Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Revised work with minor emendations approved by supervisor. / This dissertation considers three broad issues which emerge from the sustainability discourse. First is the nature of the discourse itself, particularly the underlying philosophical positions which are represented. Second, is the nature of the highly complex types of problem which the discourse exposes. And third is whether the engineering profession, as it is practised currently, is adequate to deal with such problems. The sustainability discourse exposes two distinct, fundamentally irreconcilable philosophical positions. The first, “sustainable development”, considers humanity to be privileged in relation to all other species and ecosystems. It is only incumbent upon us to look after the environment to the extent to which it is in our interests to do so. The second, “sustainability”, sees humanity as having no special moral privilege and recognises the moral status of other species, ecosystems, and even wilderness areas. Thus, sustainability imposes upon us a moral obligation to take their status into account and not to degrade or to destroy them. These two conflicting positions give rise to extremely complex problems. An innovative taxonomy of problem complexity has been developed which identifies three broad categories of problem. Of particular interest in this dissertation is the most complex of these, referred to here as the Type 3 problem. The Type 3 problem recognises the systemic complexity of the problem situation but also includes differences of the domain of interests as a fundamental, constituent part of the problem itself. Hence, established systems analysis techniques and reductionist approaches do not work. The domain of interests will typically have disparate ideas and positions, which may be entirely irreconcilable. The dissertation explores the development of philosophy of science, particularly in the last 70 years. It is noted that, unlike the philosophy of science, the philosophy of engineering has not been influenced by developments of critical theory, cultural theory, and postmodernism, which have had significant impact in late 20th-century Western society. This is seen as a constraint on the practice of engineering. Thus, a set of philosophical principles for sustainable engineering practice is developed. Such a change in the philosophy underlying the practice of engineering is seen as necessary if engineers are to engage with and contribute to the resolution of Type 3 problems. Two particular challenges must be overcome, if Type 3 problems are to be satisfactorily resolved. First, issues of belief, values, and morals are central to this problem type and must be included in problem consideration. And second, the problem situation is usually so complex that it challenges the capacity of human cognition to deal with it. Consequently, extensive consideration is given to cognitive and behavioural psychology, in particular to choice, judgement and decision-making in uncertainty. A novel problem-structuring approach is developed on three levels. A set philosophical foundation is established; a theoretical framework, based on general systems theory and established behavioural and cognitive psychological theory, is devised; and a set of tools is proposed to model Type 3 complex problems as a dynamic systems. The approach is different to other systems approaches, in that it enables qualitative exploration of the system to plausible, hypothetical disturbances. The problem-structuring approach is applied in a case study, which relates to the development of a water subsystem for a major metropolis (Sydney, Australia). The technique is also used to critique existing infrastructure planning processes and to propose an alternative approach.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Revised work with minor emendations approved by supervisor. / This dissertation considers three broad issues which emerge from the sustainability discourse. First is the nature of the discourse itself, particularly the underlying philosophical positions which are represented. Second, is the nature of the highly complex types of problem which the discourse exposes. And third is whether the engineering profession, as it is practised currently, is adequate to deal with such problems. The sustainability discourse exposes two distinct, fundamentally irreconcilable philosophical positions. The first, “sustainable development”, considers humanity to be privileged in relation to all other species and ecosystems. It is only incumbent upon us to look after the environment to the extent to which it is in our interests to do so. The second, “sustainability”, sees humanity as having no special moral privilege and recognises the moral status of other species, ecosystems, and even wilderness areas. Thus, sustainability imposes upon us a moral obligation to take their status into account and not to degrade or to destroy them. These two conflicting positions give rise to extremely complex problems. An innovative taxonomy of problem complexity has been developed which identifies three broad categories of problem. Of particular interest in this dissertation is the most complex of these, referred to here as the Type 3 problem. The Type 3 problem recognises the systemic complexity of the problem situation but also includes differences of the domain of interests as a fundamental, constituent part of the problem itself. Hence, established systems analysis techniques and reductionist approaches do not work. The domain of interests will typically have disparate ideas and positions, which may be entirely irreconcilable. The dissertation explores the development of philosophy of science, particularly in the last 70 years. It is noted that, unlike the philosophy of science, the philosophy of engineering has not been influenced by developments of critical theory, cultural theory, and postmodernism, which have had significant impact in late 20th-century Western society. This is seen as a constraint on the practice of engineering. Thus, a set of philosophical principles for sustainable engineering practice is developed. Such a change in the philosophy underlying the practice of engineering is seen as necessary if engineers are to engage with and contribute to the resolution of Type 3 problems. Two particular challenges must be overcome, if Type 3 problems are to be satisfactorily resolved. First, issues of belief, values, and morals are central to this problem type and must be included in problem consideration. And second, the problem situation is usually so complex that it challenges the capacity of human cognition to deal with it. Consequently, extensive consideration is given to cognitive and behavioural psychology, in particular to choice, judgement and decision-making in uncertainty. A novel problem-structuring approach is developed on three levels. A set philosophical foundation is established; a theoretical framework, based on general systems theory and established behavioural and cognitive psychological theory, is devised; and a set of tools is proposed to model Type 3 complex problems as a dynamic systems. The approach is different to other systems approaches, in that it enables qualitative exploration of the system to plausible, hypothetical disturbances. The problem-structuring approach is applied in a case study, which relates to the development of a water subsystem for a major metropolis (Sydney, Australia). The technique is also used to critique existing infrastructure planning processes and to propose an alternative approach.

Dans ce travail nous nous intéressons à la segmentation d’image 3D. Le but est de définir un cadre permettant, étant donnée une problématique de segmentation, de développer rapidement un algorithme apportant une solution à cette problématique. Afin de ne pas être restreint à un sous ensemble des types de problématique de segmentation, ce cadre doit permettre de mettre en oeuvre efficacement les différentes méthodes et les différents critères de segmentation existants, dans le but de les combiner pour définir les nouveaux algorithmes. Ce cadre doit reposer sur un modèle de structuration d’image qui représente la topologie et la géométrie d’une partition et permet d’en extraire efficacement les informations requises. Dans ce document, les différentes méthodes de segmentation existantes sont présentées afin de définir un ensemble d’opération nécessaire à leur implémentation. Une présentation des modèles existants est faite pour en déterminer avantages et inconvénients, puis le nouveau modèle est ensuite défini. Sa mise en oeuvre complète est détaillée ainsi qu’une analyse de sa complexité en temps et en mémoire pour l’ensemble des opérations précédemment définies. Des exemples d’utilisation du modèle sur des cas concrets sont ensuite décrits, ainsi que les possibilités d’extension du modèle et d’implémentation sur architecture parallèle. / In this work we focus on 3D image segmentation. The aim consists in defining a framework which, given a segmentation problem, allows to design efficiently an algorithm solving this problem. Since this framework has to be unspecific according to the kind of segmentation problem, it has to allow an efficient implementation of most segmentation techniques and criteria, in order to combine them to define new algorithms. This framework has to rely on a structuring model both representing the topology and the geometry of the partition of an image, in order to efficiently extract required information. In this document, different segmentation techniques are presented in order to define a set of primitives required for their implementation. Existing models are presented with their advantages and drawbacks, then the new structuring model is defined. Its whole implementation including details of its memory consumption and time complexity for each primitives of the previously defined set of requirements is given. Some examples of use with real image analysis problems are described, with also possible extensions of the model and its implementation on parallel architecture.

Nesta dissertação apresentamos o relato da implementação de um projeto de ensino junto a uma turma de ensino técnico profissionalizante na área de Informática do Instituto Federal Farroupilha, localizado na cidade de São Borja/RS. O presente trabalho está referenciado na teoria sócio-interacionista de Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, bem como na teoria dos momentos pedagógicos de Delizoicov e Angotti que por sua vez se ampara na perspectiva educacional de Paulo Freire. Durante as aulas de aplicação do projeto sempre buscamos motivar o debate, visto que os referenciais teóricos consideram isto como ponto fundamental para a aprendizagem. Como atividade principal do projeto os alunos desenvolveram um trabalho sobre instalações elétricas residenciais. Cada grupo foi construindo, no decorrer dos encontros, uma planta elétrica de uma residência, em que abordaram todos os conceitos estudados durante a aplicação do projeto. Os resultados obtidos com a atividade principal desenvolvida bem como com os questionários aplicados antes e depois da implementação do projeto, mostraram uma apropriação adequada do conhecimento por parte dos estudantes referentes ao tema estruturante abordado. Como ferramenta, foi utilizado no desenvolvimento das atividades um simulador Java disponível na internet sobre circuitos elétricos. Também se buscou abordar os temas sempre os relacionando a aplicações presentes na realidade dos estudantes. Essa abordagem da Física despertou o interesse dos alunos levando-os a participar mais das aulas e a fazerem relações dos conteúdos estudados em sala de aula com as suas aplicações junto a sua área técnica. / In this dissertation we present the report of the implementation of a teaching project in a class of vocational technical education in the field of Computation of the Farroupilha Federal Institute, in the city of São Borja/RS. This work is based on the socio-interacionist theory of Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, as well as in the theory of pedagogical moments of Delizoicov and Angotti which is supported on the educational perspective of Paulo Freire. During the project application classes we have always sought to stimulate debate, since the theoretical references consider this as a fundamental point for learning. Main activity of the project the students have worked on residential electrical installations. Each group has built, during the meetings, an electrical blueprint of a house in which they have approached all the concepts studied during the project application. The results obtained with the main activity as well as the questionnaires applied before and after the implementation of the project, showed an adequate appropriation of knowledge by the students, on the structuring subject discussed. A Java simulator of electrical circuits available on the internet has been used as a tool. Addressing the themes always relating them to applications present in the students’ realities has also been sought. This approach of Physics has aroused the students’ interest leading them to participate more on the classes and to make relations between the studied contents and their technical applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wr_dr_prud.pdf: 11733398 bytes, checksum: a0168545a45aff6d3506d6a25711601f (MD5) / As relações entre as áreas centrais e a estruturação de espaços urbanos expressam-se por meio de centralidades que se constituem em diferentes níveis e dimensões e, por esta razão, extrapolam a escala desses espaços. Este processo, dialeticamente, redefine os papéis e as articulações entre as cidades, na rede urbana regional, e são, por esta, modificados e redefinidos, de tal modo que as relações de concorrência e complementaridade tendem a determinar a localização dos meios de consumo coletivo. O estudo dessas dinâmicas em duas cidades do Norte do Paraná revela que, ainda que se reconheçam determinantes e traços comuns às cidades atuais, há, entre elas, diferenças. Em Londrina constatou-se a tendência à dispersão da centralidade e, em Maringá, a sua concentração. Observou-se que com o aumento do grau de complexidade das redes urbanas e das densidades informacionais, novos arranjos espaciais e territoriais são delineados e as desigualdades urbanas são reforçadas, ampliando, justapondo e articulando as contradições entre a cidade do just in time e a cidade da sobrevivência. Em função deste fato, quanto mais complexos os processos e formas espaciais, maior a conformação da cidade multi(poli)cêntrica. / The relations between the central areas and the urban structuring are expressed through the centralities that occur in different levels and proportions, and for this reason exceed the scale of such areas. This process, dialectically, redefines the roles and the articulations among cities, in the regional urban system, and they are modified and redefined by it, in a way that competitive and complement relations tend to determine the location of the means of collective consumption. The study of these dynamics in two cities of North Parana shows that even recognizing determiners and similar aspects in present cities, there are differences between them. In Londrina, it was observed the tendency to centrality dispersal, and in Maringá the tendency to centrality concentration. It was observed that with the increase of the urban system complexity level and the information density, new area and territorial arrangements are made and urban inequalities are reinforced, amplifying, juxtaposing and articulating the contradictions between the just in time city and the city of survival. Due to this fact, the more complex the processes and area types, the bigger the conformity of the multi(poly)centric city.

Comme dans les autres pays ouest africains, les transports en Côte d'Ivoire ont connu un programme d'ajustement qui a notamment conduit à la dérégulation du secteur. Les conséquences de cette politique furent, entre autres, la libéralisation du transport routier et la privatisation du chemin de fer «Abidjan-Niger ». Malgré ces réformes, les infrastructures de transport sont dégradées et les services restent très inégaux. C'est dans ce contexte que se pose aujourd'hui la question du rôle du corridor rail/route ivoiro-burkinabé en Côte d'Ivoire. Ce corridor de transport qui relie le port d'Abidjan à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso ne participe-t-il pas davantage au désenclavement des pays limitrophes qu'à celui des territoires ivoiriens? L'analyse des circulations au niveau de l'axe montre deux faits. D'une part, il se présente comme un axe majeur qui participe à la structuration des territoires traversés comme à Bouaké ou à Ouangolodougou, et d'autre part, il apparaît comme un axe qui produit de l'enclavement comme par exemple pour les localités de Loho, Boli, Raviart ou Céchi qui, bien que situées sur le chemin de fer, restent difficiles d'accès. Ces deux phénomènes révèlent le rôle ambivalent du corridor et amène à relativiser son importance dans la structuration du territoire national ivoirien. / Like in other West African countries, transportation in Ivory Coast has gone through a structural adjustment program which has led to the deregulation of the industry. Among others, the consequences of this policy have been both the liberalization of road transports and the privatization of the "Abidjan-Niger" railway. Following these reforms, transport infrastructures are scratched and services remain unequal. ln this nowadays context, the issue of the function of the Ivory Coast-Burkina Faso railway/road corridor in Ivory Coast can be considered. Does this corridor which links the Abidjan harbor to Ouagadougou, in Burkina Faso, participate more to the opening up of the adjacent countries or to Ivorian territories? The analysis of the circulations on the corridor highlights two major elements. On the one hand, it appears as a major axis which participates to the setting-up of the territories it goes through, such as Bouaké or Ouangolodougou. On the other hand, it appears as an axis which generates inaccessibility such as regarding Loho, Boli, Raviart or Céchi, which, despite located along the railway, remain difficult to reach. The two phenomena show the ambivalent role of the corridor and lead to consider with relativeness its importance in the Ivorian national territory structuration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_wv_me_prud.pdf: 15274696 bytes, checksum: 42f7efc01328041b1cea0f54b8b1b46a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação analisa a produção do espaço urbano e suas articulações com o mercado imobiliário, a partir da realidade concreta investigada na cidade de Londrina - PR. Os objetivos consistem em analisar a expansão da malha urbana e a evolução dos preços fundiários em Londrina, no fito de apreender o processo de valorização seletiva do espaço pelos mecanismos próprios do circuito imobiliário. Assim, a conjuntura da última década foi base do processo investigativo. No entanto, a compreensão da expansão físico-territorial da cidade de Londrina diz respeito às ações historicamente engendradas por agentes responsáveis pela produção do espaço urbano sob o modo capitalista de produção, quais sejam: os agentes privados, o Estado, e a sociedade civil. Desse modo, realizamos uma reflexão sobre a atuação dos incorporadores de loteamentos nas últimas quatro décadas, bem como da atuação do Estado na promoção da habitação e estruturação da cidade. Constituído esse quadro analítico, a compreensão volta-se ao estudo da evolução do preço da terra urbana a partir do levantamento e mapeamento das variáveis disponíveis nos classificados de terrenos do principal jornal de circulação local. Por fim, tratamos de analisar a estruturação do espaço urbano pela dinâmica da atividade imobiliária, investigando o caso mais específico da Zona Leste da cidade de Londrina, onde atualmente ocorre valorização imobiliária e incorporação de novos empreendimentos imobiliários bastantes elucidativos da reestruturação urbana contemporânea / This dissertation examines the production of urban space and their interaction with the real estate market, from the reality investigated in Londrina - PR. The objectives are to analyze the expansion of urban land and price developments in Londrina, the aim of understanding the process of selective recovery of space by the mechanisms of the circuit housing. Thus, the conjuncture of the last decade was based on the investigative process. However, understanding the physical and territorial expansion of the city of Londrina with respect to shares historically engendered by agents responsible for the production of urban space under the capitalist mode of production, namely: the private agents, the state and civil society. Thus, we held a discussion on the role of developers of subdivisions in the last four decades, and the role of the state in housing promotion and structuring of the city. Consisting this analytical framework, the understanding back to the study of the evolution of urban land prices from the survey and mapping of the variables available in the classifieds of land from the main newspaper of local circulation. Finally, we analyzed the structure of urban space by the dynamics of real estate activity, investigating the more specific case of the Eastern Zone of the city of Londrina, where he currently is real estate appreciation and incorporation of new houses quite illustrative of contemporary urban restructuring

Nesta dissertação apresentamos o relato da implementação de um projeto de ensino junto a uma turma de ensino técnico profissionalizante na área de Informática do Instituto Federal Farroupilha, localizado na cidade de São Borja/RS. O presente trabalho está referenciado na teoria sócio-interacionista de Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, bem como na teoria dos momentos pedagógicos de Delizoicov e Angotti que por sua vez se ampara na perspectiva educacional de Paulo Freire. Durante as aulas de aplicação do projeto sempre buscamos motivar o debate, visto que os referenciais teóricos consideram isto como ponto fundamental para a aprendizagem. Como atividade principal do projeto os alunos desenvolveram um trabalho sobre instalações elétricas residenciais. Cada grupo foi construindo, no decorrer dos encontros, uma planta elétrica de uma residência, em que abordaram todos os conceitos estudados durante a aplicação do projeto. Os resultados obtidos com a atividade principal desenvolvida bem como com os questionários aplicados antes e depois da implementação do projeto, mostraram uma apropriação adequada do conhecimento por parte dos estudantes referentes ao tema estruturante abordado. Como ferramenta, foi utilizado no desenvolvimento das atividades um simulador Java disponível na internet sobre circuitos elétricos. Também se buscou abordar os temas sempre os relacionando a aplicações presentes na realidade dos estudantes. Essa abordagem da Física despertou o interesse dos alunos levando-os a participar mais das aulas e a fazerem relações dos conteúdos estudados em sala de aula com as suas aplicações junto a sua área técnica. / In this dissertation we present the report of the implementation of a teaching project in a class of vocational technical education in the field of Computation of the Farroupilha Federal Institute, in the city of São Borja/RS. This work is based on the socio-interacionist theory of Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, as well as in the theory of pedagogical moments of Delizoicov and Angotti which is supported on the educational perspective of Paulo Freire. During the project application classes we have always sought to stimulate debate, since the theoretical references consider this as a fundamental point for learning. Main activity of the project the students have worked on residential electrical installations. Each group has built, during the meetings, an electrical blueprint of a house in which they have approached all the concepts studied during the project application. The results obtained with the main activity as well as the questionnaires applied before and after the implementation of the project, showed an adequate appropriation of knowledge by the students, on the structuring subject discussed. A Java simulator of electrical circuits available on the internet has been used as a tool. Addressing the themes always relating them to applications present in the students’ realities has also been sought. This approach of Physics has aroused the students’ interest leading them to participate more on the classes and to make relations between the studied contents and their technical applications.

Avec l’épuisement progressif des ressources pétrolières, la production de biocarburant est actuellement en plein développement. Utiliser la biomasse en tant que source d’énergie permettrait également de limiter la concentration en dioxyde de carbone dans l’atmosphère et ainsi l’effet de serre. Cependant son processus de transformation implique une étape d’hydrodésoxygénation qui nécessite d’avoir recours à des catalyseurs de type sulfure de molybdène dopé par du cobalt ou du nickel. Ces catalyseurs sont également indispensables au cours du traitement du pétrole lors du procédé d’hydrodésulfuration qui est primordial pour limiter la pollution de l’air par les gaz de combustion des carburants. Cette thèse propose une méthode de synthèse et de structuration de catalyseurs massiques NiMoS facile à mettre en œuvre et rapide. Deux solvants ont été utilisés : l’eau et le formamide. L’ajout d’un polymère hydrosoluble amphiphile, le PEO113-b-PLLA32, dans l’eau et de liquides ioniques (BMIMNTf2 et BMIMBF4) dans le formamide ont permis la structuration des matériaux et l’obtention de surfaces spécifiques atteignant 55 m2g-1. Ceci représente une surface importante pour ce type de composé, en particulier dans le cadre d’une synthèse par chimie douce. Les premiers tests catalytiques réalisés vis-à-vis de la réaction d’hydrodésoxygénation de l’acide décanoïque montrent une activité catalytique très prometteuse pour ces matériaux. / With the progressive decrease of oil resources, the production of biomass fuel is a fast growing field. This could limit the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thus the global warming. The production of this kind of fuel requires the use of catalysts such as nickel or cobalt promoted molybdenum sulfide. These materials are also crucial during the refining of oil, an essential step to limit atmospheric pollution during the classic fuel combustion. New methods to synthesize and structure NiMoS catalysts have been developed in this work. Two solvants have been studied: formamide and water. The addition of an amphiphilic water-soluble polymer (PEO113-b-PLLA32) in water and of ionic liquids (BMIMNTf2 and BMIMBF4) in formamide led to the structuring of the materials with specific surface areas up to 55 m2g-1. This is a high value for this kind of material, especially since the synthesis is carried out under soft conditions. The first catalytic tests dealt with decanoïc acid hydrodesoxygenation and highlighted a promising activity for these materials

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Tem-se, nesta dissertaÃÃo, o propÃsito de discutir se hÃ, do ponto de vista da estruturaÃÃo do Eu nos sujeitos, elementos pelos quais se possa discernir o que respalda a maneira como os neurÃticos e psicÃticos demarcam um posicionamento distinto frente Ãs experiÃncias de religiosidade, estabelecendo relacionamentos diferentes com a divindade. Para tanto, metodologicamente, empreende-se um estudo bibliogrÃfico fundamentado na obra de Freud e no primeiro ensino de Lacan em suas produÃÃes referentes à religiÃo, constituiÃÃo do Eu, neurose e psicose, alÃm da discussÃo de dois casos clÃnicos freudianos: Schreber e o Homem dos Ratos. Sendo assim, realizam-se articulaÃÃes entre a religiÃo e o complexo paterno em psicanÃlise, abordando os elementos traumÃticos presentes na origem das religiÃes monoteÃstas e a maneira pela qual eles se atualizam nos sujeitos, alÃm de estabelecerem-se aproximaÃÃes entre as formaÃÃes religiosas, as produÃÃes delirantes e a fantasia. Efetua-se um recorte sobre o modo de estruturaÃÃo do Eu, nas neuroses e nas psicoses, salientando o conceito de narcisismo para o estabelecimento das dimensÃes imaginÃrias e simbÃlicas que participam desse processo, bem como para as modificaÃÃes teÃricas subsequentes. Por fim, faz-se uma investigaÃÃo sobre o modo pelo qual o Eu se constitui nas neuroses e psicoses, os mecanismos peculiares a cada uma destas estruturas e a presenÃa do discurso religioso, assim como das figuras divinas, atravÃs da anÃlise dos casos clÃnicos. Dentre os principais achados da pesquisa destaca-se: a) a inteligibilidade nas formulaÃÃes freudianas sobre a religiÃo, situando-a ora ao lado das neuroses, ora ao lado das psicoses, fornecendo a ela uma dupla lÃgica; b) as peculiaridades na constituiÃÃo do Eu, isto Ã, a fixaÃÃo do paranoico no estÃdio do espelho e o atravessamento do Ãdipo no obsessivo, bem como seus posicionamentos distintos frente ao Outro e o conflito das instÃncias psÃquicas nestas estruturas, implicam na maneira pela qual as experiÃncias de religiosidade e as divindades aparecem nos sintomas e nas formaÃÃes elementares; c) a noÃÃo de crenÃa estrutural na neurose e a dimensÃo de certeza na psicose permitem a percepÃÃo das diferenÃas no modo como estes indivÃduos compreendem as figuras divinas, que aparecerem constantemente associadas à figura paterna nas teorizaÃÃes psicanalÃticas / There is, in this dissertation, the purpose of discussing whether there is, from the point of view of the Ego structure in subjects, elements by which to discern what supports the way neurotics and psychotics demarcate distinct positioning in the face of religious experiences, establishing different relationships with divinity. Therefore, methodologically, to undertake a bibliographical study based on the work of Freud and Lacan, in the first teaching, in their productions concerning religion, constitution of Ego, neurosis and psychosis, beyond a discussion of two Freudian cases: Schreber and the Rats Man. So, take place joints between religion and father complex in psychoanalysis, addressing the elements present in the traumatic origin of monotheistic religions and the way they are updated in the subject, and set up approaches between religious formations, production delusional and fantasy. Makes up a theoretical framework on the mode ego structure, on the neuroses and psychoses, in stressing the concept of narcissism to establish the imaginary and symbolic dimensions that participate in this process as well as for the subsequent theoretical modifications. Finally, it is an investigation regarding the way in which the Ego is constituted in neuroses and psychoses, mechanisms peculiar to each of these structures and the presence of religious speech as well as of divine figures, by analysis of clinical cases. Among the main findings of the research highlight: a) intelligibility in Freudian formulations about religion, placing it sometimes beside the neuroses, sometimes beside the psychoses, giving her a double logic; b) the peculiarities in the constitution of the Ego, this is, fixing the paranoid in the mirror stage and the crossing of the obsessive at Oedipus, as well as their distinct attitudes towards Other and conflicts of these psychic structures instances, result a way in which the experiences of religion and deities appear in symptoms and elementary formations; c) the structural belief notion in neurosis and the dimension of certainty in psychosis allow in the perception of differences in the way these individuals understand the divine figures, which appear consistently associated with paternal figure in psychoanalytic theorizing