En Guinée, le constat a été établi par divers auteurs que l’intensification de l’exploitation des ressources démersales sur ces dernières décennies a induit une baisse générale de leur abondance. Cette intensification est supposée avoir induit également des modifications de la structure multi-spécifique et fonctionnelle des assemblages de poissons de cette zone, mais peu d’études ont permis d’en juger jusqu’ici, la plupart des travaux antérieurs sur ces ressources ayant concerné des approches strictement mono-spécifiques et des approches strictement taxonomiques. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à un diagnostic écosystémique plus complet de l’état actuel des ressources marines guinéennes et de déterminer en particulier si la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle des assemblages de poissons a été affectée par la pêche.Les données de campagnes de chalutages scientifiques collectées sur le plateau continental guinéen entre 1985 et 2012, les statistiques sur les captures de pêche et dix-sept traits fonctionnels liés aux fonctions de locomotion et d’acquisition de nourriture de 50 espèces de poissons démersaux sont étudiés à travers divers indicateurs de diversité pour analyser l’impact de la pêche.Les résultats montrent que l’intensification de la pêche a eu des effets significatifs sur certaines caractéristiques générales du peuplement en question. Depuis 1985, on observe ainsi une baisse de la densité et du niveau trophique moyen des poissons ainsi qu’un turnover des dominances, par lequel les espèces principales, à forte valeur commerciale, caractérisées par des masses corporelles importantes et une croissance lente sont progressivement remplacées par des espèces de plus petites tailles à moindre valeur commerciale et à croissance rapide. On observe également une baisse significative de la richesse fonctionnelle dont l’évolution conforte les résultats obtenus à partir des évaluations taxonomiques et confirme que l’écosystème côtier du plateau continental est perturbé en lien avec la pression de pêche. / In Guinea, was highlighted by various authors that the intensification of the exploitation of demersal resources over recent decades has led to a general decline in abundance. This intensification is supposed to have also induces changes in the specific and multi-functional structure of the fish assemblages of this zone, but few studies have Judging far, most previous work on these resources with relevant strictly mono-specific approaches and strictly taxonomic approaches. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to a more complete ecosystem diagnosis of the current state of the Guinean marine resources and in particular whether the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages was affected by fishing. Data from scientific trawl surveys collected on Guinean continental shelf between 1985 and 2012, statistics on catches of fishing and seventeen functional traits related to locomotion functions and food purchase 50 groundfish species are studied diversity through various indicators to analyze the impact of fishing.The results show that the intensification of fishing has had significant effects on certain general characteristics of the population in question. Since 1985, we thus observed a drop in the density and the mean trophic level of fish and a turnover of dominance, whereby major species of high commercial value, characterized by substantial body masses and slow growth are gradually replaced by species of smaller sizes at lower commercial value and rapid growth. There is also a significant decrease in functional richness whose evolution confirms the results obtained from the taxonomic assessments and confirms that the coastal ecosystem of the continental shelf is disrupted in connection with fishing pressure.

A trusted execution environment (TEE) is an isolated environment used for trusted execution. TEE solutions are usually proprietary and specific for a certain hardware specification, thereby limiting developers that use those TEEs. A potential solution to this issue is the use of open-source alternatives such as the TEE framework Keystone and the Reduced Instruction Set Computer V (RISC-V) hardware. These alternatives are rather young and are not as well established as the variants developed by ARM and Intel. To this end, the assurance in Keystone and RISC-V are analysed by studying a remote attestation assurance use case using the goal structuring notation (GSN) method. The aim is to investigate how GSN can be utilised to build assurance cases for TEEs on RISC-V. This thesis presents a process of how GSNs can be created to argue assurance for a TEE solution. Furthermore, Keystone operates under a specific threat model with made assumptions that may have a large impact depending on the use case. Therefore, Keystone is analysed to understand whether the framework mitigates existing vulnerabilities in TEEs. It is concluded that GSN is a viable method for arguing assurance in TEEs, providing great freedom in the creation of the GSN model. The freedom is also its weakness since the argument composition has a high impact on the argument. Furthermore, we conclude that Keystone mitigates multiple known vulnerabilities primarily through made assumptions in its threat model. These cases need to be considered by developers utilising Keystone to determine whether or not the assumptions are valid for their use case.

This thesis deals with a decompilation tool which converts low-level binary code to a high-level representation. This tool is being developed by AVG Technologies. The aim of this work is to design and implement a method for code structuring in the decompiler back-end. The designed method works by traversing the control-flow graph with matching of predefined patterns. It is not always possible to structure code using conditional statements and loops. Sometimes also goto statements must be used. The implemented solution is compared with the original solution in the decompiler. According to the results the new solution is faster, better tested, but in greater number of test cases generates invalid code. From the viewpoint of structuring the results are different and sometimes the code is structured better, but sometimes worse.

La Structuration des molécules d’eau à l’interface eau/vapeur d’eau fait l’objet de l’intérêt scientifique depuis des années. La plupart des études sont focalisées sur le bulk d’eau mais des études plus détaillées sur l’eau de surface sont nécessaires. De plus, les interfaces avec les alcanes sont intéressantes d’un point de vue biologique et industriel. Puisque pour des applications biologiques et industrielles les interfaces eau/air et eau/huile possèdent des médiateurs amphiphiles, l’influence d’une monocouche de tensioactif sur la structuration de la surface de l’eau mérite aussi une attention particulière.Dans cette thèse, plusieurs modèles atomistiques d’eau ont été sélectionnés. Des simulations de dynamique moléculaire classique ont été réalisées à 298K pour le bulk d’eau, des systèmes eau/vapeur d’eau et eau/alcane (C5-C9), ainsi que des systèmes eau/DLPC/vapeur d’eau et eau/DLPC/octane (DLPC : dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine). Plusieurs propriétés structurelles, ainsi que les moments dipolaires, la tension de surface et les liaisons hydrogène, du bulk d’eau et des couches de surface d’eau ont été examinées grâce à la fonction de distribution radiale et les diagrammes de Voronoi. L’objectif a été d’estimer l’impact de l’incorporation de la polarisabilité sur les propriétés de l’eau et de sélectionner un modèle optimal (qualité/temps de calcul) pour leur description, ainsi que d’enrichir les données existantes sur la structuration de l’eau à l’interface.Cette étude aborde la structuration de l’eau du bulk et de la surface à l’interface avec la vapeur d’eau ou des alcanes. Un des objectifs de ce travail a été d’évaluer la reproductibilité des données expérimentales en utilisant différents modèles et de s’assurer pour quelles propriétés l’utilisation d’un modèle polarisable est critique. De simples modèles polarisables basés sur les oscillateurs de Drude ont été testés afin de limiter le temps de calcul. Pour le bulk d’eau et les systèmes eau/vapeur d’eau, les modèles TIP4P, SWM4-NDP et COS/G2 ont été les plus performants. Dans la mesure où le modèle TIP4P produit des résultats commensurables avec les modèles polarisables, il a été utilisé pour la simulation des interfaces eau/alcanes (C5-C9). Les molécules à la surface sont organisées de manière plus compacte et moins ordonnée. Cette diminution de l’ordre est principalement due aux liaisons hydrogène qui sont deux fois plus nombreuses dans le bulk qu’en surface. Les analyses de Voronoi ont montré que la coordination tétraédrique n’est pas si claire et que des polyèdres plus complexes sont formés. Les couches de surfaces trouvées s’avèrent être formées de 2 sous-couches, interne et externe, avec des polarités inégales orientées de manières opposées, définissant des zones de charges résiduelles à l’interface.En plus des systèmes avec un contact direct entre l’eau et le fluide apolaire, des interfaces comportant des monocouches de lipides ont été modélisées. La compacité de l’eau de surface, déjà renforcée par la présence d’alcanes, a été augmentée davantage par l’introduction de lipide. Néanmoins, l’orientation de l’eau a été changée et la polarité de la surface inversée, équilibrée par les têtes lipidiques au lieu des sous-couches externes diffuses.Les résultats principaux de cette thèse de doctorat sont les suivants:1. Il a été montré que l’utilisation de modèles d’eau polarisable n’est pas nécessaire pour une évaluation correcte d’un certain nombre de propriétés, mais elle est critique pour les moments dipolaires et la tension de surface.2. Pour la première fois une analyse structurelle a été réalisée en utilisant les diagrammes de Voronoi et un ensemble de modèles d’eau démontrant la différence entre propriétés de l’eau liquide en bulk et en surface.3. Considérant le nombre limité de données existantes, l’étude d’une monocouche de DLPC solide condensée à l’interface eau/vapeur et eau/octane en utilisant différents modèles d’eau a été une contribution originale. / The structuring of water molecules at the water/vapour interface is an object of scientific interest for decades. Most of the existing theoretical studies are focused on bulk water but there is still need of a more detailed research on surface water. In addition, interfaces with alkanes are interesting as being instructive from both biological and industrial perspectives. Since in both bio- and industrial applications water/air and water/oil interfaces are mediated by amphiphiles, the role of a surfactant monolayer on surface water structuring deserves more attention as well.In the present Ph. D. thesis several atomistic water models were chosen and classical molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on bulk water, water/vapour and water/alkane (from pentane to nonane) systems, as well as on water/DLPC/vapour and water/DLPC/octane models, DLPC being dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine. In all cases the temperature was kept at 298 K. Several structural properties of bulk and surface water layers were examined by means of radial distribution functions and Voronoi diagrams. Dipole moments, surface tension and hydrogen bonding were tackled too. The objective was to estimate the impact of accounting for polarisability on the water properties of interest and to select a cost-efficient water model for describing them, as well as to add new data to the existing knowledge about interfacial water structuring.The study addresses the water structuring in bulk and surfacial water at the interface with vapour or alkanes of different chain length. One of the aims of the work was to assess the reproducibility of experimental data using an assortment of polarisable and non-polarisable water models and to check for which properties the utilisation of polarisable models is critical. Simple polarisable models based on Drude oscillators were tested in order to keep the computational costs low. For bulk water and water/vapour systems the models TIP4P, SWM4-NDP and COS/G2 performed the best. Since the TIP4P model produced results commeasurable with the polarisable ones, it was used predominantly further on to simulate water/alkane (C5-C9) interface and to quantify the structural parameters of water obtained from RDFs and Voronoi analyses. The molecules in this layer are organised in a more compact and less ordered manner. The ordering is owed mainly to hydrogen bonds which are twice as many in the bulk compared to the surface. The analysis of the Voronoi diagrams showed that the tetrahedral coordination was blurred and more complex polyhedra were formed. The surface layer was found to consist of two sublayers, inner and outer, with oppositely oriented unequal polarity, defining areas of residual charges at the interface.In addition to the systems with direct contact between water and non-polar fluids, interfaces mediated by lipid monolayers were modelled. The monolayer was meant to seam together the two phases. The compactness of the surfacial water, which was enhanced by the presence of alkanes, was tightened further by the lipid introduction. However, the water orientation was changed and the surfacial polarity was inverted, balanced by the lipid heads instead of the diffuse outer sublayer.The main contributions of the Ph.D. thesis are as follows:1. It is shown that the usage of a polarisable water model is not necessary for correct evaluation of a number of properties, but is critical for characteristics such as dipole moments and surface tension.2. For the first time a structural analysis has been made using Voronoi diagrams and an assortment of water models which demonstrates the difference between bulk and surfacial characteristics of liquid water.3. An original contribution is the study of a solid-condensed DLPC monolayer at the water/vapour interface utilising different water models and at the interface of water/octane, considering the limited experimental data available.

In today’s industry, the sustainable use of raw materials and the development of new green technology in mass production, with the aim of saving resources, energy and production costs, is a significant challenge. Deep drawing as a widely used industrial sheet metal forming process for the production of automotive parts belongs to one of the most energy-efficient production techniques. However, one disadvantage of deep drawing regarding the realisation of green technology is the use of lubricants in this process. Therefore, a novel approach for modifying the conventional deep drawing process to achieve a lubricant-free deep drawing process is introduced within this thesis. In order to decrease the amount of frictional force for a given friction coefficient, the integral of the contact pressure over the contact area has to be reduced. To achieve that, the flange area of the tool is macro-structured, which has only line contacts. To avoid the wrinkling, the geometrical moment of inertia of the sheet should be increased by the alternating bending mechanism of the material in the flange area through immersing the blankholder slightly into the drawing die.

TITLE: Didactic Aspects of Concept Mapping in Lower Secondary Education AUTHOR: Mgr. Petra Vaňková DEPARTMENT: Department of Information Technology and Technical Education SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Vladimír Rambousek, CSc. ABSTRACT: This dissertation aims to examine the educational potential of concept maps in elementary schools and contribute to the expansion of pedagogic theory in the area of didactic resources, as well as develop a constructively oriented method of education. This work defines concept maps as didactic tools; describes them in terms of functional and didactic specifics; analyzes their theoretical results from psychological and pedagogical perspectives; and describes their potential usage in the educational process. This dissertation further focuses on the determinants that influence concept map implementation in teaching, analyzes potential assessment methods, and demonstrates several approaches for utilizing ICT to support work involving concept maps. Empirical research results are used to illuminate the didactic potential of concept maps and methods to incorporate them in teaching. This work represents a comprehensive study overview of concept maps that examines the topic from various angles and directions as they pertain to education. KEYWORDS: concept map, education, didactic tool,...

Physics and potential applications of femtosecond laser pulses interacting with matter have captured interest in various fields, such as nonlinear optics, laser micromachining, integrated optics, and solar cell technologies. On the one hand, such ultrashort intense pulses make them practical elegant tools to be utilized for direct structuring of materials with high accuracy and numerous potential applications. On the other hand, studying the fundamental aspects and nonlinear nature of such interactions opens new remarkable venues for various unique investigations. In recent years, the emerging topic of structured light (also known as twisted or optical vortex light), i.e., a beam of light with a twisted wave-front that can carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), has attracted the attention of many researchers working in the field of light-matter interaction. Such beams offer various applications from classical and quantum communication to imaging, micro/nano-manipulation, and modification of fundamental processes involved in light-matter interactions, e.g., absorption and emission. Nevertheless, the fabrication of complex structures, controlled modification, and achieving a high spatial resolution in material processing still remain in the spotlight. Moreover, the fundamental role of orbital angular momentum in the nonlinear absorption of materials, particularly in solids, has yet remained a subject of debate. Addressing these points was the main motive behind this dissertation. To accomplish this objective and investigate new aspects of structured light-matter interaction, I conducted various experiments, the results of which are presented in this work. The general idea was to study the interaction of femtosecond laser radiation, having a structured phase and polarization, with the matter in two aspects: (i) surface morphology modification and (ii) nonlinear absorption of solids. In this regard, I studied surface processing of crystalline silicon and CVD diamond with femtosecond laser vortex pulses generated by a birefringent phase-plate, known as q-plate, in single and multiple pulse irradiation regimes, respectively. The characterization of the modified region was performed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). I demonstrated that upon irradiation of a single vortex pulse on silicon, a nano-cone structure is formed within the ablated crater, whose height was independent of the helicity of the twisted light. However, for a linearly polarized vortex pulse, the height of the nano-cone decreases at higher pulse energies. The dynamics of nano-cone formation and the role of polarization were also investigated by simulating the mass transport function in this process. Moreover, using superimposed vortex beams, we fabricated complex patterns containing several nano-cones, by single-shot irradiation on the silicon surface. My experimental results offer an ability to actively control and manipulate material, in terms of the nanocones position, in two dimensions with an ultra-high resolution. I further proceeded with our experiments in the multiple pulse regime on a diamond target. By irradiation of a high number of superimposed vortex pulses, I was able to imprint complex polarization states of structured light on the target surface in the form of periodic nano-ripples. This procedure enabled us to not only generate spatially varying nano-gratings but also directly visualize and study very complex states of polarization. Besides these surface structuring, I carried out experimental studies to investigate the response of bulk material to an incident circularly polarized vortex beam that carries orbital angular momentum. The experimental results reveal, for the first time, that such an interaction can produce a differential absorption that gives rise to helical dichroism. We demonstrate that this response is sensitive to the handedness and degree of the twist in the incident vortex beam. Such a dichroism effect may be attributed to the excitation of dipole-forbidden atomic transitions, e.g., electric quadrupole transitions. However, this explanation is not absolute and remains open to further research and investigations.

Three-dimensional femtosecond laser structuring has a growing interest because of its ease of implementation and the numerous possible applications in the domain of photonic components. Structures such as waveguides, diffraction gratings, optical memories or photonic crystals can be fabricated thanks to this technique. Its use with oxide glasses is promising because of several advantages; they are resistant to flux and ageing, their chemical composition can easily be changed to fit the well-defined requirements of an application. They can already be found in Raman amplifiers, optical fibers, fiber lasers, and other devices. This thesis is based on two axes. The first axis consists in characterizing the linear and nonlinear optical properties of bulk vitreous materials in order to optimize their composition with a particular application in view. Within this context, the nonlinear optical properties, their physical origins (electronic and nuclear) as well as their characteristic response times (from a few femtoseconds to a few hundreds of picoseconds) are described within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Fused silica and several sodium-borophosphate glasses containing different concentrations in niobium oxide have been studied. Results show that the nonlinear optical properties of fused silica are mainly from electronic origin, whereas in the sodium-borophosphate glasses, the contribution from nuclear origin becomes predominant when the concentration of niobium oxide exceeds 30%. The second axis is based on the structuring of materials. Three commercially available fused silica samples presenting different fabrication conditions (therefore distinct impurity levels) and irradiated with a near infrared femtosecond laser have been studied. The laser induced defects have been identified by means of several spectroscopic techniques. They show the formation of color centers as well as a densification inside the irradiated area. Their linear refractive index and nonlinear third-order susceptibility properties have been measured. Moreover, the structuring of fused silica at the subwavelength scale into "nanogratings" is observed and the form of birefringence induced by these structures is discussed. In addition to the fused silica samples, several oxide glasses presenting very distinct chemical compositions have been studied. A sodium-borophosphate glass containing niobium oxide exhibits micro-cracks and nano-crystallites following irradiation. A silicate glass with or without a silver component reveals fluorescent rings or "nanograting" structures. A zinc phosphate glass containing silver also presents fluorescent ring structures, with a size of the order of 80 nm, well below the diffraction limit. Pump-probe microscope techniques have been performed on this glass to investigate the laser-glass interaction. The absorption mechanism is determined to be four-photon absorption. The generated free electron density is ~ 1017 cm-3, which suggests the conclusion that an electron gas rather than a plasma is formed during the laser irradiation.

Många universitetsstudenter upplever studierelaterad stress och copingstrategier är avgörande för hanteringen av denna stress. Studiens syfte var att undersöka studierelaterad stress och copingstrategier hos universitetsstudenter. Studien konkretiserades i följande frågeställningar: Vilka upplevda faktorer kan relateras till studierelaterad stress hos universitetsstudenter? och Vilka copingstrategier använder sig universitetsstudenter av för att hantera studierelaterad stress? Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 11 kvinnor och 3 män i åldrarna 19-25 år. Teman som identifierades till den första frågeställningen var hög arbetsbelastning, ekonomisk stress samt press från föräldrar. Teman som identifierades till den andra frågeställningen var få kontroll genom att skapa struktur, skaffa socialt stöd, prokrastinering samt avslappning. Studiens resultat visar att hög arbetsbelastning är en stor stressor bland universitetsstudenter och att få kontroll genom att skapa struktur är den mest framträdande copingstrategin. Resultatet kan bidra till en ökad medvetenhet kring stress och coping bland universitetsstudenter och även vad som är bra att tänka på som förälder.

No / The work presented in this paper contributes to a wider research objective aiming at gaining a better understanding of the injection moulding process at microscales. More specifically, it contributes to the development of a new modelling approach combining experimental observation and mathematical modelling to characterise thermal contact resistance that results from the imperfections present on the surfaces when two surfaces are brought in contact. Thus, this paper describes micro and nano structuring technologies (Focus Ion beam and Laser Ablation) used to structure sapphire inserts that are used as ”windows” in the injection moulding process, allowing thermal measurements with a high speed thermal camera whilst sapphire structures are filled with polymer melt. / The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under the grant EP/I014551/1 and the Interreg IVB project “ECOefficient LASER technology for FACTories of the future”.