Esta tese apresenta uma análise qualitativa da tradução de marcadores culturais referenciais (extra-lingüísticos) e estilísticos (convenções lingüísticas) em dois corpora paralelos de documentos da área de direito privado, um com originais em português brasileiro e traduções em inglês e o outro com originais em inglês e traduções em português brasileiro. Os corpora não contêm traduções de aprendizes. Dividiu-se os marcadores em categorias temáticas para identificar tendências de abordagem. As análises incluíram classificação das soluções tradutórias através das modalidades de Aubert (2005), com modificações, e graus de aproximação do receptor ao texto original. Dois corpora comparáveis em inglês e português também foram coletados e utilizados para servir como uma referência para questões estilísticas / This dissertation is a qualitative analysis of the translation of referential (extra-linguistic) and stylistic cultural markers in two parallel corpora containing documents from the area of private law, one with originals in Brazilian Portuguese and translations in English and the other with originals in English and translations in Brazilian Portuguese. The corpora contain translations performed by professionals, not students of translation. The cultural markers were categorized thematically to allow identification of translation strategy trends. The analyses included classification of translation solutions using the modalities of Aubert (2005), with modifications, and degrees of approximation between the receptor and the original text. Two comparable corpora in English and Brazilian Portuguese were also compiled and used as a reference for stylistic questions

Nesta tese são estudados alguns tópicos sobre otimização ergódica e formalismo termodinâmico que generalizam resultados, de Contreras, Lopes e Thieullen (2006), Garibaldi e Lopes (2008) no primeiro caso e Baraviera, Lopes e Thieullen (2006), Bissacot, Mengue e Pérez (2006) no segundo, para contextos onde não existem medidas de Gibbs, ou, em outras palavras, não é satisfeita a propriedade BIP. É demonstrada a existência de subações calibradas para potenciais coercivos de variação finita em espaços shift transitivos de alfabeto enumerável. O método usado é a construção da barreira de Peierls nesse contexto. Provam-se algumas das propriedades da barreira de Peierls e, como consequência das construções, é mostrada uma classificação dos shifts que possuem subações calibradas e limitadas. Posteriormente é realizado um estudo do formalismo termodinâmico para potenciais somáveis de variação finita e pressão finita com medida maximizante única f em shifts topologicamente mixing. Fazendo uso dos resultados de Freire e Vargas (2015), são estudadas a famlia de estados de equilbrio correspondente com f e a famlia de funções 1/B log h_ B , onde h_B são auto vetores do operador de Ruelle para Bf . É demonstrado que os pontos de acumulação quando B vai para infinito são subações uniformemente contnuas. Finalmente é provada uma propriedade dos grandes desvios para a famlia de estados de equilbrio \\mu_B com hipóteses sobre a convergência de uma famlia de funções g_B que normaliza o operador de Ruelle para cada B> 1 (Veja seção 4.4) / In this thesis, the study of topics on ergodic optimization and thermodynamic formalism for countable Markov shifts is presented. It provides a generalization of the previous results, in Contreras, Lopes and Thieullen (2006), Garibaldi and Lopes (2008) for the first subject and Baraviera, Lopes and Thieullen (2006), Bissacot, Mengue e Pérez (2006) for the second one, to situations where there are no Gibbs measures, ie, the BIP property is not verified. The existence of calibrated subactions for coercive potentials with finite variation over transitive countable Markov shifts is proved. The method is based on the construction of the Peierls barrrier in this context. Some properties of the Peierls barrier are proved and, as consequence of the proof, a classification of the Markov shifts which support calibrated and limited subactions is shown. Subsequently, the thermodynamic formalism for topologically mixing Markov shift and summable potentials with finite variation, finite pressure and unique maximizing measure f is studied. Using results in Freire and Vargas (2015), the class of equilibrium states corresponding with f and the class of functions 1/ log h_B are studied where h_B are the eigenfunctions for the Ruelle operator. It is proved that its accumulation points, as goes to infinity, are uniformly continuous subactions. Finally, it is proved a large deviation principle for the equilibrium states family \\mu_B , assuming a hypothesis about the convergence in a family of functions that normalizes the Ruelle operator (See section 4.4 for more details).

Esta tese apresenta uma análise qualitativa da tradução de marcadores culturais referenciais (extra-lingüísticos) e estilísticos (convenções lingüísticas) em dois corpora paralelos de documentos da área de direito privado, um com originais em português brasileiro e traduções em inglês e o outro com originais em inglês e traduções em português brasileiro. Os corpora não contêm traduções de aprendizes. Dividiu-se os marcadores em categorias temáticas para identificar tendências de abordagem. As análises incluíram classificação das soluções tradutórias através das modalidades de Aubert (2005), com modificações, e graus de aproximação do receptor ao texto original. Dois corpora comparáveis em inglês e português também foram coletados e utilizados para servir como uma referência para questões estilísticas / This dissertation is a qualitative analysis of the translation of referential (extra-linguistic) and stylistic cultural markers in two parallel corpora containing documents from the area of private law, one with originals in Brazilian Portuguese and translations in English and the other with originals in English and translations in Brazilian Portuguese. The corpora contain translations performed by professionals, not students of translation. The cultural markers were categorized thematically to allow identification of translation strategy trends. The analyses included classification of translation solutions using the modalities of Aubert (2005), with modifications, and degrees of approximation between the receptor and the original text. Two comparable corpora in English and Brazilian Portuguese were also compiled and used as a reference for stylistic questions

<p>This essay is a qualitative descriptive translation study concerning two translations of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet into Swedish. The purpose of the study is to investigate the translational behaviour of the translators and the translation norms that govern this behaviour.</p><p>By thoroughly analysing stretches of the play, the study will attempt to locate translation shifts (linguistic changes) that occur in the translation from the source text to the target text. These changes are connected with the translators’ fidelity towards e.g. the metre of the verse or the sense transfer of puns. The analysis also comprises a survey of the translation norms that the translators adhere to. These norms, stated by the translators themselves, are connected to their translation approach. Thus, the study will reveal the differences of translation behaviour and analyse them from a wider perspective. The translations were made around 1840 and in 1982, respectively. The considerable space in time in itself suggests that linguistic differences will occur. However, the study will also find differences as regards the purposes of the translations. The older translation appears to be performed in a tradition of fidelity to the written text and its literary qualities, whereas the modern translation clearly has the purpose of being used for the stage performance. The latter is stated by the translator himself, who also argues that Shakespeare is to be considered drama and not literature.</p>

<p>Alternative stable states have been, based on theoretical findings, predicted to be common in ecological systems. Empirical data from a number of laboratory and natural studies strongly suggest that alternative stable states also occur in real populations, communities and ecosystems. Potential mechanisms involve population size-structure and food-dependent individual development. These features can lead to ontogenetic niche shifts, juvenile recruitment bottlenecks and emergent Allee effects; phenomena that establish destabilising positive feedbacks in a system and hence create alternative stable states.</p><p>I studied the consequences of population size-structure for community dynamics at different scales of system complexity. I performed laboratory and ecosystem experiments. Small poecilliid fishes and planktonic invertebrates with short generation times and life spans were used as model organisms. This allowed me to assess the long-term dynamics of the populations and communities investigated.</p><p>The main experimental results are: (a) An ontogenetic niche shift in individuals of the phantom midge <i>Chaoborus</i> made the population vulnerable to an indirect competitive recruitment bottleneck imposed by cladoceran mesozooplankton via rotifers. Consequentially the natural zooplankton food web exhibited two alternative attractors. (b) Body size determined the success of <i>Poecilia reticulata</i> invading resident population of <i>Heterandria formosa</i> and thus the type of alternative stable state that established. Small invaders were outcompeted by the residents, whereas large invaders excluded their competitor by predating on its recruits. (c) External juvenile and adult mortality altered the internal feedback structure that regulates a laboratory population of <i>H. formosa</i> in such a way that juvenile biomass increased with mortality. This biomass overcompensation in a prey population can establish alternative stable states with top-predators being either absent or present.</p><p>The major conclusion is that size-structure and individual growth can indeed lead to alternative stable states. The considerations of these ubiquitous features of populations offer hence new insights and deeper understanding of community dynamics. Alternative stable states can have tremendous consequences for human societies that utilise the ecological services provided by an ecological system. Understanding the effects of size-structure on alternative stability is thus crucial for sustainable exploitation or production of food resources.</p>

<p>This thesis explored the development of infants’ ability to preserve spatio-temporal continuity of moving objects in situations where they disappeared completely (Study I & II) or partially (Study III) behind other objects (occluders). We recorded infants gaze direction with the help of two different techniques: 1) infants’ gaze shifts in Study I were measured with electro-oculogram (EOG) in combination with a motion analyzing system (Qualisys) that recorded the reflected infrared light from markers placed on the infant’s head and the moving object; 2) in Studies II and III a cornea reflection eye tracker was used (Tobii 1750) . </p><p>The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that 4-month-old infants are able to represent the temporal aspects of object motion during different periods of complete occlusion (Study I). At 6 months of age infants are able not only to predict the time when a moving object will reappear after complete occlusion but they are also capable to extrapolate pre-occlusion trajectory of the moving object and, thus, to accurately predict its reappearance (Study II). Moreover, in the situation where a linear pre-occlusion trajectory of the moving object is violated (the object turns by 90 degrees behind the occluder), infants at this age are capable of rapidly learning this new experience and base their future gaze shifts over occluder on the newly acquired knowledge. They are also able to preserve this new experience over a 24-hour period. </p><p>In the situations where occlusion is not complete and some visual information is still available (Study III), 9-month-old infants and to a lesser extent 5-month-old infants are able to reconstruct the moving pattern and to follow its direction of motion with the smooth eye movements. Moreover, 9-month-olds are capable to produce such smooth pursuit at an adult-like level.</p>

<p>Molecular recognition via noncovalent interactions plays a key role in many biological processes such as antigen-antibody interactions, protein folding, the bonding and catalytic transformation of substrates by enzymes, etc. Amongst these noncovalent interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and metal-to-ligand bonding are the most prominent. Exploring noncovalent interactions in host-guest systems that range from small hydrocarbon systems to more complex systems is the main motivation of this thesis. The present study involves the design, synthesis and characterization of clip-shaped molecules as host structures, and an examination of their binding properties with a variety of guests using NMR spectroscopy. </p><p>Several clips with a hydrocarbon or glycoluril backbone were synthesized. The binding of cations to small, hydrocarbon-based clips suggests that binding is enhanced by the rigidity and cooperativity between the two sidewalls of the clip. Binding is also very much dependant on the solvent properties. </p><p>Glycoluril-based clips built with aromatic sidewalls provide a deep cavity for binding guest molecules. The binding properties of these hosts were studied with several guests such as cations, Lewis acids and Lewis bases. Lewis basic binding sites in the acenaphthene-terminated clip were dominating in guest binding. Complexation-induced conformational changes in the wall-to-wall distance were observed for this clip.</p><p>In contrast, for a porphyrin-terminated clip with metal centers, very strong binding to a series of Lewis basic guests of various sizes into the clip cavity was observed. Conformational locking of guests with long alkyl chains was achieved, suggesting that, this clip could be useful as a potential molecular tool for the structural characterization of acyclic molecules with several stereogenic centers. This porphyrin clip was also shown to bind substituted fullerenes in the cavity.</p>

Alternative stable states have been, based on theoretical findings, predicted to be common in ecological systems. Empirical data from a number of laboratory and natural studies strongly suggest that alternative stable states also occur in real populations, communities and ecosystems. Potential mechanisms involve population size-structure and food-dependent individual development. These features can lead to ontogenetic niche shifts, juvenile recruitment bottlenecks and emergent Allee effects; phenomena that establish destabilising positive feedbacks in a system and hence create alternative stable states. I studied the consequences of population size-structure for community dynamics at different scales of system complexity. I performed laboratory and ecosystem experiments. Small poecilliid fishes and planktonic invertebrates with short generation times and life spans were used as model organisms. This allowed me to assess the long-term dynamics of the populations and communities investigated. The main experimental results are: (a) An ontogenetic niche shift in individuals of the phantom midge Chaoborus made the population vulnerable to an indirect competitive recruitment bottleneck imposed by cladoceran mesozooplankton via rotifers. Consequentially the natural zooplankton food web exhibited two alternative attractors. (b) Body size determined the success of Poecilia reticulata invading resident population of Heterandria formosa and thus the type of alternative stable state that established. Small invaders were outcompeted by the residents, whereas large invaders excluded their competitor by predating on its recruits. (c) External juvenile and adult mortality altered the internal feedback structure that regulates a laboratory population of H. formosa in such a way that juvenile biomass increased with mortality. This biomass overcompensation in a prey population can establish alternative stable states with top-predators being either absent or present. The major conclusion is that size-structure and individual growth can indeed lead to alternative stable states. The considerations of these ubiquitous features of populations offer hence new insights and deeper understanding of community dynamics. Alternative stable states can have tremendous consequences for human societies that utilise the ecological services provided by an ecological system. Understanding the effects of size-structure on alternative stability is thus crucial for sustainable exploitation or production of food resources.

This thesis explored the development of infants’ ability to preserve spatio-temporal continuity of moving objects in situations where they disappeared completely (Study I &amp; II) or partially (Study III) behind other objects (occluders). We recorded infants gaze direction with the help of two different techniques: 1) infants’ gaze shifts in Study I were measured with electro-oculogram (EOG) in combination with a motion analyzing system (Qualisys) that recorded the reflected infrared light from markers placed on the infant’s head and the moving object; 2) in Studies II and III a cornea reflection eye tracker was used (Tobii 1750) . The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that 4-month-old infants are able to represent the temporal aspects of object motion during different periods of complete occlusion (Study I). At 6 months of age infants are able not only to predict the time when a moving object will reappear after complete occlusion but they are also capable to extrapolate pre-occlusion trajectory of the moving object and, thus, to accurately predict its reappearance (Study II). Moreover, in the situation where a linear pre-occlusion trajectory of the moving object is violated (the object turns by 90 degrees behind the occluder), infants at this age are capable of rapidly learning this new experience and base their future gaze shifts over occluder on the newly acquired knowledge. They are also able to preserve this new experience over a 24-hour period. In the situations where occlusion is not complete and some visual information is still available (Study III), 9-month-old infants and to a lesser extent 5-month-old infants are able to reconstruct the moving pattern and to follow its direction of motion with the smooth eye movements. Moreover, 9-month-olds are capable to produce such smooth pursuit at an adult-like level.

Molecular recognition via noncovalent interactions plays a key role in many biological processes such as antigen-antibody interactions, protein folding, the bonding and catalytic transformation of substrates by enzymes, etc. Amongst these noncovalent interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and metal-to-ligand bonding are the most prominent. Exploring noncovalent interactions in host-guest systems that range from small hydrocarbon systems to more complex systems is the main motivation of this thesis. The present study involves the design, synthesis and characterization of clip-shaped molecules as host structures, and an examination of their binding properties with a variety of guests using NMR spectroscopy. Several clips with a hydrocarbon or glycoluril backbone were synthesized. The binding of cations to small, hydrocarbon-based clips suggests that binding is enhanced by the rigidity and cooperativity between the two sidewalls of the clip. Binding is also very much dependant on the solvent properties. Glycoluril-based clips built with aromatic sidewalls provide a deep cavity for binding guest molecules. The binding properties of these hosts were studied with several guests such as cations, Lewis acids and Lewis bases. Lewis basic binding sites in the acenaphthene-terminated clip were dominating in guest binding. Complexation-induced conformational changes in the wall-to-wall distance were observed for this clip. In contrast, for a porphyrin-terminated clip with metal centers, very strong binding to a series of Lewis basic guests of various sizes into the clip cavity was observed. Conformational locking of guests with long alkyl chains was achieved, suggesting that, this clip could be useful as a potential molecular tool for the structural characterization of acyclic molecules with several stereogenic centers. This porphyrin clip was also shown to bind substituted fullerenes in the cavity.