This dissertation describes the manner by which a multinational corporation (MNC) enacts a market-based logic with a locally embedded partner in a complex and unfamiliar operating setting to fulfil both business and social objectives. It examines a hybrid partnership between BP, an MNC, and SSP, a rural Indian non-governmental organisation (NGO). Together, the organisations trained rural women, who were affiliated with SSP, as agents to distribute and sell BP’s ‘smokeless’ cookstoves and fuel pellets to households who cook on smoky firewood stoves. The research draws on two theories—neo-institutional organizational theory and real markets theory—to examine the process by which logics are aligned across partners and projected and translated into the rural Indian exchange setting. It constructs a four-actor model (MNC, NGO, agent, customer) to explore the exchange relationships between the actors at the meso- and micro-levels. At the meso-level, it explains how the MNC and NGO’s non-aligned logics, asymmetric power dynamics, and lack of mutual trust contribute to the venture’s failure. In addition, the NGO was so determined to succeed as a professional, market-driven, channel partner that it shed part of its identity as a civil advocacy organisation and adopted mainstream commercial practices that were not sensitive to the needs of its local stakeholders. At the micro-level, the partners did not come to a common understanding with the agents regarding the cultural challenges they faced marketing the stove. Moreover, the marketing strategy glossed over the multi-layered social relationships and culinary, behavioural, and religious practices that needed to be translated for the technology to meet the needs of consumers. Using gritty ethnographic data, the dissertation highlights a challenge that large, foreign companies face when entering ‘Base of the Pyramid’ markets, namely the inconsistency between the MNC’s market logic and the wider associational logics that motivate village agents and customers.

The thesis addresses the topic of employment of persons with disabilities on sheltered and training positions. Its intention is to draw attention to the importance of employment in the life of these people, the importance of raising public awareness and the necessity to establish a responsive attitude of the public as well as employers in this sphere. The thesis provides a theoretical background for the issues of employment of the disabled. It intentionally explains the term of vocational rehabilitation in a broader context of active employment policy and as an element of complex rehabilitation. The thesis characterises the sphere of social entrepreneurship as one of the options where the creation of sheltered and training positions may form a central programme of an enterprise. It presents operational programmes which currently enable the creation of training positions. The thesis includes characteristics of a selected entity where training and sheltered positions are implemented on a sociotherapeutic farm. The practical section of the thesis describes the possible ways of utilising the sociotherapeutic farm in the employment of individuals with disabilities. The research section assesses the benefits of working on the farm for specific disabled individuals employed as animal attendants. Powered by TCPDF...

本研究以個案分析的方式探討社會企業之經營模式，試圖挖掘出社會企業經營模式與一般企業經營模式間的差異，並以使命對象在價值鏈的位置作為操作變數，比較兩類社會企業，因使命對象在價值鏈位置的不同，而對經營模式內涵產生的影響。依使命對象在價值鏈的位置劃分：第一類社會企業，其使命對象位於價值鏈末端，本研究以「台灣主婦聯盟生活消費合作社」，作為第一類社會企業的代表個案；第二類社會企業，其使命對象位於價值鏈過程，本研究以「光原社會企業股份有限公司」，作為第二類社會企業的代表個案。本研究以Hamel（2000）的經營模式架構為基底，以Hamel提出的四個經營元素：核心策略、策略性資源、顧客介面、價值網絡，來對個案之經營模式進行驗證與分析。 　　根據本研究定義，社會企業為：以商業途徑來滿足特定社會需求或解決特定社會問題的永續性組織，強調社會使命的達成，致力財務自足與自主，具有創業精神，能以創新的方式來運用機會與組合資源。社會企業與一般企業最根本的差異在於，社會企業首重社會使命，不以營利為目的。在社會使命的追求下，社會企業經營模式不同於一般企業的地方在於：（1）社會企業關心的是，如何以經營模式創造最大化社會價值。（2）經營模式之建構，必須納入使命對象，新增一經營元素「使命對象介面」。（3）建構經營模式時，社會企業須將非營利母組織納入考慮，合併籌畫。（4）社會企業更加強化與注重價值網絡，並且要能夠主動去創造屬於社會企業自己的價值網絡。 　　使命對象位於價值鏈位置之差異，對社會企業經營模式帶來影響：（1）使命對象位於價值鏈末端之社會企業，其經營模式以合作做為運作基礎；使命對象位於價值鏈過程中之社會企業，其經營模式以市場競爭做為運作基礎。（2）使命對象位於價值鏈末端之社會企業，其使命對象在價值鏈可能會有位移、變異之現象，此類社會企業須注意使命對象之動態，因應調整經營模式的各經營元素。

Social entrepreneurs seek to create social value in various ways in the community. Notably, they encounter not only enabling factors but also face and attempt to deal with a variety of challenges in their endeavor to start and run social ventures. This academic paper adopts a single case study approach with the aims to explore challenges and attempts to deal with them, as well as enablers, in how Dr Govender sought to create social value within the community of Gelvandale in Port Elizabeth in South Africa. Famhealth Medipark was chosen because it is unique and has been considered as an example of successful social entrepreneurship in Port Elizabeth. In the light of this, there has not been any previous study particularly focusing on its challenges and enablers in adding social value in the community through a multi-disciplinary venture. This research is valuable as it builds our understanding of how social entrepreneurs create social value. This qualitative study uses a single case study to focus on incidents of challenges and enabling factors as experienced, recollected and expressed by Dr Govender as a social entrepreneur. A variety of data, such as interview data collected through sampling incidents in nine in-depth initial and follow-up interviews, documents, audio documentaries and emails, were used. Open coding and constant comparison was used to analyze data and induce themes. Findings depict that Dr Govender as a social entrepreneur was propelled by four enablers: (1) strong enthusiasm to create positive change in others within a community, (2) network to resources, (3) a nurturing world view, and (4) consistent self-sacrifice. Dr Govender also revealed that he faced four types of challenges in setting up and operating Famhealth Medipark (FHM) as a vehicle with the sole purpose of creating and adding social value to the community of Gelvandale. Predominantly, (1) limitation of finance, (2) overwhelming effect of multiple roles, (3) negative effects of the non-accredited status of the care-giver training programme, and (4) the predominance of a destructive mindset entrenched within the Gelvandale community were key challenges he faced and attempted to deal with in setting up and operating a social venture to ultimately create social value. Although other types of data have been used, the predominant reliance on primary data collected through in-depth interviews is one of the major limitations of this qualitative study. However, this qualitative and exploratory study provides insights into our understanding of not only challenges encountered by social entrepreneurs but also the various drivers that sustain their social mission. Recommendations were then made, based on the findings from the research conducted.

The study aims to evaluate the Entrepreneurial Seed Fund Programme (ESFP) of the Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM). This Programme aims to provide seed funding to emerging and established businesses in order to start and/or grow their businesses. The Programme provides funding through a grant-in-kind by procuring the goods and equipment that the business needs. The businesses qualifying for the funding are not solely focusing on profit-making; they are addressing social issues through business activities in their communities. The population of the study includes five successful and unsuccessful beneficiaries and a questionnaire was designed in order to determine the contributing factors to the success or failure of the business and if the objectives of the Programme was realised. In conclusion, the ESFP can be regarded as a sustainable programme which contributed to job creation and social upliftment. The ESFP should be strengthened with a small business incubation programme in order to enhance its sustainability. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Management)

Thesis focus on funding possibilities of social enterprises in Czech Republic, different ways of funding from various sources and the ability of enterprises to reach these resources. Work has theoretical and empirical character. The theoretical part comes with overview of the history of social enterprises in Europe and in the Czech Republic, their development and legislative framework. Part of the work is devoted to theories of civic sector organizations, on the basis of which I am trying to point out the factors that might have an impact on financing social enterprises. Social enterprises tend to have other sources of funding than those that are available for commercial business. In connection with these sources, the common term to describe it, is multi-source or hybrid financing. Empirical part is preceded by an analysis of hybrid financial instruments that are available in the Czech Republic and which are designed specifically for social enterprises. Empirical part is composed of analysis of financial reports from selected social enterprises and demonstrates the true structure of financial resources for the studied period. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The aim of the final thesis was the analysis of a social enterprise according to the TESSEA approach. The case study was conducted using both the document analysis and interviews. The document analysis showed which criteria (according to the TESSEA approach) were fulfilled by the chosen organization and which were not. Furthermore, there were analysed the mechanisms causing that the certain criteria were not fulfilled. These data were obtained through the interviews with the representatives of the organization. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the subject of the research fulfilled the criteria of the TESSEA approach. There were introduced the factors explaining why the criteria were not fulfilled. According to the representatives of the chosen organization among these main factors belonged the lack of financial and time resources, the lack of know-how, the legislative boundaries or the modeling the organization after commercial enterprises.

[ES] El emprendimiento social, entendido como aquella iniciativa, organización o proyecto con una misión exclusivamente social, nace como respuesta a determinadas necesidades de una colectividad que no han sido debidamente atendidas por el Estado. Estas entidades poseen un gran potencial para contribuir al desarrollo humano y sostenible de las localidades y regiones, puesto que todos sus esfuerzos van orientados a propiciar el bienestar de diversos grupos poblacionales en aspectos como la educación, la salud, el empleo, el medio ambiente y la inclusión, entre otros. La creación y maximización del valor social representa el más alto objetivo de cualquier emprendimiento social y, a diferencia de la empresa convencional, la generación de beneficios económicos es considerada como un medio y no como un fin per se. Para lograr el deseado impacto social, los citados emprendimientos deben trabajar por superar la barrera del acceso al capital y, además, por mejorar sus procesos de gestión organizacional que, generalmente, evidencian debilidades como la falta de focalización estratégica; los inadecuados métodos de planificación y control; y las escasas herramientas para el monitoreo y valoración del impacto. Ante estos desafíos, se considera necesario proponer a los emprendedores, líderes y gestores, nuevas metodologías e instrumentos que permitan la creación y fortalecimiento de las capacidades organizacionales para la generación de valor en los grupos de interés. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta tesis doctoral se centró en el diseño de un modelo de gestión que pudiera guiar y soportar la tarea de planificación, seguimiento y evaluación del impacto social de los emprendimientos que trabajan en pro de la inclusión socio-laboral. Este trabajo empírico se desarrolló por medio de tres etapas. En la primera, se construyó un esquema inicial base del modelo, el cual incluyó un conjunto de elementos estratégicos mínimos que deberían ser considerados por las organizaciones sociales para asegurar la creación de valor en los públicos atendidos y demás grupo de interés. Dentro de esta fase, se tomó como principal referente un reconocido enfoque de planificación y control organizacional (el mapa estratégico) y, adicionalmente, se extrajeron aportaciones de diversos estándares de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), teorías de desarrollo y lineamientos estratégicos de dos organizaciones valencianas que trabajan en el campo de la inclusión laboral. En la segunda etapa, por medio de un estudio de caso, se exploró en dos emprendimientos de inclusión socio-laboral sobre las estrategias, metodologías y prácticas que estos utilizan para cumplir con su respectiva misión social. Asimismo, se pretendió determinar, como dichas estrategias, respondían a las principales demandas y expectativas de valor de los más relevantes grupos de interés. Finalmente, en la etapa tres, se consolidó la propuesta del modelo con base a los resultados obtenidos en las fases previas. Como resultado principal de este estudio, se destaca entonces la propuesta de un modelo de gestión basado en un mapa estratégico, el cual sugiere un conjunto de 29 buenas prácticas potencialmente aplicables a cualquier organización de inclusión socio-laboral. Este esquema pretende ser una guía, flexible y adaptable, para los gestores de los emprendimientos, a fin de que estos puedan fortalecer su capacidad para la toma de decisiones orientadas a maximizar el valor social y, por tanto, a incrementar su aporte al desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades atendidas. / [CA] L'emprenedoria social, entesa com aquella iniciativa, organització o projecte amb una missió exclusivament social, naix com a resposta a determinades necessitats d'una col·lectivitat que no han sigut degudament ateses per l'Estat. Aquestes entitats posseeixen un gran potencial per a contribuir al desenvolupament humà i sostenible de les localitats i regions, ja que tots els seus esforços van orientats a propiciar el benestar de diversos grups poblacionals en aspectes com l'educació, la salut, l'ocupació, el medi ambient i la inclusió, entre altres. La creació i maximització del valor social representa el més alt objectiu de qualsevol emprenedoria social i, a diferència de l'empresa convencional, la generació de beneficis econòmics és considerada com a mitjà i no com un fi per se. Per a aconseguir el desitjat impacte social, les citades emprenedories han de treballar per superar la barrera de l'accés al capital i, a més, per millorar els seus processos de gestió organitzacional que, generalment, evidencien febleses com la falta de focalització estratègica; els inadequats mètodes de planificació i control; i les escasses eines per al monitoratge i valoració de l'impacte. Davant aquests desafiaments, es considera necessari proposar als emprenedors, líders i gestors, noves metodologies i instruments que permeten la creació i enfortiment de les capacitats organitzacionals per a la generació de valor en els grups d'interés. Per tant, l'objectiu d'aquesta aquesta tesi doctoral es va centrar en el disseny d'un model de gestió que poguera guiar i suportar la tasca de planificació, seguiment i avaluació de l'impacte social de les emprenedories que treballen en pro de la inclusió soci-laboral. Aquest treball empíric es va desenvolupar per mitjà de tres etapes. En la primera, es va construir un esquema inicial base del model, el qual va incloure un conjunt d'elements estratègics mínims que haurien de ser considerats per les organitzacions socials per a assegurar la creació de valor en els públics atesos i altre grup d'interés. Dins d'aquesta fase, es va prendre com a principal referent un reconegut enfocament de planificació i control organitzacional (el mapa estratègic) i, addicionalment, es van extraure aportacions de diversos estàndards de Responsabilitat Social Empresarial (RSE), teories de desenvolupament i lineaments estratègics de dues organitzacions valencianes que treballen en el camp de la inclusió laboral. En la segona etapa, per mitjà d'un estudi de cas, es va explorar en dues emprenedories d'inclusió soci-laboral sobre les estratègies, metodologies i pràctiques que aquests utilitzen per a complir amb la seua respectiva missió social. Així mateix, es va pretendre determinar com aquestes estratègies responien a les principals demandes i expectatives de valor dels més rellevants grups d'interés. Finalment, en l'etapa tres, es va consolidar la proposta del model amb base als resultats obtinguts en les fases prèvies. Com a resultat principal d'aquest estudi, es destaca llavors la proposta d'un model de gestió basat en un mapa estratègic, el qual suggereix un conjunt de 29 bones pràctiques potencialment aplicables a qualsevol organització d'inclusió soci-laboral. Aquest esquema pretén ser una guia, flexible i adaptable, per als gestors de les emprenedories, a fi que aquests puguen enfortir la seua capacitat per a la presa de decisions orientades a maximitzar el valor social i, per tant, a incrementar la seua aportació al desenvolupament sostenible de les comunitats ateses. / [EN] Social entrepreneurship, understood as an initiative, organization or project with an exclusively social mission, arises as a response to certain needs of a community that have not been duly attended by the State. These entities have great potential to contribute to the human and sustainable development of localities and regions, since all their efforts are aimed at promoting well-being of various population groups in aspects such as education, health, employment, environment and inclusion, among others. Creation and maximization of social value represents the highest objective of any social enterprise and, unlike conventional companies, economic benefits are considered a mean and not an end per se. In order to achieve the desired social impact, the aforementioned undertakings must work to overcome barriers of access to capital and, in addition, to improve their organizational management processes that, generally, show weaknesses such as lack of strategic focus; inadequate planning and control methods; and few tools for impact monitoring and assessment. Faced with these challenges, it is considered necessary to propose to entrepreneurs, leaders and managers, new methodologies and instruments that allow to build and strengthen organizational capacities in order to create value in the stakeholders. Therefore, the objective of this doctoral thesis was focused on the design of a management model that could guide and support the tasks of planning, monitoring and evaluating social impact of enterprises that work towards social and labor inclusion. This empirical work was developed in three stages. First, an initial base scheme of the model was built, which included a set of minimum strategic elements that should be considered by social organizations to ensure the creation of value for the public serviced and other stakeholders. Within this phase, a recognized organizational planning and control approach (the strategic map) was taken as the main reference and, additionally, contributions were extracted from various Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) standards, development theories and strategic guidelines of two Valencian organizations who work in the field of labor inclusion. In the second stage, through a case study in two social-labor inclusion enterprises, strategies, methodologies and practices used to fulfill their respective social mission were explored. Likewise, it was intended to determine how these strategies responded to the main demands and value expectations of the most relevant stakeholders. Finally, in stage three, the model proposal was consolidated based on the results obtained in the previous phases. As the main result of this study, the proposal of a management model based on a strategic map is highlighted, which suggests a set of 29 good practices potentially applicable to any social-labor inclusion organization. This scheme is intended to be a flexible and adaptable guide for enterprises managers, in order to strengthen their decision-making capacity aimed at maximizing the social value and, therefore, to increase their contribution to sustainable development of the communities serviced. / Murillo Pérez, LM. (2022). El emprendimiento social como motor de desarrollo sostenible: propuesta de un modelo para fortalecer la gestión del impacto social en los grupos de interés [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182264

This explorative study originated from the researcher’s personal encounters with “disappointment, regret and purposelessness” in retirement. The aim of this research study is thus exploring what the opposite of these negative sentiments, namely “successful” aging or "successful" adaptation to retirement could constitute and, most importantly, the role of FLOW therein. Initial indications are that FLOW could play a key role in “successful” retirement. Another focus has been to explore whether and how retirees with post-matric qualifications or training could redeploy their accumulated expertise in the post-retirement years. Various models of social entrepreneurship, ranging from voluntary work to paid work, were found to enhance successful adaptation to retirement, addressing society’s needs at the same time. In this qualitative research study, I have followed a case study approach, interviewing nine participants, whose results were analysed individually and then integrated in a comparative fashion to answer the research questions. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

This explorative study originated from the researcher’s personal encounters with “disappointment, regret and purposelessness” in retirement. The aim of this research study is thus exploring what the opposite of these negative sentiments, namely “successful” aging or "successful" adaptation to retirement could constitute and, most importantly, the role of FLOW therein. Initial indications are that FLOW could play a key role in “successful” retirement. Another focus has been to explore whether and how retirees with post-matric qualifications or training could redeploy their accumulated expertise in the post-retirement years. Various models of social entrepreneurship, ranging from voluntary work to paid work, were found to enhance successful adaptation to retirement, addressing society’s needs at the same time. In this qualitative research study, I have followed a case study approach, interviewing nine participants, whose results were analysed individually and then integrated in a comparative fashion to answer the research questions. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)