserved for different types of killer diseases. The teaching-learning process of schoolsimproved due the presence of electricity. The solar powered water supply in near areasreduced the time required for fetching water and made girls to focus on their education.Most villagers has positive attitude towards the technology but unsatisfied with the currentsystem size. The high level of technical skills required for maintenance and the small numberof solar technicians’ available in the village is also a problem reported in the village. HOMERsoftware is used to model the existing energy system and the required energy demandbefore PV based rural electrification and after PV based rural electrification. A new model isdeveloped depending on the villagers demand. . Modeling result shows that 3 kWP and 12kWP were found to be enough to fulfill the demand in clinics and schools with an initialinvestment of 18576 and 80704US$, respectively and a PV size of 165 Wp, 250 Wp and 350Wp is required for households with agriculture only, mixed and small scale business income,respectively. This led a requirement of initial capital of US$ 654, 1848 and 2339,respectively. However, these initial investments are unaffordable for most of the villagers.PV systems required for households with agriculture only, has lower investment per Wattthan others, while investment per Watt for small scale business has lower than householdswith mixed type. Therefore, the battery size plays an important role in the investment,operation and maintenance costs.The two main problems associated with solar PV in rural electrification are financial capabilityand technical problems. These problems can be curbed by loan arrangement and trainingthe villagers. But to make sustainable it must be used for income generating activities.

This study has been conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) and focuses on the electrification process of Rayal, a remote village in the Far Western Development Region of Nepal. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibilities of providing electricity based on renewable energy resources to Rayal, both from a technical and a socio-economical point of view. Preliminary research in Sweden was complemented by a field study in Rayal between February and April 2013. Wind power, solar power and micro hydro power were investigated as potential sources of energy. Wind power was considered as unsuitable, due to the low wind speeds in the village as well as poor infrastructure in the country. Solar power and micro hydro power were both calculated based on three different demand scenarios. The results indicate that, depending on the demand and paymentability of the villagers, both solar and micro hydro power could be considered as good options. Solar power is, however, only economically feasible for covering the basic needs of lighting. At higher loads micro hydro power is more economically viable. Excess electricity could be utilized by community facilities, to improve education and health. Alternatively, it could be used to power electrical agricultural equipment which could improve productivity and hence stimulate economic growth in the village. / Denna studie har utförts i form av en Minor Field Study (MFS) och fokuserar på hur en elektrifiering skulle kunna ske av Rayal, en avlägsen by i Far Western Development Region i Nepal. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka möjligheter som finns för att elektrifiera Rayal med hjälp av förnyelsebara energikällor, både ur ett tekniskt och från ett socio-ekonomiskt perspektiv. De tre olika teknikerna som har undersökts är vindkraft, solkraft samt småskalig vattenkraft. Vindkraft har uteslutits som lämpligt alternativ, på grund av för låga vindhastigheter i byn, samt bristande infrastruktur i Nepal. Solkraft och vattenkraft har undersökts utifrån tre olika behovs-scenarion. Resultaten visar att, beroende på efterfrågan och betalningsförmågan hos byborna, kan både sol och småskalig vattenkraft betraktas som lämpliga alternativ. Solkraft är dock endast ekonomiskt försvarbart vid mindre projekt, som täcker det grundläggande behovet av belysning. Vid ett större behov är småskalig vattenkraft en mer ekonomisk lösning. Detta ökade behov skulle till exempel kunna vara samhällsförbättrande anläggningar, för att höja utbildnings- och hälsonivån. Ett annat ökat behov skulle kunna vara elektriskt drivna jordbruksmaskiner för att förbättra produktiviteten och därigenom stimulera den ekonomiska tillväxten i byn.

Access to clean and affordable energy is a prerequisite for human development. In order to achieve access to sustainable energy for all innovation in rural electrification is needed. Decentralized renewable energy technologies in form of Solar Home Systems and Mini-grids possess the potential of electrifying a large number of rural households which cannot be connected to the national grid with local available energy sources. However, the deployment of Mini-grids is facing barriers such as a lack of private investments. By building on already existing SHSs swarm grids can enable households to trade electricity and use their excess electricity to supply additional loads. Swarm grids as an evolutionary bottom-up approach to electrification can overcome some of the obstacles regular Mini-grids face and play a vital role in improving electricity access. As part of this thesis a model has been developed which allows for simulating the electricity flow including line losses in swarm grids of any size on an hourly basis. The model facilitates the gaining of a better understanding for the impact global parameters (e.g. distance between households) have on the feasibility of swarm grids. A field trip to Bangladesh has been undertaken in order to obtain input data for simulating different cases in the model created. The simulations performed indicate that in a swarm grid the generated excess energy of SHSs which so far is wasted can supply the demand of households without SHS as well as commercial loads such as irrigation pumps. Overall the results point towards swarm grids being an innovation with the potential of improving rural electricity access by building on existing infrastructure.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amauri Massochin.pdf: 2162523 bytes, checksum: 1086fc60e1a5e4eea08a44f62d6f5e16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-27 / The main goal of this dissertation was to verify, through sampling, is the service technical standard adopted at the biggest rural electrification program, introduced in the state of Paraná from 1983 to 1991 in the concession area of Energy Company from Paraná COPEL, named CLIC RURAL, supplies the electric power needs of the electrified rural properties and if the electric energy introducing was able to contribute to the increase of the family income. The work was based on a field research with a questionnaire application to the farmers and the inspection of the existing technical standard. The results show the rural electrification benefits in some aspects. Social aspect: improvement on the schooling grade of the farmers and the population in a general way, the increase of the average monthly consumption per capita, significant increase on the purchasing of electrical house devices, pumping and rural equipments with the generation of direct and indirect taxes. Economical benefits are identified with the increase of electrical energy consumption by property and acquisition of electrical rural equipments and electrical rural devices. The environmental benefits can be seen through the abandon of fuels derived from oil and the existence of an environmental protection area. As a negative point, the reduction in 31% in the number of inhabitants by occupied property. According to an opinion research, 76,4% are satisfied with the power standard made available at the program introducing period. From it, 4,5% made power load increase. Yet, only 37% of the rural consumers got to increase or generate income with the electrification of their properties. It can also be noticed that the main statal concessionaire has gradually abandoned the materials used in the rural electrification standard named low cost; however it continues using the monophasis system with land return (MRT). The 70 Amps biphasis standard would be the most adequate for the researched region. But, the 50 Amps biphasis standard would be the condition minimum necessary for income generation in the property. These results aim to contribute with the public politics devisers for the universalization of the electrical power service of the consumers still in the dark spread at the rural zones. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi verificar por meio de amostragem se o padrão técnico de atendimento adotado no maior programa de eletrificação rural, implantado no estado do Paraná no período de 1983 a 1991, na área de concessão da Companhia Paranaense de Energia COPEL, denominado CLIC RURAL, supre as necessidades energéticas das propriedades rurais eletrificadas e se a implantação da energia elétrica foi capaz de contribuir para o aumento de renda da família. O trabalho foi fundamentado em pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de um questionário aos proprietários rurais e da inspeção do padrão técnico existente. Os resultados comprovam os benefícios da eletrificação rural sob alguns aspectos. Aspecto social: melhoria no grau de escolaridade dos responsáveis pelas propriedades e da população de uma maneira geral; aumento no consumo médio mensal de energia elétrica per capita, aumento substancial na posse de eletrodomésticos e equipamentos para bombeamento e eletrorurais com a geração de impostos direta ou indiretamente. Os benefícios econômicos são comprovados pelo aumento do consumo de energia elétrica por propriedade e pela aquisição de equipamentos eletrorurais e eletrodomésticos. Os benefícios para meio ambiente verificam-se pelo abandono de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e pela existência de área de proteção ambiental. Como ponto negativo, a redução em 31% no número de habitantes por propriedade ocupada. Segundo pesquisa de opinião, 76,4% estão satisfeitos com o padrão da entrada de serviço disponibilizado na época da implementação do programa. Desses, 4,5% fizeram aumento de carga. Ainda, somente 37% dos consumidores rurais conseguiram aumentar ou gerar renda com a eletrificação de suas propriedades. Constata-se também que a principal concessionária do estado abandonou gradativamente os materiais utilizados no padrão de eletrificação rural denominado de baixo custo, porém continua a utilizar o sistema monofásico com retorno por terra (MRT). O padrão bifásico de 70 Ampères para a entrada de serviço seria o mais adequado para a região da pesquisa. Porém, a entrada de serviço com padrão bifásico de 50 Ampères seria a condição mínima necessária para geração de renda nas propriedades. Esses resultados visam contribuir com os idealizadores de políticas públicas para a universalização do atendimento com energia elétrica dos consumidores ainda no escuro espalhados pelo campo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amauri Massochin.pdf: 2162523 bytes, checksum: 1086fc60e1a5e4eea08a44f62d6f5e16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-27 / The main goal of this dissertation was to verify, through sampling, is the service technical standard adopted at the biggest rural electrification program, introduced in the state of Paraná from 1983 to 1991 in the concession area of Energy Company from Paraná COPEL, named CLIC RURAL, supplies the electric power needs of the electrified rural properties and if the electric energy introducing was able to contribute to the increase of the family income. The work was based on a field research with a questionnaire application to the farmers and the inspection of the existing technical standard. The results show the rural electrification benefits in some aspects. Social aspect: improvement on the schooling grade of the farmers and the population in a general way, the increase of the average monthly consumption per capita, significant increase on the purchasing of electrical house devices, pumping and rural equipments with the generation of direct and indirect taxes. Economical benefits are identified with the increase of electrical energy consumption by property and acquisition of electrical rural equipments and electrical rural devices. The environmental benefits can be seen through the abandon of fuels derived from oil and the existence of an environmental protection area. As a negative point, the reduction in 31% in the number of inhabitants by occupied property. According to an opinion research, 76,4% are satisfied with the power standard made available at the program introducing period. From it, 4,5% made power load increase. Yet, only 37% of the rural consumers got to increase or generate income with the electrification of their properties. It can also be noticed that the main statal concessionaire has gradually abandoned the materials used in the rural electrification standard named low cost; however it continues using the monophasis system with land return (MRT). The 70 Amps biphasis standard would be the most adequate for the researched region. But, the 50 Amps biphasis standard would be the condition minimum necessary for income generation in the property. These results aim to contribute with the public politics devisers for the universalization of the electrical power service of the consumers still in the dark spread at the rural zones. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi verificar por meio de amostragem se o padrão técnico de atendimento adotado no maior programa de eletrificação rural, implantado no estado do Paraná no período de 1983 a 1991, na área de concessão da Companhia Paranaense de Energia COPEL, denominado CLIC RURAL, supre as necessidades energéticas das propriedades rurais eletrificadas e se a implantação da energia elétrica foi capaz de contribuir para o aumento de renda da família. O trabalho foi fundamentado em pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de um questionário aos proprietários rurais e da inspeção do padrão técnico existente. Os resultados comprovam os benefícios da eletrificação rural sob alguns aspectos. Aspecto social: melhoria no grau de escolaridade dos responsáveis pelas propriedades e da população de uma maneira geral; aumento no consumo médio mensal de energia elétrica per capita, aumento substancial na posse de eletrodomésticos e equipamentos para bombeamento e eletrorurais com a geração de impostos direta ou indiretamente. Os benefícios econômicos são comprovados pelo aumento do consumo de energia elétrica por propriedade e pela aquisição de equipamentos eletrorurais e eletrodomésticos. Os benefícios para meio ambiente verificam-se pelo abandono de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e pela existência de área de proteção ambiental. Como ponto negativo, a redução em 31% no número de habitantes por propriedade ocupada. Segundo pesquisa de opinião, 76,4% estão satisfeitos com o padrão da entrada de serviço disponibilizado na época da implementação do programa. Desses, 4,5% fizeram aumento de carga. Ainda, somente 37% dos consumidores rurais conseguiram aumentar ou gerar renda com a eletrificação de suas propriedades. Constata-se também que a principal concessionária do estado abandonou gradativamente os materiais utilizados no padrão de eletrificação rural denominado de baixo custo, porém continua a utilizar o sistema monofásico com retorno por terra (MRT). O padrão bifásico de 70 Ampères para a entrada de serviço seria o mais adequado para a região da pesquisa. Porém, a entrada de serviço com padrão bifásico de 50 Ampères seria a condição mínima necessária para geração de renda nas propriedades. Esses resultados visam contribuir com os idealizadores de políticas públicas para a universalização do atendimento com energia elétrica dos consumidores ainda no escuro espalhados pelo campo.

Access to electricity is a crucial component of achieving SDG 7, which aims to ensure clean energy for all. However, not all people in Botswana have access to electricity, and power generation is dominated by coal power. To address the electricity access issue, the Botswana government has implemented two programs: the Rural Electrification Programand the National Electricity Standard Connection Cost Program. This study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of these government programs, as well as the drivers of and barriers to residential rooftop solar PV. The primary aim of the study is to provide recommendations for policy makers, while also contributing to enhanced knowledge among solar PV distributors and academia. To achieve the research objectives, a field trip to Botswana was conducted to interview various stakeholders. Additionally, a literature review and ananalysis of policy documents were executed. The study’s results reveal a difference in the success of the two government programs, leading to a gap between the share of grid-connected villages and the share of people with access to electricity. Interms of residential rooftop solar PV, the study identifies numerous drivers, such as increased reliability and reduced power bills. However, there are also several barriers to residential rooftop solar PV, including a conservative mindset among decision-makers that favors coal power, lack of incentives, low affordability, social acceptance risks, lacking maintenance, and insufficient knowledge among both inhabitants and policymakers. Based on the results, the study provides recommendations for policymakers to ensure full electricity access and accelerated residential rooftop solar PV implementations. / Tillgång till el är avgörande för att uppnå SDG 7 som syftar till att säkerställa hållbar energi för alla. Samtidigt har samtliga invånare i Botswana inte tillgång till electricitet och dessutom domineras elproduktionen av kolkraft. För att överkomma problemet med tillgång till electricitet har Botswanas regering implementerat programmen Rural Elecrtification Program och National Electricity Standard Connection Cost Program.  Den här studien fokuserar på att utvärdera dessa statliga program samt på att identifiera drivkrafterna och hindren för solkraft för hushåll. Det primära syftet med studien är att ge rekommendationer till beslutsfattare. Studien ämnar även bidra till ökad kunskap bland solcellsdistributörer och den akademiska världen. För att åstadkomma detta genomfördes en studieresa till Botswana under vilken intervjuer med olika intressenter hölls. Dessutom genomfördes en litteraturstudie och en analys av policydokument.  Studiens resultat påvisar en skillnad i framgång hos de statliga programmen och att det leder till att andelen nätanslutna byar är högre än andelen invånare med tillgång till el. När det gäller solkraft för hushåll har flertalet  drivkrafter för dess implementering identifieras. Till dessa hör ökad försörjningstrygghet och minskade elräkningar. Det finns dock även många hinder för ökad implementering av solkraft för hushåll. Några av dessa är ett konservativt tankesätt bland beslutsfattare som gynnar kolkraft, brist på incitament, låg betalningsförmåga, låg grad av social acceptans, bristande underhåll samt otillräcklig kunskap bland både invånare och beslutsfattande. Baserat på resultaten presenteras rekommendationer riktade till beslutsfattare för att säkerställa att alla i Botswana har tillgång till elektricitet samt för att öka implementeringen av solkraft för hushåll i Botswana.

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The expansion of the electrical grid and infrastructure is an essential part of development since it contributes to improved standard of living among the population. Solar home systems (SHS) are one solution to generate electricity for households where the national grid does not reach or is too sparsely populated to build a local mini-grid. Solar home system programs have been used as a solution for rural electrification in developing countries all over the world with various success, one of these countries is Namibia. A large fraction of the population in Namibia lacks access to electricity where most of the people live in rural areas not reached by the national electrical grid. However, several SHS clients in Namibia have been dissatisfied with their systems due to several issues regarding the service providers. Several service providers have limited technical know-how and therefore frequently over- and undersize system components and make mistakes during installations. An opportunity to improve SHS in Namibia is to develop a software tool that service provider can use to quickly calculate an optimum SHS in a user friendly way based on the electricity demands of the clients. An optimization model was developed using MS Excel which calculates the optimal SHS component capacities regarding cost and reliability with the use of Visual Basic macros. Various field studies and sensitivity analyses were conducted with the MS Excel model. The results were validated and compared with other software programs such as PVsyst and a Matlab model used in a previous study regarding solar power. Results show that several components in existing systems are incorrectly sized and that the MS Excel model could improve future installations and improve the reputation of SHS. The sensitivity analyses focused on cost, system reliability, system size and PV-module tilt and were implemented in the MS Excel model to optimize the results in a techno-economic perspective. The MS-Excel model was approved by Namibia Energy Institute and will be available for all service providers in Namibia.