Os setores sul e norte do complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape, sujeitos a diferentes pressões antrópicas, foram estudados quanto às características hidrológicas e hidroquímicas das águas de superfície e fundo, com ênfase às concentrações de zinco, cádmio e chumbo dissolvidos. A amostragem contou com coletas espaciais e temporais, em dois períodos sazonais (outono e primavera) de 2007. Os metais estudados foram: o zinco, devido ação tóxica ou como micronutriente, dependendo de sua concentração, o cádmio e o chumbo, considerados sem função biológica positiva conhecida e com alto grau de toxicidade para a biota. A metodologia utilizada na determinação da concentração dos metais traço foi a voltametria por redissolução anódica. No setor sul, a variação da salinidade foi característica de um sistema estuarino não impactado. Os teores dos metais traço encontrados sofreram variação entre 0,040 e 0,509 ?g L-1 para o zinco, 0,001 e 0,024 ?g L-1 para o cádmio e entre 0, 030 e 0,175 ?g L-1 para o chumbo. No setor norte, a variação salinidade mostrou forte influência de água doce. O zinco sofreu variação entre 0,097 e 0,257 ?g L-1, o cádmio entre 0,004 e 0,024 ?g L-1 e o chumbo 0,033 e 0,259 ?g L-1. Nos dois setores, as concentrações dos metais traço estiveram sempre abaixo dos limites propostos pela legislação ambiental brasileira (CONAMA) e norte-americana (EPAUSA). O presente estudo mostrou um maior do impacto antrópico na região norte, com potencial de exportação para o setor sul e plataforma. As maiores concentrações dos metais traço estudados ocorreram nas águas de fundo, mais próximas à interface com o sedimento. O setor sul, sujeito a uma variação da salinidade mais definida, mostrou maior potencial para a remobilização dos metais traço para a coluna de água com o movimento de maré. O estudo dos ciclos biogeoquímicos dos metais traço deve ser incentivado no monitoramento ambiental da região. / The south and north regions of Cananeia-Iguape estuarine-lagoon system submitted to different anthropic pressures were studied to evaluate their hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics mainly considering the concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium and lead. The sampling included spatial and temporal samples obtained in two seasons (autumn and spring) of 2007. The metals studied were zinc as a toxic agent and micronutrient depending on the concentration and cadmium and lead with no biological positive relevance and high toxicity to the biota. The methodology used in the trace metals determination was anodic stripping voltammetry. In the south portion the salinity variation was characteristic of non-impacted estuaries. The zinc concentrations ranged from 0,040 to 0,509 ?g L-1. The cadmium ranged from 0,001 to 0,024 ?g L-1. The lead content ranged from 0,030 to 0,175 ?g L-1. In the north portion, the salinity variation showed high influence of fresh water. The zinc concentrations ranged from 0,097 to 0,257 ?g L-1. The cadmium concentrations ranged from 0,004 to 0,024 ?g L-1. The lead values ranged from 0,033 to 0,259 ?g L-1. The concentration of trace metals on both portions were below the limits proposed by the Brazilian environmental law (CONAMA) and North American (EPAUSA) legislation. The present study revealed higher anthropic impact in the north region with exporting potential to the south and to the continental shelf. Higher trace metals concentrations were observed in the bottom waters near to the sediment interface. The south region, submitted to most defined tide movements, showed an important potential for trace metals remobilization to the water column. The trace metals biogeochemistry cycles study should be enhanced for better environmental monitoring.

Esta dissertação descreve o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de determinação de Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) e Zn(II) em amostras ambientais por voltametria de redissolução anódica (ASV) automatizada com sistema de Análise por Injeção Sequencial (SIA). Sensores impressos com o eletrodo de trabalho de filme fino de mercúrio foram utilizados em uma cela de fluxo. As determinações foram feitas por adição de padrão, com o sistema SIA fazendo a diluição em linha da solução padrão de referência e formando na bobina coletora e auxiliar um segmento contendo as zonas de amostra, solução padrão e solução de diluição. A concentração do padrão preparada nesse segmento gerou um sinal de corrente indistinguível do sinal gerado por uma solução padrão de mesma concentração preparada em batelada em balão volumétrico. Os limites de quantificação e detecção foram da ordem de µg L-1, comparáveis à de técnicas de espectrometria atômica com detecção óptica, cujos custos instrumentais e de manutenção são significativamente maiores. Com o sistema proposto os limites de quantificação e detecção podem ser aumentados ou diminuídos pela simples alteração dos parâmetros como vazão e número de reversões de fluxo, bem como o tempo de deposição no potenciostato. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram, respectivamente, de 1,3 e 4,3 µg L-1 para o Cu(II), 1,4 e 4,6 µg L-1 para o Pb(II), 0,6 e 1,8 µg L-1 para o Cd(II) e 4,2 e 14 µg L-1 para o Zn(II). Esses limites de detecção e quantificação foram obtidos quando o método funcionou com volume de amostra de 1000 µL, vazão de 10 µL s-1 (durante a etapa de deposição), e utilizando 3 reversões de fluxo (volume de reversão = 950 µL), totalizando um tempo de deposição de 315 segundos. O potenciostato, trabalhando sincronicamente com o sistema SIA operou com potencial de condicionamento de -0,1 V vs. pseudo referência de Ag (100 s), potencial de deposição de -1,0 V para Cu(II), Pb(II) e Cd(II) e de -1,3 V para Zn(II) (315 s), frequência de onda quadrada de 100 Hz, incremento de potencial de 6 mV e altura de pulso de 40 mV. Para determinação de Zn(II) foi necessário depositar Ga0 no eletrodo de trabalho e evitar a formação do intermetálico de Zn0 com Cu0. Estudos de interferentes não apontaram desvios significativos em interferentes aniônicos e catiônicos, mas apresentaram desvios significativos na presença de ácidos húmicos e ácidos fúlvicos. A exatidão do método foi avaliada por estudos de adição e recuperação em amostra de água que resultaram taxas de recuperação próximas de 100%. A exatidão também foi avaliada pelas porcentagens de recuperação das concentrações dos metais da amostra certificada de sedimento CRM-701 submetido ao processo de extração sequencial BCR®. As concentrações obtidas foram testadas pelo teste t de Student, mostrando que os desvios dos valores obtidos em relação aos valores certificados não sugerem a existência de diferenças estatísitcamente significativas. / This dissertation describes the development of a methodology for determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in environmental samples by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) automated by Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA). Screen printed thin mercury film sensors were used as working electrode in a flow cell. The determinations were made by standard addition, with the SIA system performing the inline dilution of the reference standard solution and forming a segment inside the holding coil containing zones of sample, standard and dilution solutions. The concentration of the standard prepared in this segment generated a current signal undistinguishable from the signal generated by a standard solution of the same concentration prepared manually in a volumetric flask. The limits of quantification and detection were at the level of µg L-1, comparable to those of atomic spectrometry techniques with optic detection, whose instrumental and maintenance costs are significantly higher. With the proposed system the limits of quantification and detection can be increased or lowered by simple change of parameters such as flow rate and number of flow reversals, as well as the deposition time at the potenciostat. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 1.3 and 4.3 µg L-1 for Cu(II), 1.4 and 4.6 µg L-1 for Pb(II), 0.6 and 1.8 µg L-1 for Cd(II) and 4.2 and 14 µg L-1 for Zn(II). These limits of detection and quantification were obtained for a sample volume of 1000 µL, flow rate of 10 µL s-1 (during the deposition step), and utilizing 3 flow reversals (volume of reversion = 950 µL) totalizing a deposition time of 315 seconds. The potentiostat worked synchronically with the SIA system performing a conditioning potential of -0,1 V vs pseudo reference of Ag (100 s), deposition potential of -1,0 V for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) or -1,3 V for Zn(II) (315 s), square wave frequency of 100 Hz, potential step of 6 mV and pulse height of 40 mV. For determination of Zn(II), deposition of Ga0 on the working electrode was necessary to avoid the formation of intermetallic between Zn0 and Cu0. Studies of interference did not point significant deviation for anionic and ionic potentially interfering substances, but exhibited significant deviations in the presence of humic and fulvic acids. The accuracy of the method was assessed by spike and recovery experiments in a water sample that resulted recovery rates near of 100%. The accuracy was also assessed by percentages of recovery of concentrations of metals in the certified sediment sample CRM-701 undergoing the sequential extraction procedure of BCR®. The concentrations obtained were tested by test t of Student, showing that the deviations of the obtained values don´t suggest the occurrence of statistically significant differences

[pt] No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidas duas metodologias analíticas para a determinação de talidomida, um composto de reconhecida importância farmacológica. As metodologias espectrofluorimétrica e voltamétrica desenvolvidas foram comparadas em termos de desempenho analítico.As características fluorescentes e eletroquímicas da talidomida foram estudadas para que se encontrassem condições experimentais que fornecessem máximo sinal fluorescente do analito em solução na temperatura ambiente e possibilidade de pré-concentração do analito no eletrodo de mercúrio.Nas condições experimentais otimizadas para a talidomida, limites de detecção compreendidos entre 10-6 e 10-9 g L-1 foram obtidos para o método espectrofluorimétrico e voltamétrico, respectivamente. Faixas lineares dinâmicas entre 2 e 4 ordens de grandeza foram alcançadas dependendo do método e do interferente presente na amostra. Esses parâmetros de mérito se mostraram adequados para o problema proposto. O possível efeito interferente de substâncias geralmente usadas em associação com o analito foi estudado, e estratégias para minimização das interferências foram desenvolvidas. Enquanto a tetraciclina não interferiu no método espectrofluorimétrico, o uso combinado de meio ácido e irradiação UV da amostra foi necessária para permitir a quantificação do analito em presença de sulfanilamida. Na voltametria, as interferências da tetraciclina e da sulfanilamida puderam ser compensadas pelo uso da quantificação pelo método de adição do analito. Nas determinações dos fluídos biológicos, o uso da extração em coluna de sílica C18 mostrou-se bastante eficiente na separação do analito dos interferentes da matriz para o método espectrofluorimétrico e para o voltamétrico, no caso do soro sangüíneo. Para a urina, apenas a clarificação da amostra com sulfato de amônio foi suficiente no caso da determinação voltamétrica.Os métodos desenvolvidos foram testados na dosagem de talidomida presente em uma formulação comercial e em amostras de urina e soro sangüíneo enriquecidas com o analito. Para tal, utilizaram-se os procedimentos de curva de calibração (espectrofluorimetria) e método da adição do analito (voltametria). Em todos os casos, as recuperações obtidas estiveram compreendidas na faixa de 96,5 a 107,6 %, dentro da faixa de recuperação estabelecida pela Farmacopéia dos Estados Unidos da América. / [en] In the present work two analytical methodologies were developed aiming the determination of thalidomide, an important pharmacological compound. The developed spectrofluorimetric and the voltammetric based analytical methodologies were compared in terms of analytical performance. The thalidomide fluorescent and the electrochemical characteristics were studied in order to find experimental conditions for maximum fluorescence in solution and at room temperature and to allow analyte pre- concentration on the mercury electrode. Using the optimized experimental conditions, limits of detection between 10-6 to 10-9 g L-1 were achieved respectively for the spectrofluorimetric method and for the voltammetric method. Dynamic linear ranges between 2 and 4 orders of magnitude were obtained depending on the method utilized and the interferent substances present in the sample. Those parameters of merit were suitable for this proposed analytical problem. The potential interference effect from substances usually used in association with thalidomide, were studied and strategies for the minimization of such interferences were developed. While no interference in the spectrofluorimetric method was observed for tetracycline, the combined use of acidic medium and UV irradiation of the samples was necessary to allow the analyte determination in the presence of sulfanilamide. For the voltammetric method, interferences from tetracycline and sulfanilamide could be compensated by quantifying thalidomide using the analyte addition method. For the determination in biological fluids, the use a solid-liquid extraction on a C18 column was found to be very effective for the analyte separation and elimination of matrix interferences for the spectrofluorimetric method and for the voltammetric method developed for blood serum. For urine samples, a clean-up step using ammonium sulfate was found to be sufficient for the voltammetric determination of thalidomide. The developed methodologies were tested by determining the thalidomide content in a commercial pharmaceutical formulation and in analyte spiked biological fluids using calibration curves (spectrofluorimetric) and analyte addition method (voltammetric). In all cases, the recoveries were between the 96,5 and 107,6 %, within the recovery range considered adequate according to the United States Pharmacopoeia.

Os setores sul e norte do complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape, sujeitos a diferentes pressões antrópicas, foram estudados quanto às características hidrológicas e hidroquímicas das águas de superfície e fundo, com ênfase às concentrações de zinco, cádmio e chumbo dissolvidos. A amostragem contou com coletas espaciais e temporais, em dois períodos sazonais (outono e primavera) de 2007. Os metais estudados foram: o zinco, devido ação tóxica ou como micronutriente, dependendo de sua concentração, o cádmio e o chumbo, considerados sem função biológica positiva conhecida e com alto grau de toxicidade para a biota. A metodologia utilizada na determinação da concentração dos metais traço foi a voltametria por redissolução anódica. No setor sul, a variação da salinidade foi característica de um sistema estuarino não impactado. Os teores dos metais traço encontrados sofreram variação entre 0,040 e 0,509 ?g L-1 para o zinco, 0,001 e 0,024 ?g L-1 para o cádmio e entre 0, 030 e 0,175 ?g L-1 para o chumbo. No setor norte, a variação salinidade mostrou forte influência de água doce. O zinco sofreu variação entre 0,097 e 0,257 ?g L-1, o cádmio entre 0,004 e 0,024 ?g L-1 e o chumbo 0,033 e 0,259 ?g L-1. Nos dois setores, as concentrações dos metais traço estiveram sempre abaixo dos limites propostos pela legislação ambiental brasileira (CONAMA) e norte-americana (EPAUSA). O presente estudo mostrou um maior do impacto antrópico na região norte, com potencial de exportação para o setor sul e plataforma. As maiores concentrações dos metais traço estudados ocorreram nas águas de fundo, mais próximas à interface com o sedimento. O setor sul, sujeito a uma variação da salinidade mais definida, mostrou maior potencial para a remobilização dos metais traço para a coluna de água com o movimento de maré. O estudo dos ciclos biogeoquímicos dos metais traço deve ser incentivado no monitoramento ambiental da região. / The south and north regions of Cananeia-Iguape estuarine-lagoon system submitted to different anthropic pressures were studied to evaluate their hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics mainly considering the concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium and lead. The sampling included spatial and temporal samples obtained in two seasons (autumn and spring) of 2007. The metals studied were zinc as a toxic agent and micronutrient depending on the concentration and cadmium and lead with no biological positive relevance and high toxicity to the biota. The methodology used in the trace metals determination was anodic stripping voltammetry. In the south portion the salinity variation was characteristic of non-impacted estuaries. The zinc concentrations ranged from 0,040 to 0,509 ?g L-1. The cadmium ranged from 0,001 to 0,024 ?g L-1. The lead content ranged from 0,030 to 0,175 ?g L-1. In the north portion, the salinity variation showed high influence of fresh water. The zinc concentrations ranged from 0,097 to 0,257 ?g L-1. The cadmium concentrations ranged from 0,004 to 0,024 ?g L-1. The lead values ranged from 0,033 to 0,259 ?g L-1. The concentration of trace metals on both portions were below the limits proposed by the Brazilian environmental law (CONAMA) and North American (EPAUSA) legislation. The present study revealed higher anthropic impact in the north region with exporting potential to the south and to the continental shelf. Higher trace metals concentrations were observed in the bottom waters near to the sediment interface. The south region, submitted to most defined tide movements, showed an important potential for trace metals remobilization to the water column. The trace metals biogeochemistry cycles study should be enhanced for better environmental monitoring.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Joseany.pdf: 1293821 bytes, checksum: c1a750664ab89568783ec0c6aa91c9b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Metal traces are often detected in biodiesel samples due to its presence in the raw materials or solubilization during its manufacturing. Thus, this work aims to propose an electroanalytical methodology for the direct determination of Ca²⁺ in biodiesel using with a glassy carbon electrode. The metal quantification was developed according to Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Mode square-wave (SWASV) technique applying EDTA as the complexing agent. Thus, all samples were pretreated according to wet acid digestion processing and microwave radiation. Therefore, a solution of 4 mL of ultrapure nitric acid (HNO₃), 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and 1 mL deionized water were added to 300 mg sample of biodiesel. Later, such mixtures was thermal treated at 90 °C using 300 W (10 min) and 450 W (5 min) of microwave radiations. The analytical determinations were carried out using ammonium buffer (0.01 mol Lˉ¹, pH = 9.4) as supporting electrolyte and EDTA (1x10ˉ² mol Lˉ¹) as ligand. The optimized voltammetric conditions were EDEP = -1000 mV; tpre = 120 s; Frequency = 30 Hz; Amplitude = 100 mV and ΔEstep = 15 mV. The accuracy was verified by recovery tests. In all cases, the metal quantizations were statistically consistent considering the t-test student for a confidence level of 95%. The CV values were lower than 11%, the recoveries were between 102.9% to 102.4% and the values of the detection limits were 1.9 x 10ˉ⁸ and 1.6 x 10ˉ9 mol Lˉ¹ for the samples, showing good accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed method. The values obtained for the samples ranged from 2.8 x 10ˉ⁸ ± 5.0 x 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹ and 3.4 x 10ˉ7 ± 5.0 x 10ˉ9 mol Lˉ¹ for Ca²⁺ in evaluated biodiesel. / A presença de metais no biodiesel está diretamente relacionada com a matéria-prima utilizada e também com o processo utilizado para a obtenção do biodiesel. Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento eletroanalítico simples para a determinação direta de Ca2+ em biodiesel com um eletrodo de carbono vítreo. A determinação foi feita com a técnica Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica no modo onda quadrada (SWASV), usando-se o EDTA como agente complexante. As amostras de biodiesel foram submetidas a um processo de digestão ácida por via úmida por radiação, em sistema fechado, com o uso de um microondas. O procedimento para digestão das amostras foi realizado pela adição de 4 mL de ácido nítrico ultrapuro (HNO₃), 2 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio (H₂O₂) e 1 mL de água deionizada em 300 mg de amostra de biodiesel. As amostras foram aquecidas a uma temperatura de 90 oC, durante 10 minutos, em potência de 300 W e 5 minutos em potência de 450 W. As determinações foram feitas utilizando-se tampão amônio (0,01 mol Lˉ¹), pH 9,4, como eletrólito suporte e EDTA 1 x 10ˉ² mol Lˉ¹ como ligante, nas seguintes condições: potencial de deposição (Edep) = -1000 mV; tempo de pré-concentração (tpré) = 120 s; frequência (Freq.) = 30 Hz; amplitude (Amp) =100 mV e potencial de escada (ΔEescada) =15 mV. A exatidão do método foi verificada através de testes de recuperação. Os resultados foram concordantes, estatisticamente, considerando o teste-t de student para um nível de confiança de 95%. Os valores de CV foram menores que 11%, as recuperações foram entre 102,9 % e 102,4 % e os valores dos limites de detecção foram de 1,9 x 10ˉ⁸ e de 1,6 x 10ˉ9 mol Lˉ¹ para as amostras analisadas, mostrando boa exatidão e sensibilidade do método proposto. Os valores obtidos para as amostras analisadas situaram-se entre 2,8 x 10ˉ6 ± 5,0 x 10ˉ⁸ mol Lˉ¹ e 3,4 x 10ˉ7 ± 5,0 x 10ˉ9 mol Lˉ¹ para Ca²⁺ nas amostras de biodiesel.

<p>  </p> <p>Diabetes, a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, arises when pancreatic β-cells lose capacity to produce a robust, dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) response. Accurate measurement of β-cell health and function <em>ex vivo</em> is thus fundamental to diabetes research, including studies evaluating disease mechanisms, novel drug candidates, and replacement β-cell populations. However, present-day dynamic GSIS assays typically represent end-point measurements, involve expensive commercial perifusion machines, and require time-consuming enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for insulin detection. Microfluidic devices developed as accessible, low-cost alternatives still rely on secondary ELISAs and suspend islets in liquid medium, limiting their survival <em>in vitro</em>. Here, we present a novel, 3D-printed microphysiological system (MPS) designed to recreate components of <em>in-vivo</em> microenvironments through encapsulation in fibrillar type I collagen and restoration of favorable molecular transport conditions. Following computational-informed design and rapid prototyping, the MPS platform sustained collagen-encapsulated mouse islet viability and cytoarchitecture for 5 days and supported <em>in-situ</em> measurements of dynamic β-cell function. To rapidly detect insulin secretion from β-cells in the MPS, we then developed a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for zinc (Zn2+), co-released with insulin, based on glassy carbon electrodes modified with bismuth and indium and coated with Nafion. Finally, we validated sensor detection of Zn2+ released from glucose-stimulated INS-1 β-cells and primary mouse islets, finding high correlation with insulin as measured by standard ELISA. Together, the 3D MPS and Zn2+ sensor developed in this dissertation represent novel platforms for evaluating β-cell health and function in a low-cost, user-friendly, and physiologically-relevant manner. </p>

Цель работы состояла в определении оптимальных значений диаметра и массы углеродных нанотрубок (УНТ) в нафионсодержащей модифицирующей пленке для получения наилучших электрохимических и аналитических характеристик толстопленочных углеродсодержащих электродов (ТУЭ). В ходе работы синтезированы многостенные УНТ со средним диаметром dср ≈ 23 нм методом каталитического пиролиза этанола и проведена кислотная очистка полученного материала от металлических частиц катализатора и других модификаций углерода. Аналогичным способом обработаны коммерческие УНТ с dср ≈ 147 и 16 нм от Sigma-Aldrich. Успешно изготовлены 36 типов ТУЭ без УНТ и на основе УНТ в условиях варьирования массового содержания УНТ в диапазоне MУНТ = 0,3-10,0 мкг на поверхности ТУЭ. Аттестация поверхностей электродов проведена методами оптической и электронной микроскопии. Изучены электрохимические характеристики изготовленных ТУЭ методами циклической вольтамперометриии и импедансной спектроскопии. Выполнено определение ионов железа (III) в модельном растворе методом адсорбционной инверсионной вольтамперометрии. Установлены оптимальные значения среднего диаметра УНТ dср ≥ 23 нм и массы УНТ MУНТ = 5,0-10,0 мкг на поверхности ТУЭ для получения наилучших электрохимические и аналитические характеристики. Разработанные ТУЭ на основе УНТ могут применяться для определения ионов тяжелых металлов в реальных водах с концентрацией меньшей предельно-допустимых значений, установленных нормативными документами. / The aim is to determine the optimal values of the diameter and weight of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in modifier film containing Nafion for the best electrochemical and analytical characteristics of the thick film of carbon-containing electrodes (TFCE). Multi-walled CNT with an average diameter dav ≈ 23 nm were synthesized by the catalytic pyrolysis of ethanol and purified from the metal catalyst particles and other modifications of carbon, using mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. Commercial CNT with dav ≈ 147 and 16 nm from Sigma-Aldrich were treated by a similar procedure. The batch of 36 types of TFCE without CNT and based on CNT varied by weight of CNT (MCNT) on TFCE surface in the range of 0,3-10,0 μg was made. The electrode surfaces were studied by optical and electron microscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of obtained TFCE by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were investigated. The detection of Fe (III) ions in a model solution was carried out by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The optimal values of the average diameter of CNT dav ≥ 23 nm and a weight of CNT on TFCE surfaces MCNT = 5,0-10,0 μg were determined. These parameters allow us to reach the best electrochemical and analytical characteristics of modified TFCE. Developed TFCE based on CNT may be used for the detection of heavy metal ions in real water with a concentration of less maximum permissible values, established by regulations.

Объектом исследования являются бактерии Staphylococcus aureus в модельных суспензиях. Цель работы— апробация разработанных алгоритмов определения Staphylococcus aureus с использованием электрохимической системы на основе бесферментных электрохимических иммуносенсоров в модельных суспензиях. Определение чувствительности микробной флоры к антибактериальному препарату.В процессе работы должны быть проведены исследования синтезированных наночастиц магнетита, изучен характер электропревращений модифицированных наночастиц. Должен быть осуществлен выбор рабочего электрода и оптимальных условий анализа для количественного определения Staphylococcus aureus в модельных суспензиях. Должна быть проведена апробация разработанных алгоритмов по определению Staphylococcus aureus в модельных образцах. Определена чувствительность микробной микрофлоры к антибактериальному препарату мазь «Новокомб – 50%». В результате исследования были синтезированы наночастицы магнетита (Fe3O4), наличие полимерного покрытия подтверждено методом ИК - спектроскопии. В результате проведенных экспериментов был получен электрохимический аналитический отклик от модифицированных наночастиц магнетита. Были выбраны оптимальные условия регистрации аналитического сигнала. В качестве рабочего электрода был выбран планарный платиновый электрод, в качестве метода иммобилизации - метод физической сорбции антител на рабочую зону электрода. Был получен электрохимический отклик от иммунокомплекса антитело-бактерия, меченая наночастицами магнетита. Были выбраны оптимальные условия проведения количественного определения Staphylococcus aureus в модельных суспензиях. При данных условиях была выполнена оценка результатов в отношении таких показателей, как воспроизводимость и специфичность. По результатам апробации алгоритмов на модельных образцах было выявлено, что результаты данного метода коррелируют с методами ИФА и бактериального посева. Точность метода с использованием электрохимического иммуносенсора удовлетворительная. Данный метод может быть рекомендован для определения чувствительности микробной флоры к антибактериальным препаратам при их разработке, исследовании и на этапах серийного производства и обращения Основные конструктивные и технико-эксплуатационные показатели: предел обнаружения для бактерий Staphylococcus aureus составил 8.7 КОЕ/мл. Относительное стандартное отклонение не превышает 10%.Эффективность метода определяется возможностью его применения для определения чувствительности микробной флоры к антибактериальным препаратам при их разработке, исследовании и на этапах серийного производства и обращения. / Object of research are the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in model suspensions. The purpose of testing the developed algorithms work- determining Staphylococcus aureus using electrochemical systems based on electrochemical besfermentnyh immunosensors in model suspensions. Determination of the sensitivity of the microbial flora to antibacterial preparatu.V during operation should be studied synthesized nanoparticles of magnetite, studied character elektroprevrascheny modified nanoparticles. Selection is to be made the working electrode and optimal assay conditions for quantitative determination of Staphylococcus aureus in model suspensions. It must be carried out testing of the developed algorithms to identify Staphylococcus aureus in model samples. Determine the sensitivity of the microbial microflora antimicrobial ointment "Novokomb - 50%." The study nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) were synthesized, the presence of the polymer coating was confirmed by IR - spectroscopy. As a result of the experiments was obtained from the electrochemical analytical response modified magnetite nanoparticles. optimal conditions for the registration of the analytical signal were selected. The working electrode was selected planar platinum electrode, as a method of immobilization - the method of physical adsorption of antibodies to the working electrode area. electrochemical response by the bacterium-antibody immunocomplex, labeled magnetite nanoparticles was obtained. the optimal conditions were selected quantitative determination of Staphylococcus aureus in model suspensions. Under these conditions, evaluation of the results was carried out in relation to indicators such as reproducibility and specificity. According to the results of testing of algorithms to model samples it was found that the results of this method correlate with the ELISA and bacterial seeding. Accuracy of the method using an electrochemical immunosensor satisfactory. This method can be recommended for the determination of the sensitivity of the microbial flora to antibiotics when they are developing, researching and on the stages of mass production and circulation of basic design and technical and operational parameters: detection limit for bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was 8.7 CFU / ml. The relative standard deviation does not exceed 10% g? O FIG method determined by the possibility of its application for the determination of the sensitivity of the microbial flora to antibiotics when they are developing, researching and on the stages of mass production and circulation.

This thesis addresses simulation of electrochemical experiments, with an emphasis on processes of diffusional mass transport to electrode surface. Following system has been studied: &bull; Applying theoretical modeling and experimentation is shown that even significant surface roughness produced by deliberate polishing or scratching is not sufficient to be distinguished in cyclic voltammetry experiments conducted under the usual conditions. In stripping voltammetry experiment the shape of the voltammograms strongly depends on the model of the electron transfer but is not always sensitive to the precise model of the electrode surface; the conditions under which this is the case are identified, and generic roughness effects on stripping voltammetry are quantified. Electrode roughness can have a significant effect on the stripping of the metals from the solid electrode especially in respect of the voltammetric waveshape. &bull; We first consider two different models of electrodes covered with electroinactive layers: the electrode is covered with a uniform layer and the layer contains pinholes. Both models are simulated and then compared to identify conditions under which they can be distinguished. Next we propose generic model to predict the influence of electroactive layer on the cyclic voltammetric. The conditions under which deviation from the behavior of a planar electrode are predicted. &bull; We first consider one electron, one proton and next two electron, two proton reduction of surface bound species. Two mechanisms of reaction are considered: stepwise and concerted. Voltammetry studied under the three regimes of protons mass transport: infinitely fast (fully buffered solution), infinitely slow (infinitely high surface coverage of electrode) and intermediate case of finite rate of diffusional mass transport to electrode surface. Types of voltammograms observed in each case are presented and discussed. &bull; Theory of chronoamperometry on disc and ring-recessed microelectrodes and their arrays is reported. Three and four different regimes of transient current versus time can be observed at microelectrode arrays of disc and ring electrodes, accordingly. A generic, accurate and easy to use method of experimental chronoamperometric data analysis is proposed. It is shown that the method can be applied to the simultaneous measurement of D and nC in solution. &bull; The fabrication, characterization, and use of arrays of ring-recessed disk generator-colector microelectrodes are reported. Experiments and simulations relating to time- of-flight experiments in which material electrogenerated at a disk is diffusionally transported to the ring are reported. We further study voltammetry of electrochemically active species which undergoes first and second order chemical reactions. Current transients are found to be sensitive to the diffusion coefficient of both the reduced and oxidised species as well as to the rate of the chemical reaction and its mechanism.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / In this study multilayer graphene nanosheets was synthesize by oxidizing graphite to graphene oxide using H2SO4 and KMnO4 followed by reduction of graphene oxide to graphene using NaBH4. The graphene nanosheets were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). HRTEM images showed that the multilayer graphene were obtained. The graphene was immobilized directly onto a glassy carbon electrode using the drop coating technique followed by the in situ deposition of mercury, bismuth or antimony thin films to afford graphene modified glassy carbon metal film electrodes (Gr-GC-MEs). The experimental parameters (deposition potential, deposition time, rotation speed, frequency and amplitude) were optimized, and the applicability of the modified electrode was investigated towards the individual and simultaneous determination of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ at the low concentration levels (μg L-1) in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The detection limits values for the Gr-GC-HgE was 0.08, 0.05 and 0.14 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The Gr-GC-BiE the detection limits for was 0.12, 0.22 and 0.28 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ while the detection limits for the Gr-GC-SbE was 0.1, 0.3 and 0.3 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. A Gr-GCE prepared without any binding agents or metal film had detection limits for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ of 3.9, 0.8 and 0.2 μg L-1 for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+. Real sample analysis of which was laboratory tap water was performed using the Gr-GCMEs. Only Gr-GC-HgE was sensitive enough to detect metal ions in the tap water samples at the 3ppb level whereas, the GC-BiE and GC-SbE detected the metal ions at the 10 μg L-1 to 30 μg L-1 level.