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Estudo voltamétrico da adsorção de Cd(II) e Zn(II) na microalga marinha Tetraselmis gracilis / A voltammetric study on the adsorption of Cd(II) e Zn(II) on marine microalgae Tetraselmis gracilisKamila dos Santos Maguerroski 16 June 2014 (has links)
A capacidade de ligação de prótons e metais por células vivas da microalga Tetraselmis gracilis (Kylin) butcher foi estudada por titulação potenciométrica e voltametria de redissolução anódica, respectivamente. Dados da titulação alcalimétrica obtidos com uma suspensão de microalga suspensa em NaCl 0,60 mol L-1 a 25,0 ± 0,1 ºC foram tratados por um modelo de distribuição discreta de sítios baseado na linearização das curvas de titulação por funções de Gran modificadas. A concentração total de sítios ionizáveis foi 3,4 x 10-3 mmol g-1, divididos em quatro classes de grupos com pKa 4,4; 5,2; 7,0 e 9,3, cujas abundâncias relativas foram 13, 5,8, 8,2 e 73%, respectivamente. Ligação de Cd(II) e Zn(II) foi estudada em água do mar (pH 8,2) por adições de soluções dos cátion metálicos em soluções simples ou misturas binárias. O cálculo das concentrações dos metais a partir dos dados voltamétricos considerou o agregado célula-metal tendo difusão muito menor do que a do íon livre. Capacidades de adsorção e o logaritmo das constantes de equilíbrio condicionais foram 7,9 ± 0,9 µmol g-1 e 6,9 ± 0,3 L g-1 para Cd(II) e 18,1 ± 0,4 µmol g-1 e 8,8 ± 0,2 L g-1 para Zn(II). Nas titulações com misturas binárias as capacidades de adsorção foram 0,129 ± 0 ,008 e 18,1 ± 0,4 µmol g-1 de Cd(II) e Zn(II), respectivamente, sugerindo que a ligação de Zn(II) inibe a de Cd(II). Entretanto, mesmo na presença de Zn(II) a superfície de alga possui sítios minoritários que se ligam a Cd(II) (log Kads = 7,7 ± 0,2), o que pode causar a bioacumulação desse íon metálico tóxico. / Proton and metal binding capacities of living cells of the microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis (Kylin) butcher were determined by potentiometric titration and anodic stripping voltammetry, respectively. Data of alkalimetric titration of the microalgae suspension obtained in 0.60 mol L-1 NaCl at 25.0 ± 0.1ºC was treated by a discrete site distribution model based on the linearization of the titration curve by modified Gran functions. A total of 3.4 x 10-3 mmol g-1 ionizable sites were determined, divided in four classes of groups with pKa 4.4, 5.2, 7.0 and 9.3, whose relative abundances were 13, 5.8, 8.2 and 73%, respectively. Binding of Cd(II) and Zn(II) was studied in seawater (pH 8.2) by additions of either single metallic species or binary mixtures. Computation of free metal concentrations from the voltammetric data considered the cell-metal aggregates with diffusion coefficient significantly lower than that of free metal ions. Adsorption capacities and the logarithm of the conditional equilibrium constants were 7.9 ± 0.9 µmol g-1 and 6.9 ± 0.3 L g-1 for Cd(II) and 18.1 ± 0.4 µmol g-1 and 8.8 ± 0.2 L g-1 for Zn(II). For titrations with binary mixtures of Cd(II) and Zn(II ) the adsorption capacity of Cd(II) were 0.129 ± 0.008 µmol g-1 and 18.1 ± 0.4 µmol g-1, respectively. The results suggest that binding of Zn(II) inhibits that of Cd(II). However, even in the presence of Zn(II), the alga surface has some minor sites that can bind Cd(II) (log Kads = 7.7 ± 0.2), a process that can lead to bioaccumulation of this toxic metal ion.
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Determinação de manganês em amostras de cimento e clínquer por voltametria de redissolução catódica empregando eletrodos de ouro / Manganese determination in cement and clinker samples by cathodic stripping voltammetry using gold electrodesJhonny Frank Sousa Joca 22 June 2011 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um método alternativo para determinação de manganês em amostras de cimento e clínquer por voltametria de redissolução catódica por onda quadrada empregando eletrodos de ouro. Após estudos exploratórios acerca do comportamento eletroquímico do manganês no eletrólito suporte H3BO3 0,20 mol L-1 / KCl 0,10 mol L-1 com pH 6,5 e a otimização dos parâmetros operacionais para a voltametria de onda quadrada, foram obtidos excelentes resultados na determinação de manganês nas amostras analisadas. Destacam-se a ótima linearidade, verificada em duas faixas distintas de concentração, e os baixos limites de detecção e quantificação obtidos (3,1 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 9,8 x 10-8 mol L-1, respectivamente), além da concordância entre os resultados obtidos pela técnica eletroanalítica quando comparados aos resultados fornecidos pela espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama (FAAS). Para o tratamento das amostras foi avaliada a eficiência da extração ácida assistida por ultrassom. Foram avaliados ácidos minerais individualmente (HCl, H2SO4 e HClO4 em diferentes concentrações), em mistura ou ainda associados a H2O2. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando uma solução de HCl 3 mol L-1, que extraiu quantitativamente o manganês nas amostras analisadas. Os resultados obtidos foram concordantes com a metodologia padrão utilizada para a abertura da amostra e posterior análise por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama, que emprega o aquecimento em chapa e a mesma solução extratora. / This work describes the development and application of a new alternative method for determination of manganese in cement and clinker samples by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry using gold electrodes. After exploratory studies on the electrochemical behavior of manganese in H3BO3 0.20 mol L-1 / KCl 0.10 mol L-1 supporting electrolyte at pH 6.5 and the optimization of operating parameters for the square wave voltammetry, excellent results were obtained for determination of manganese in the samples analyzed. Most notable are the excellent linearity, verified in two distinct concentration bands and the low limits of detection and quantification obtained (3,1 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 9,8 x 10-8 mol L-1, respectively), in addiction to the concordance between the obtained results by the electroanalytical technique when compared to the provided by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. For samples treatment were tested the efficiency of the ultrasound-assisted extraction. Were evaluated individually mineral acids (HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 at different concentrations) in a mixture or associated with H2O2. the best results were obtained using a 3 mol L-1 HCl solution, which extracted manganese quantitatively from the analysed samples, in comparison to the standard method for extraction, targeting a later atomic absorption flame spectrometry analysis, which uses the plate heating and the same extracting solution. The obtained results for the analysed samples agrees with the cement and clinker samples of the used literature
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Estudos eletroquímicos da interação de íons metálicos com os pesticidas Thiram e Picloram / Electrochemistry studies of the interaction of metallic ions with pesticides Thiram e PicloramEliana Maíra Agostini Valle 31 July 2009 (has links)
Nos dias de hoje um grande número de pesticidas é utilizado em colheitas, agricultura, transporte de sementes, entre outros. Esses pesticidas são moléculas orgânicas que apresentam em sua estrutura grupos funcionais capazes de formar ligações com íons metálicos, que de forma natural ou por intervenção humana, são encontradas no solo. Estas espécies entram em contato no meio ambiente, e assim, interagem formando ligações, dando forma aos chamados compostos de coordenação, ou complexos. A formação destes complexos pode alterar significativamente as propriedades dos pesticidas e dos íons metálicos, podendo acentuar seu caráter tóxico, sua persistência e degradação. Neste trabalho foram escolhidos dois pesticidas que são bons exemplos deste tipo de molécula. O fungicida Thiram, que apresenta em sua estrutura átomos de enxofre, e assim interage com uma gama de íons metálicos; e o herbicida picloram, que é um derivado piridínico, o qual apresenta um átomo de nitrogênio com pares de elétrons livres e capazes de formar ligações, e um grupamento ácido na posição dois do anel também capaz de interagir com íons metálicos. Com o intuito de se entender melhor como ocorre estas interações, realizou-se este trabalho onde observou-se a complexação dos pesticidas thiram e picloram com quatro íons metálicos previamente selecionados, zinco, cobre, cádmio e chumbo. Dessa forma, deu-se início a um estudo de complexação utilizando o método de Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica em modo de Pulso Diferencial, a fim de se avaliar a ocorrência desta complexação. Para isso, contamos com duas ferramentas muito utilizadas para a avaliação da capacidade complexante de amostras, os métodos de linearização de Scatchard e Langmuir. Com a técnica utilizada foram levantadas curvas de titulação de amostras contento os pesticidas, e a partir dos dados obtidos aplicou-se os cálculos de Langmuir e Scatchard para se obter dois parâmetros importantes, a constante de estabilidade condicional do complexo formado, K\', e a concentração de ligante que participa da reação de complexação em solução, [L]T. Os dados obtidos com ambos pesticidas foram satisfatórios, indicando a ocorrência de complexos. Porém, observou-se que essa interação é maior entre o fungicida thiram e os respectivos metais do que com o herbicida picloram. As constantes de estabilidade condicional para o fungicida thiram se encontram com Log de K\' entre 6 e 7, enquanto as mesmas para os complexos formados entre o herbicida picloram e os íons metálicos se encontram entre 5 e 6. Para se confirmar as medidas de voltametria de redissolução anódica, foram realizadas medidas de espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta visível, bem como medidas de voltametria cíclica e de pulso diferencial. / Nowadays, numerous pesticides are used in crops, agriculture, transport of seeds, among others. These pesticides are organic molecules that present functional groups in their structure which are capable of forming connections with metallic ions, which, whether naturally or by human intervention, are found in the soil. These species enter in contact in the environment, and thus, they interact forming connections, giving form to the so called compound of coordination, or complex. The formation of these complexes can alter significantly the properties of both the pesticides and the metallic ions, being able to enhance toxic character, persistence and degradation. In this work, two pesticides were chosen for being good examples of this type of molecule. The fungicide Thiram, which presents atoms of sulfur in its structure, and thus interact with a range of metallic ions; and the herbicide picloram, a derived pyridinic, which presents a nitrogen atom with pairs of free electrons and capable of forming binding, and an acid group in the position two of the ring, also capable of interacting with metallic ions. In order to better understand how these interactions occur, this work focused where the complexation of pesticides thiram and picloram was observed with four metallic ions previously selected, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead. Hence, a study of complexation was started using the method of Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, in order to evaluate the occurrence of the complexation. For that, we counted on two tools very frequently used for the viii evaluation of the metal-binding capacity of samples, namely, the linearization methods of Scatchard and Langmuir. Titration curves of the samples containing the pesticide were obtained using the technique, and starting from the data, the calculations of Langmuir and Scatchard were applied in order to obtain two important parameters, stability conditional constant of the formed compound, K\', as well as the ligand concentration that participates in the reaction complexation in solution, [L]T. The data obtained with both pesticides were satisfactory, indicating the occurrence of complexes. However, it was observed that the interaction is larger between the fungicide thiram and the respective metals than with the herbicide picloram. The constants of conditional stability for the fungicide thiram are with LogK\' between 6 and 7, while the same ones for the compounds formed between the herbicide picloram and the metallic íons are between 5 and 6. To confirm the measures of anodic stripping voltammetry, spectroscopy measures were carried out in the area of the visible ultraviolet, as well as measures of cyclic voltammetry and of differential pulse.
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Elektrochemická analýza RNA: Vývoj metódy vhodnej pre charakterizáciu produktov neenzymatickej polymerácie cyklických nukleosid monofosfátov za podmienok modelujúcich prebiotické prostredie / Electrochemical analysis of RNA: development of a method suitable for the characterization of products of non-enzymatic polymerization of cyclic nucleoside monophosphates under conditions modeling prHesko, Ondrej January 2019 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the optimazation of the electrochemical method, which characterizes products of untemplated nonenzymatic polymerization of 3',5' -cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) under conditions modeling prebiotic environment. An adsorptive transfer stripping techniques on carbon electrode and gel electrophoresis were used. The method was optimized on the model system of oligonucleotides located in solution of cGMP on carbon electrode, where DNA and RNA adsorb. This technique allows simple removing of interfering substances such as cGMP, which are not present in the original sample, but they do not adsorb on the surface of electrode or they adsorb weaker than oligonucleotides or polynucleotides. Analyses are based on the selective desorption of cGMP from the surface of the carbon electrode by the chemical and physical methods before the measurement of linear voltammetry itself. Detergents, such as SDS, Tween 20 and Triton x-100 with different concentrations and electrostatic repulsions of cGMP with different negative potentials on the carbon electrode were used for the selective desorption of cGMP. The selective desorption of cGMP was observed for all detergents and inserted negative potentials. Used methods were compared and the most effective detergent for selective desorption of cGMP was SDS. Desorption of oligonucleotides was minimalized by inserted positive potential on washed carbon electrode in 0,01% SDS in basic medium. This optimized method was used on electrochemical analysis of preliminary samples of untemplated nonenzymatic polymerization of 3',5' -cGMP and compared to the analysis of gel electrophoresis.
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New Avenues in Electrochemical Systems and AnalysisRusinek, Cory A. 15 June 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Third Generation Point-of-Care Device for Quantification of Zinc in Blood SerumZerhusen, Benjamin January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Development of Electrochemical Sensors for Biodegradable Metallic Implants and Development of a Label-free Biosensor for BacteriaGuo, Xuefei 16 October 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Copper-based Point-of-care Sensor for Heavy Metal Determination in Public HealthPei, Xing 19 October 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Point-of-care Sensors for Determination of Manganese in Clinical ApplicationsKang, Wenjing 13 September 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Investigation of heavy metal determination using electroanalytical stripping analysis / Sunkiųjų metalų inversinio elektroanalizinio nustatymo tyrimaiVerbickas, Rolandas 23 January 2014 (has links)
In this work the gallium and bismuth film plating in situ and ex situ processes were investigated. The metal film plating conditions for determination of heavy metals in water samples were optimized.
When depositing Bi films on glassy carbon electrode it was found, that the addition of Br-1 changes the BiFE morphology making it more uniform and forming crystalline aggregates. The reoxidation peak of Bi was shifted to more negative potentials showing the electrocatalytic effect of bromide for the bismuth film. The addition of the other metal ions to the deposition solutions caused changes in the morphology of the Bi film It has been shown, that Cd was slowing the Bi film deposition and Pb was catalyzing this deposition. Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions were determined in the water samples using bismuth film electrode. The linear calibration curve of each metal was obtained. Good linear responses of the peak area vs. concentration were obtained for Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu (II) with correlation coefficients of 0.997, 0.997, 0.999 and 0.998 respectively.
The possibilities of gallium film plating were studied. The glassy carbon substrate was chosen for optimization. The optimized deposition conditions were: supporting electrolyte 0.1 M acetate buffer, deposition potential -1.7 V, deposition time 120 s, deposition temperature 40oC. The gallium influence on Pb(II) and Cd(II) deposition at the glassy carbon electrode was studied. It has been shown that Pb(II) and Cd(II)... [to full text] / Šiame darbe tiriama galio ir bismuto plėvelinių elektrodų formavimo in situ ir ex situ metodais ypatumai skirtingose sistemose. Optimizuotos bismuto ir galio plėvelinių elektrodų panaudojimo sąlygos sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos nustatymui.
Atliekant bismuto plėvelės nusodinimą ant stikliškosios anglies elektrodo nustatyta, kad papildomas Br- pridėjimas į tiriamąjį tirpalą keičia bismuto plėvelės morfologines savybes ir formuojasi tolygesnė bismuto plėvelė sudarydama kristalines struktūras. Reoksidacinė bismuto smailė pasislenka į neigiamesnių potencialo verčių pusę, kas rodo elektrokatalizinį Br- efektą bismuto plėvelės formavimuisi. Nustatyta, kad Cd(II) pridėjimas į tiriamąjį tirpalą lemia lėtesnį bismuto plėvelės nusodinimą, o Pb(II) pridėjimas katalizuoja bismuto plėvelės nusodinimą. Taip pat nustatyta, kad Pb(II) katalizuoja ir kitų metalų jonų nusodinimą. Bismuto plėvelinis elektrodas sėkmingai pritaikytas sunkiųjų metalų Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) koncentracijos nustatymui pramoniniuose vandens mėginiuose. Gautos Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) ir Pb(II) kalibravimo kreivės, kurių korealiacijos koeficientai atitinkamai yra 0,997, 0,997, 0,999 ir 0,998.
Optimizuotos galio plėvelės nusodinimo sąlygos ant stikliškosios anglies elektrodo. Geriausi rezultatai gauti atliekant galio plėvelės nusodinimą 0,1 M acetatiniame buferyje (pH = 4,5) 40o C temperatūroje. Optimizuotas nusodinimo laikas ir potencialas atitinkamai yra 120 s ir -1,7 V. Tiriant galio jonų įtaką Pb(II) ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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