Enquanto muitos estudos são feitos para a análise e classificação de pinturas e outros ramos das Artes, este estudo não se detém somente a classificação. Estende-se aqui um método de análise já aplicado a Música e Filosofia (1), representando a evolução da Pintura como uma série temporal onde relações como oposição, inovação e dialética são medidas quantitativamente. Para isso, um corpus de pinturas de 12 artistas reconhecidos do período Barroco e de movimentos da Arte Moderna foram analisadas. Um conjunto de 99 atributos foi extraído e os atributos que mais contribuíram para a classificação das pinturas foram selecionados. O espaço de projeção obtido a partir desses atributos criou a base para a análise de medidas. Essas medidas quantitativas revelaram observações sobre a evolução dos estilos artísticos, especialmente quando comparados com outras áreas do conhecimento humano já analisados. A Música parece ter evoluído com a influência de uma tradição mestre-aprendiz (i.e. por apresentar alta dialética entre os músicos estudados). A Filosofia apresenta valores altos de oposição entre os representantes escolhidos (1), sugerindo que sua evolução apresenta constante oposição de ideias. Já na Pintura nota-se um outro padrão: aumento constante da inovação, baixa oposição entre membros do mesmo período artístico e picos de oposição no momento de transição entre estes períodos. Uma diferença entre os movimentos Barroco e movimentos da Arte Moderna foi também percebido no espaço projetado: enquanto as pinturas barrocas aparecem formando um agrupamento sobreposto, as pinturas modernas apresentam quase nenhuma sobreposição e estão dispostas espalhadas ao longo da projeção, mais que as barrocas. Essa observação encontra base na história da Arte onde os pintores barrocos compartilham características estéticas de suas pinturas, enquanto os modernos tendem a desenvolver seus próprios estilos e, por conseguinte, suas próprias estéticas. / While many studies were performed for the analysis and classification of paintings and other art venues, this study does not stop in the classification step. It extends an analysis method already applied to music and philosophy, representing the evolution of painting as a time-series where relations like opposition, skewness and dialectics were measured quantitatively. For that, a corpus of paintings of 12 well-known artists from Baroque and Modern art was analyzed. A set of 99 features was extracted and the features which most contributed to the classification of painters were selected. The projection space obtained from the features provided the basis to the analysis of measurements. This quantitative measures underlie revealing observations about the evolution of art styles, even when compared with other humanity fields already analyzed. (1) While music seems to evolve guided by a master-apprentice tradition (i.e. presenting high dialectics between composers) and philosophy by opposition, painting presents another pattern: constant increasing skewness, low opposition between members of the same movement and opposition peaks in the transition between movements. A difference between Baroque and Modern movements are also observed in the projected space: while Baroque paintings are presented as an overlapped cluster, the Modern paintings present minor overlapping and are disposed more scattered in the projection than baroques. This finds basis in arts history where Baroque painters share aesthetic characteristics while Modern painters tend to develop their own style and aesthetics.

Cette thèse porte sur la dynamique de particules dans des écoulements turbulents, en particulier sur l'apparition de structures. Deux situations physiques sont étudiées. D'une part, dans le cas du mouvement de traceurs, c'est-à-dire de particules fluides de même composition que le flot, transportés par un champ de vitesse turbulent bidimensionnel, un triplet de particules (un triangle) tend à se déformer en une structure très allongée sous l'action de l'écoulement. D'autre part, pour des particules inertielles de densité grande devant celle du fluide et soumises à une force de traînée, des distributions spatiales fortement inhomogènes peuvent apparaître, conduisant à la formation d' attracteurs étranges. L'approche suivie dans cette thèse consiste à modéliser l'action de l'écoulement turbulent en utilisant des outils de dynamique stochastique (équations de Langevin), qui permettent d'obtenir une description effective des comportements observés. Dans le cas des particules inertielles, les attracteurs sont caractérisés par une dimension fractale. L’ajout d’un bruit dans les équations du mouvement a permis d'étendre cette notion à des valeurs de dimension négatives, intrinsèques à la dynamique en l'absence de bruit. Cette thèse établit qu'il est possible de formuler les deux problèmes physiques étudiés en termes de processus stochastiques très généraux, dont le prototype est celui décrivant la sédimentation de particules en présence de bruit thermique. La détermination des caractéristiques de la solution requiert une nouvelle approche. La solution proposée ici est basée sur la théorie des grandes déviations. / This thesis deals with the dynamics of particles in turbulent flows and the formation of structures. Two physical situations are studied. First, we consider the dynamics of tracers, that is ideal fluid particles, transported by a turbulent velocity field. A triplet of such particles forms a triangle, which tends to be flattened under the action of the incompressible flow. Second, inertial particles of density higher than that of the fluid and subjected to a viscous drag force usually cluster on regions of high concentration, leading to the formation of strange attractors. The approach followed in this thesis consists in modeling the action of the turbulent flow using tools of stochastic dynamics (such as Langevin equations), which allow us to obtain a effective description of these phenomena. For inertial particles, the attractors are characterized by a non-integer fractal dimension. The addition of an external noise in the equations of motion lead to a generalization of this notion to negative values, intrinsic to the dynamics in the absence of noise. This thesis shows that it is possible to formulate the two problems in terms of very general stochastic processes, whose prototype is the one describing the sedimentation of particles in the presence of a thermal noise. The determination of the characteristics of the solution requires a new approach. The solution proposed here is based on the large deviation theory.

In this dissertation, we propose and study methods for information transfer within a swarm of mobile robots that coordinately move, or flock, in a common direction. We define information transfer as the process whereby robots share directional information in order to coordinate their heading direction. We identify two paradigms of information transfer: explicit information transfer and implicit information transfer. <p><p>In explicit information transfer, directional information is transferred via communication. Explicit information transfer requires mobile robots equipped with a a communication device. We propose novel communication strategies for explicit information transfer, and we perform flocking experiments in different situations: with one or two desired directions of motion that can be static or change over time. We perform experiments in simulation and with real robots. Furthermore, we show that the same explicit information transfer strategies can also be applied to another collective behavior: collective transport with obstacle avoidance. <p><p>In implicit information transfer, directional information is transferred without communication. We show that a simple motion control method is sufficient to guarantee cohesive and aligned motion without resorting to communication or elaborate<p>sensing. We analyze the motion control method for its capability to achieve flocking with and without a desired direction of motion, both in simulation and using real robots. Furthermore, to better understand its underlying mechanism, we study this<p>method using tools of statistical physics, showing that the process can be explained in terms of non-linear elasticity and energy-cascading dynamics. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Orientadores: José Antônio Brum, Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T15:40:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_ElohimFonsecados_M.pdf: 2277988 bytes, checksum: 08f2c3b84a391217d575c0f425159fca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho é dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte, uma rede de correlação é construída baseada em um modelo de Ising em diferentes temperaturas, crítica, subcrítica e supercrítica, usando um algorítimo de Metropolis Monte-Carlo com dinâmica de \textit{single-spin-flip}. Este modelo teórico é comparado com uma rede do cérebro construída a partir de correlações das séries temporais do sinal BOLD de fMRI de regiões do cérebro. Medidas de rede, como coeficiente de aglomeração, mínimo caminho médio e distribuição de grau são analisadas. As mesmas medidas de rede são calculadas para a rede obtida pelas correlações das séries temporais dos spins no modelo de Ising. Os resultados da rede cerebral são melhor explicados pelo modelo teórico na temperatura crítica, sugerindo aspectos de criticalidade na dinâmica cerebral. Na segunda parte, é estudada a dinâmica temporal da atividade de um população neural, ou seja, a atividade de células ganglionares da retina gravadas em uma matriz de multi-eletrodos. Vários estudos têm focado em descrever a atividade de redes neurais usando modelos de Ising com desordem, não dando atenção à estrutura dinâmica. Tratando o tempo como uma dimensão extra do sistema, a dinâmica temporal da atividade da população neural é modelada. O princípio de máxima entropia é usado para construir um modelo de Ising com interação entre pares das atividades de diferentes neurônios em tempos diferentes. O ajuste do modelo é feito com uma combinação de amostragem de Monte-Carlo e método do gradiente descendente. O sistema é caracterizado pelos parâmetros aprendidos, questões como balanço detalhado e reversibilidade temporal são analisadas e variáveis termodinâmicas, como o calor específico, podem ser calculadas para estudar aspectos de criticalidade / Abstract: This work is divided in two parts. In the first part, a correlation network is build based on an Ising model at different temperatures, critical, subcritical and supercritical, using a Metropolis Monte-Carlo algorithm with single-spin-flip dynamics. This theoretical model is compared with a brain network built from the correlations of BOLD fMRI temporal series of brain regions activity. Network measures, such as clustering coefficient, average shortest path length and degree distributions are analysed. The same network measures are calculated to the network obtained from the time series correlations of the spins in the Ising model. The results from the brain network are better explained by the theoretical model at the critical temperature, suggesting critical aspects in the brain dynamics. In the second part, the temporal dynamics of the activity of a neuron population, that is, the activity of retinal ganglion cells recorded in a multi-electrode array was studied. Many studies have focused on describing the activity of neural networks using disordered Ising models, with no regard to the dynamic nature. Treating time as an extra dimension of the system, the temporal dynamics of the activity of the neuron population is modeled. The maximum entropy principle approach is used to build an Ising model with pairwise interactions between the activities of different neurons at different times. Model fitting is performed by a combination of Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling with gradient descent methods. The system is characterized by the learned parameters, questions like detailed balance and time reversibility are analysed and thermodynamic variables, such as specific heat, can be calculated to study critical aspects / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 2013/25361-6 / FAPESP

The relatively low oxidation resistance and subsequent surface embrittlement have often limited the use of titanium alloys in elevated temperature structural applications. Although extensive effort is spent to investigate the high temperature oxidation performance of titanium alloys, the studies are often constrained to complex technical titanium alloys and neither the mechanisms associated with evolution of the oxide scale nor the effect of oxygen ingress on the microstructure of the base metal are well-understood. In addition lack of systematic oxidation studies across a wider domain of the alloy composition has complicated the determination of composition-mechanism-property relationships. Clearly, it would be ideal to assess the influence of composition and exposure time on the oxidation resistance, independent of experimental variabilities regarding time, temperature and atmosphere as the potential source of error. Such studies might also provide a series of metrics (e.g., hardness, scale, etc) that could be interpreted together and related to the alloy composition. In this thesis a novel combinatorial approach was adopted whereby a series of compositionally graded specimens, (Ti-xMo, Ti-xCr, Ti-xAl and Ti-xW) were prepared using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) technology and exposed to still-air at 650 °C. A suite of the state-of-the-art characterization techniques were employed to assess several aspects of the oxidation reaction as a function of local average composition including: the operating oxidation mechanisms; the structure and composition of the oxides; the oxide adherence and porosity; the thickness of the oxide layers; the depth of oxygen ingress; and microstructural evolution of the base material just below the surface but within the oxygen-enriched region. The results showed that for the Ti-Mo, Ti-Al and Ti-W systems a parabolic oxidation rate law is obeyed in the studied composition-time domain while Ti-Cr system experiences a rapid breakaway oxidation regime at low solute concentrations. The only titanium oxide phase present in the scale for all the binary systems was identified as rutile (TiO2) and formation of multiphase oxide scales TiO2+Al2O3 in Ti-Al system and TiO2+TiCr2 in Ti-Cr system was observed. A thermodynamic framework has been used to rationalize the oxygen-induced subsurface microstructural transformations including: homogeneous precipitation of nano-scaled β particles and discontinuous precipitation of +β phases in Ti-Mo and Ti-W system, evolution of TiCr2 intermetallic phase in Ti-Cr system and ordering phase transformation in Ti-Al system.

[pt] Na última década temos visto grande interesse na física de motores microscópicos de uma particula. Não só temos visto grandes avanços na descrição teórica de como esses sistemas se comportam como também, graças aos avanços na área de manipulação microscópica, somos capazes de reproduzir esses sistemas experimentalmente. A literatura é vasta quando consideramos máquinas onde uma partícula é sujeita a um potencial harmônico onde podemos controlar sua rigidez e em contato com um banho térmico de temperatura controlável. Motivados por esses resultados fascinantes, decidimos investigar um mecanismo alternativo para o estudo de máquinas. Propomos e investigamos uma configuração onde uma única partícula com potencial interno não linear em contato com um banho térmico de temperatura T que controlamos, em seguida introduzimos um potencial quadrático externo centrado em uma posição L que quebrará a simetria criando uma direção onde a partícula pode flutuar com maior facilidade. Podemos usar essa quebra de simetria para converter calor em trabalho. Começando com uma correção não linear ao potencial interno predominantemente linear, usamos a teoria de perturbação para resolver a equação de Langevin do sistema até a primeira ordem da não linearidade k4 e obtemos o trabalho esperado e o calor absorvido. Então relaxamos a restrição de pequena não linearidade impondo que o período de cada ciclo seja tão grande que, ao menos parcialmente, o sistema possa ser considerado em equilíbrio com o banho térmico. Usando mecânica estatística clássica obtemos resultados para um alcance maior das não linearidades. Uma vez que a componente central de nossas máquinas é a assimetria, extendemos o potencial interno para o mais geral, embora nem sempre analítico V(i)(x) proporcional a (x) elevado à alfa, que chamamos de potencial tipo-alfa. Usando principalmente técnicas numéricas investigamos as propriedades e resultados para diferentes valores de alfa. Por fim estudamos o ciclo de Carnot substituindo os ramos adiabáticos com isentrópicos, investigando o relacionamento entre alfa e as trajetórias isentrópicas. Todos os resultados são comparados com simulações numéricas. / [en] In the recent decade we have seen great interest in the physics of single particle microscopic engines. Not only we have seen advances in the theoretical understanding of how such systems behave but also, thanks to the advanced level of microscopic manipulations, we are capable of reproducing these systems in experimental situations. The literature is quite large when considering machines where a single particle is subjected to a harmonic potential where we can control the stiffness and in contact with a heat bath of controllable temperature. Motivated by these outstanding results, we have decided to investigate an alternative mechanism to studying machines. We propose and investigate a setup where a single particle with an internal nonlinear potential in contact with a heat bath of temperature T that we can control, then we introduce an external quadratic potential centered in a position L which will break the internal symmetry and create a direction where the particle can fluctuate to with greater ease. We can use this symmetry breaking to convert heat into work. Starting with a nonlinear correction to a predominantly linear internal potential, we use perturbation theory to solve the Langevin equation of the system up to the first order o k4 and obtain the expected work and absorbed heat. We then relax the restriction of a small nonlinear by imposing that the cycle periods are so large that, at least to some extent, the system can be considered in equilibrium with the heat bath. Using classical statistical mechanics we obtain results for a wider range of nonlinearities. Since the key component of our machines is the asymmetry, we extend the internal potential to the more general but not always analytical form V(i)(x) proportional to (x) raised to alpha which we label alpha-typepotential. Using primarily numerical techniques investigate its properties and outputs for different values of alpha. Lastly we study the Carnot cycle by replacing the adiabatical branches with isentropic ones, investigating the relationship between alpha and the isentropic trajectories. All results are compared with numerical simulations.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés initialement aux transitions de phase qui ont lieu dans les cristaux liquides (CL), d'un point de vue théorique et numérique. En effet, les résultats présentés ici découlent de simulations numériques Monte Carlo (MC) et de développements analytiques basés sur des modèles de physique statistique et de matière condensée. Une forte analogie existe entre les systèmes de spins et les CL.Par exemples, ces derniers présentent des phases où les molécules sont toutes alignées dans le même sens comparables aux spins dans les matériaux ferromagnétiques. D'autres phases, dites cholesteriques, sont caractérisées par un arrangement moléculaire ressemblant beaucoup aux structures helimagnétiques. Mais les CL étant un état de la matière intermédiaire, situé entre le solide et le liquide, il est nécessaire de tenir compte des mouvements des molécules dans les modèles et d'adapter en conséquence l'algorithme de MC utilisé.Après une courte introduction sur les CL et leurs applications dans le premier chapitre, le second chapitre est longuement dédié aux méthodes MC et à l'adaptation de l'algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings afin d'introduire la mobilité des molécules.Le chapitre III est en quelque sorte un cas test pour simuler les CL. On considère un ensemble de molécules sur réseau et dont le nombre est inférieur au nombre de sites du réseau. L'interaction entre spins de plus proches voisins est de type Potts. L'état de plus basse énergie correspond au cas où tous les spins sont tassés au fond de la cuve.Ce système est d'abord traité par une étude de champ moyen dont les résultats sont confirmés par les simulations. Il apparaît que les couches de surface subissent une fusion et que le cœur du solide restant subit une transition du premier ordre.Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à des structures topologiques particulières que sont les skyrmions et des structures en bandes que l'on peut trouver dans les CL. A l'aide d'interactions Dzyaloszhinski-Moria (DM) D en présence d'une interaction d'échange J dans des films minces, nous étudions dans un premier temps les excitations des ondes de spin, également appelées magnons, qui sont le résultat d'une excitation collective de spins. Grâce aux fonctions de Green, nous calculons le spectre d'ondes de spin permettant ainsi de déterminer les propriétés à T = 0 et à température finie. Dans un deuxième temps, nous appliquons un champ magnétique H orthogonal au film mince faisant apparaître un cristal de skyrmions. En utilisant des simulations MC, nous montrons des vortex pour lesquels chaque centre peut être considéré comme le nœud d'une super-structure. Nous parlons alors de cristal de skyrmions. Selon les valeurs de D/H les simulations peuvent montrer également une structure semblable à celle que l'on trouve dans certains CL.Le chapitre suivant est consacré à l'étude de la dynamique conduisant à la formation des phases nématique et smectique à l'aide d'un modèle mobile de Potts. Nous observons ici les mécanismes qui se produisent pour former un cristal liquide nématique ou smectique lors du refroidissement à partir d'une phase isotrope. Le choix des interactions est crucial pour modéliser ces deux phases.Dans le chapitre VI, nous traitons de l'interaction dipolaire dans les nano dots avec un modèle de spin d'Heisenberg. La première partie du chapitre est consacrée à l'état fondamental présentant un vortex autour du centre du dott. Les spins sont coplanaires au plan du dot sauf à proximité du centre du dot où ils ont une composante z non nulle. Nous étudions ensuite l'effet de la température et la fusion du dot. La température de fusion du dot ne dépend pas de la taille du système, ce qui est très différent de ce qui se passe dans le cas des spins localisés. Ce chapitre n'est pas directement lié aux CL, mais est le premier pas dans la construction d'un modèle plus complet pour décrire le mécanisme conduisant aux phases cholestériques. / In this thesis, we are initially interested in the phase transitions that take place in liquid crystals (LC), from a theoretical and numerical point of view. Indeed, the results presented here are derived from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and analytical developments based on statistical physics and condensed matter models. A strong analogy exists between spin systems and LC. For example, the latter have phases where the molecules are all aligned in the same direction (orientational order) comparable to spins in ferromagnetic materials. Other phases, called cholesteric, are characterized by a molecular arrangement very similar to the helimagnetic structures. But LC being an intermediate state of matter, between the solid and the liquid phase, it is necessary to take into account the motions of the molecules in the models and to adapt accordingly the MC algorithm.After a short and general introduction on LC and their applications in the first chapter, the second chapter is devoted to MC methods and the adaptation of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm in order to introduce the mobility of molecules in our systems.Chapter III is a test case to simulate LC. We consider a set of molecules on a lattice. The number of molecules is smaller than the number of the lattice sites to allow for a molecule mobility between sites. The interaction between nearest neighbouring spins is supposed to be a Potts model. The lowest energy state corresponds to the case where all the spins are packed at the bottom of the tank. This solid ground state becomes a liquid at high temperatures.This system is first treated with a mean-field analysis whose results are confirmed by the MC simulations. It appears that the surface layers undergo a melting and that the core of the remaining solid undergoes a first-order phase transition.The following chapter is devoted to particularly topological structures which are skyrmions and stripe structures. These structures are often observed in LC. We use a Dzyaloshinski-Moria (DM) interaction of strength D in addition to an exchange interaction J to study properties of thin films. In a first part of the chapter, we study the spin-wave excitations, also termed magnons, that are the result of a collective excitation of spins. Using the Green's function, we calculate the spin-wave spectrum which is used next to determine properties at T=0 and at finite temperatures. In the second part of the chapter, we apply a magnetic field H orthogonal to the thin film making appear a crystal of skyrmions. Using MC simulations, we show that skyrmions arranged on a super-structure of a triangular geometry. Depending on the value of D/H, these simulations also show a labyrinth-like structure very close to the filament-shaped structures found in certain LC.The next chapter is devoted to the study of the dynamics leading to the formation of the nematic and smectic phases using a mobile Potts model. We observe here how the nematic and smectic LC are dynamically formed upon cooling from the isotropic phase. The choice of the interactions is crucial to model these two phases.In the chapter VI, we deal with the dipolar interaction in nanodots using the Heisenberg spin model. The first part of the chapter is devoted to the determination of the ground state exhibiting a vortex around the center of the dot. The spins lie in the xy plane at the border of the dot but go out of the xy plane at the dot center to give rise to a non-zero z component. We then study the effect of the temperature and the melting of the dot. The melting temperature of the dot do not depend on the size of the system. This is very different with the case of localised spins where the transition temperature increases with increasing the film thickness. This chapter is not directly related to LC. It was the first step towards a more complicated model describing the mechanism leading to cholesteric LC phases.

In this work, we study the use of a spatial light modulator (SLM) for local manipulation of phase in interfering laser beams to fabricate photonic crystal templates with embedded, engineered defects. A SLM displaying geometric phase patterns was used as a digitally programmable phase mask to fabricate 4-fold and 6-fold symmetric photonic crystal templates. Through pixel-by-pixel phase engineering, digital control of the phases of one or more of the interfering beams was demonstrated, thus allowing change in the interference pattern. The phases of the generated beams were programmed at specific locations, resulting in defect structures in the fabricated photonic lattices such as missing lattice line defects, and single-motif lattice defects in dual-motif lattice background. The diffraction efficiency from the phase pattern was used to locally modify the filling fraction in holographically fabricated structures, resulting in defects with a different fill fraction than the bulk lattice. Through two steps of phase engineering, a spatially variant lattice defect with a 90° bend in a periodic bulk lattice was fabricated. Finally, by reducing the relative phase shift of the defect line and utilizing the different diffraction efficiency between the defect line and the background phase pattern, desired and functional defect lattices can be registered into the background lattice through direct imaging of the designed phase patterns.