Teorie a praxe tvorby učebnic chemie pro střední školy Mgr. Milan Klečka Abstrakt: Disertační práce je zaměřena na problematiku teorie a praxe tvorby učebnic chemie pro střední školy. Východiskem práce je rozsáhlá rešerše naší a zahraniční literatury zaměřená na analýzu významu, pojetí, charakteristiky a hodnocení učebnic. Dále je uvedena příprava, realizace a výsledky rozsáhlého šetření v rámci České republiky, týkajícího se reálného používání učebnic chemie na středních školách. Formou dotazníkového šetření bylo zjištěno, jaké učebnice chemie jsou v současnosti v praxi nejpoužívanější. Nejvíce používané učebnice obecné a anorganické chemie byly pak vybrány k dalšímu hodnocení metodikou Nestlerová-Průcha-Pluskal. Byl proveden komplexní rozbor osmi nejpoužívanějších učebnic a učebnicových řad obecné a anorganické chemie a porovnány jejich parametry. V závěru disertační práce je uveden přehled jednotlivých parametrů pro každou učebnici a návrh kritérií pro tvorbu optimální učebnice chemie pro střední školy.

L'écrit en sciences favorise les apprentissages des élèves. Ce constat est largement partagé dans la communauté scientifique. A partir de cette idée et de celle de genèse instrumentale proposée par Pierre Rabardel, cette recherche s'est donné comme objet de savoir à quelles conditions les ingénieries pédagogiques qui intègrent l'usage d'un cahier de sciences sont efficientes pour que le jeune enfant s'approprie les instruments de la culture scientifique et écrite spécifiques au Cours Préparatoire.Dans la perspective de la conceptualisation dans l'action de Gérard Vergnaud, l'étude théorique et pratique a été menée sous différentes formes complémentaires : analyse structurale des cahiers issus des classes et des différentes sortes d'écrits utilisés pour représenter le réel, tests de connaissances et entretiens-feuilletages avec les élèves, observations de classes, questionnaires par Q-sort et entretiens avec les enseignants.L'étude met en lumière plusieurs faits. Le cahier de sciences est un système de langages et de classification conceptuelle matérialisée (expression empruntée à Anne Marie Chartier). L'usage du cahier de sciences nécessite, exerce et développe chez les enseignants et chez les élèves, de nombreux schèmes d'utilisation dont un schème de référencement qui permet aux élèves d'indexer leurs travaux à leur cahier et à la discipline de référence. Le cahier joue aussi un rôle dans la communauté de la classe, dans la communication avec la famille et dans la construction de l'enfant comme sujet. Autour des usages du cahier, se lient les apprentissages des sciences, les apprentissages de l'écrit et les apprentissages du cahier et de ses fonctions comme instrument. / Writing about sciences promotes pupils’learning. This idea is widely shared in the scientific community. Based upon this idea and that of an instrumental genesis proposed by Pierre Rabardel, this research studies in what conditions the engineering education integrating the use of a sciences notebook will help a young child to take over the tools of scientific and writing knowledges which are specific to the Preparatory Course.Following Gérard Vergnaud’s assertion that acting helps to conceptualizing, a theoretical and practical study was carried out in various complementary forms: structural analysis of notebooks from different classes and kinds of writing which are used to represent reality, tests of knowledge, and interviews with children, class observations, questionnaires, and Q-sort interviews with teachers. This study clarifies several facts. A science notebook is a system of language and conceptual classification which has been materialized (a term borrowed from Anne Marie Chartier). The use of a science notebook trains and develops among teachers and pupils many patterns of use, including a referral scheme which allows pupils to index their work to their specifications and the discipline of reference. A science notebook also plays a role in the community of the classroom, it is a link with the family, and it helps children to structure themselves as subjects. With the use of the science notebook, sciences and learning to write are connected to learning with a notebook and how to use it as a tool.

In 1998/99 the European Union (EU) acknowledged a need for an autonomous military action force. In 2007 the European Battlegroups (EUBG) were ready for ‘rapid reaction’. Today, in the year of 2016, they have still never been deployed. – How come the EUBG still exist, even though they have never been used? By an approach of explaining outcome process tracing, this study address – How can we understand the persistence of EUBG within the European Union in terms of integration and disintegration of regional organisations? By the developed theoretical framework of Security Communities (SC), it is argued that the EU, as a ‘tight, pluralistic, mature security community’ possibly cannot revise the renowned EUBG; disintegrate the Union, due to external and internal pressures and integrated features. This is shown by a method of a triangulated approach of surveys, interviews and textual analysis. The research concludes that deep-rooted integration and strong loyalty prevent members, of a regional organisation, to express contingent dissatisfaction and/or leave cooperation.

Checkland developed Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to address problem situations from a systems perspective; however, SSM needs to be extended with other methods to find superior solutions that overcome the need for a compromise or trade-off between conflicting or contradictory elements. This thesis extends Checkland’s SSM approach to resolve problems with conflicting or contradictory elements. This work integrates the powerful benefits of TRIZ-based analysis into SSM and provides a means for systemic resolution of business problems with conflicting sub-system elements. Furthermore, this study acknowledges that soft problems can have conflicting relationships among their elements, compares the strengths and weaknesses of SSM and TRIZ in problem structuring, and presents a collaborative SSM-TRIZ approach for problem structuring. Finally, this thesis applies the joint methodology to examine the business problem of customer needs assessment for a certain market segment of INCOSE’s planned Professional Development initiative. Although SSM-TRIZ helps structure problems with opposing requirements, it does not always provide definitive, prescriptive solution implementations for technical and business issues. Hence, hard thinking approaches cannot be discarded in practice after implementing SSM-TRIZ. Text mining was selected for providing a final and definite solution to the problem situation of interest.

Cette thèse étudie les propriétés de contrôle par migration d’équations aux dérivées partielles modélisant la dynamique d’une population structurée en âge. Les équations de populations considérées seront essentiellement celles décrites par Lotka et McKendrick, en tenant compte ou non de la diffusion spatiale des individus, ainsi que leur pendant non-linéaire décrit par les équations de Gurtin et MacCamy. La première partie étudie les propriétés de contrôlabilité interne des équations linéaires de Lotka et McKendrick (sans diffusion), lorsque le contrôle n’agit que pour les jeunes individus formant la population. La contrôlabilité à zéro ainsi que la contrôlabilité vers les solutions stationnaires du système considéré est démontrée, en utilisant les propriétés du semi-groupe associé à l’opérateur de population originellement étudié par Song (contrôleur supposé responsable de la radicalisation de la politique de l’enfant unique en Chine). En outre, la conservation au cours du temps de la positivité de la densité de population contrôlée est étudiée. Les deux parties suivantes établissent respectivement des propriétés de contrôle à zéro et de contrôle en temps optimal pour l’équation de Lotka et McKendrick, lorsque le déplacement spatial des individus est considéré (ici, le contrôle agit pour tous les âges mais seulement dans une certaine zone du milieu considéré). Les méthodes employées relèvent d’une adaptation de celles originellement développées pour le contrôle d’équations paraboliques, notamment la méthode de Lebeau et Robbiano (pour l’étude du contrôle à zéro de l’équation de la chaleur), ainsi que leur généralisation développée par Wang pour l’étude du contrôle en temps optimal de l’équation de la chaleur. Une dernière partie étudie les propriétés de contrôlabilité des équations non-linéaires de Gurtin et MacCamy (sans diffusion), lorsque le contrôle est voué à n’agir que pour une certaine tranche d’âge d’individus. L’utilisation de principes de comparaison en dynamique de populations permet notamment d’obtenir le contrôle à zéro des équations considérées. / This work is devoted to study the controllability properties of some infinite dimensional systems modeling an age structured population dynamics. The considered equations are essentially those described by Lotka and McKendrick, with or without spatial diffusion, and their nonlinear versions described by the Gurtin and MacCamy equations. The first part of this thesis aims to study the controllability properties of the linear Lotka and McKendrick system (without diffusion), in the case when the control acts for the very young individuals. The null controllability and the controllability towards the stationnary solutions of the considered system are established, using a semigroup approach. In addition, the nonnegativity of the controlled population dynamics is studied. The next two parts are respectively devoted to establish a null controllability result and a time optimal control result for the Lotka McKendrick equation with spatial diffusion (here, the control acts for every ages but only on a subdomain of the considered spatial domain). The methods employed are those originally devoted to study the internal controllability properties of the heat equation. A last part studies the controllability properties of the Gurtin and MacCamy nonlinear equations (without diffuion), when the control acts only in an arbitrary age range. In this case, the use of comparison principles in age structured population dynamics ensures the null controllability of the considered equations.

O presente estudo analisou os diversos fatores que influenciam a tomada de decisões na gestão de rentabilidade do portfolio de produtos em empresas de bens de consumo, investigando os aspectos lógicos e comportamentais de liderança que influenciam este processo decisório para ao final do estudo propor um conjunto de diretrizes com oito etapas e vinte e cinco elementos específicos, que devem ser considerados na estruturação do processo decisório relacionado a uma gestão ativa da rentabilidade do portfólio de produtos em empresas de bens de consumo. Esta abordagem de gestão ativa proposta pelas diretrizes orienta o processo de decisão para identificar os desvios e buscar as causas dos problemas, atuando assim de forma mais estruturante e menos paliativa na gestão de rentabilidade do portfolio de produtos. As diretrizes propostas visam guiar as organizações de bens de consumo a adequarem suas práticas de gestão do portfolio de produtos com maior ciência sobre as variáveis que impactam o processo decisório quando se trata da gestão de rentabilidade em questão, envolvendo os aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos e suas inerentes complexidades, principalmente quando há neste processo de gestão diversos produtos, agentes e interesses distintos envolvidos. Como método, este estudo partiu da análise de um caso prático vivenciado pelo autor, para então explorar a teoria e posteriormente retornar à prática realizando três pesquisas de campo, iniciando com um estudo de caso único e seguido por outras duas pesquisas utilizando entrevistas em profundidade com gestores de produtos de outras empresas e especialistas no tema. / The present study analyzed the various factors that influence decision-making in the profitability management of the product portfolio in consumer goods companies, investigating the logical and behavioral aspects of leadership that influence this decision process to then at end of the study propose a set of guidelines with eight steps and twenty-five specific elements which should be considered in the structuring of the decision-making process related to an active profitability management of the product portfolio in consumer goods companies. This active management approach proposed by the guidelines guides the decision process to identify the deviations and to pursue the causes of the problems, thus acting in a more structuring and less palliative way in profitability management of the product portfolio. The proposed guidelines aim to guide consumer goods organizations to adapt their product portfolio management practices with greater knowledge about the variables that impact the decision-making process when it comes to the profitability management in question, involving the quantitative and qualitative aspects and their inherent complexities, especially when there are several products, agents and interests involved in this management process. As a method, this study started with the analysis of a practical case experienced by the author, to then explore the theory and then return to practice by performing three field surveys, starting with a single case study followed by two other surveys using in-depth interviews with product managers from other companies and experts in the subject.

Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão Sposito / Resumo: As relações entre as áreas centrais e a estruturação de espaços urbanos expressam-se por meio de centralidades que se constituem em diferentes níveis e dimensões e, por esta razão, extrapolam a escala desses espaços. Este processo, dialeticamente, redefine os papéis e as articulações entre as cidades, na rede urbana regional, e são, por esta, modificados e redefinidos, de tal modo que as relações de concorrência e complementaridade tendem a determinar a localização dos meios de consumo coletivo. O estudo dessas dinâmicas em duas cidades do Norte do Paraná revela que, ainda que se reconheçam determinantes e traços comuns às cidades atuais, há, entre elas, diferenças. Em Londrina constatou-se a tendência à dispersão da centralidade e, em Maringá, a sua concentração. Observou-se que com o aumento do grau de complexidade das redes urbanas e das densidades informacionais, novos arranjos espaciais e territoriais são delineados e as desigualdades urbanas são reforçadas, ampliando, justapondo e articulando as contradições entre a cidade do just in time e a cidade da sobrevivência. Em função deste fato, quanto mais complexos os processos e formas espaciais, maior a conformação da cidade multi(poli)cêntrica. / Abstract: The relations between the central areas and the urban structuring are expressed through the centralities that occur in different levels and proportions, and for this reason exceed the scale of such areas. This process, dialectically, redefines the roles and the articulations among cities, in the regional urban system, and they are modified and redefined by it, in a way that competitive and complement relations tend to determine the location of the means of collective consumption. The study of these dynamics in two cities of North Parana shows that even recognizing determiners and similar aspects in present cities, there are differences between them. In Londrina, it was observed the tendency to centrality dispersal, and in Maringá the tendency to centrality concentration. It was observed that with the increase of the urban system complexity level and the information density, new area and territorial arrangements are made and urban inequalities are reinforced, amplifying, juxtaposing and articulating the contradictions between the just in time city and the city of survival. Due to this fact, the more complex the processes and area types, the bigger the conformity of the multi(poly)centric city. / Doutor

Ce travail de thèse vise à modéliser et simuler la séparation de phase d’un système polymère solvant afin de comprendre, prédire et maitriser la dynamique de formation de membranes poreuses. L’équation phénoménologique proposée de Cahn-Hilliard, couplée à un champ de vitesse (Modèle H dans la classification de Hohenberg et Halperin) sera utilisée pour décrire l’inversion de phase induite par un changement de température (procédé TIPS), le système PMMA/cyclohexanol étant pris comme système de référence.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes attachés à étudier de façon systématique l’influence du terme de mobilité sur la dynamique de séparation de phase, sans couplage avec l’hydrodynamique en 2D. Un analyse des lois de croissance des structures formées a été réalisée via une analyse des images par transformée de Fourier et une analyse spécifique des patterns a été effectuée via l’analyse originale des descripteurs de Minkowski. Dans une seconde partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié le couplage entre la séparation de phase et l’hydrodynamique, en 2D et 3D. Enfin, nous avons intégré dans une dernière partie le couplage entre la séparation de phase, l’hydrodynamique et les phénomènes de transferts de matière aux interfaces induits notamment par l’évaporation du solvant au cours de la formation d’une membrane. / The thesis aimed at modeling and simulating the phase separation dynamics of a polymeric system (polymer/solvent or polymer/solvent/non-solvent) for better understanding and controlling the formation mechanisms of porous polymeric membranes. The equation of Cahn and Hilliard (1956)[1] was used and coupled to a hydrodynamic model (H model in the classification of Hohenberg et Halperin (1977)[2]) to simulate the phase inversion in closed system.In a first stage, hydrodynamics was not coupled to Cahn-Hilliard equation and the work focused on the mobility term in the Cahn-Hilliard equation and its influence on the phase separation dynamics (pattern evolution, growth law of the characteristic structures). The patterns were analyzed by Fourier transform and an original analysis was also performed using the Minkowski descriptors.In a second part of the thesis, we coupled the Cahn-Hilliard equations with Navier-Stokes equations and the influence of this coupling on the membrane formation dynamics was investigated.Then, in order to simulate the membrane formation in a context closer to reality, transfer phenomena were simulated at the upper interface of the domain to describe solvent evaporation during demixing process.Finally, the simulations were extended to ternary systems (polymer/solvent/non-solvent) systems since most of industrial polymer membranes involve are prepared from ternary system, with NIPS process (Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation) or dry casting process (differential evaporation between solvent and non-solvent).

Le potentiel du polydiméthylsiloxane (PDMS), élastomère transparent et déformable réversiblement en temps réel, est mis en avant dans ce travail comme substrat fonctionnel dans le domaine de l’optique et du mouillage. Dans une première partie, nous avons développé des surfaces de PDMS ridées à l’aide d’instabilités de flambage, de longueurs d’onde (λ) et d’amplitude (A) variables et contrôlées, puis nous avons organisé sélectivement des nano-objets sur cette texturation de surface avec afin d’en moduler la physico-chimie. Dans une seconde partie, la génération, in situ, de nano-plots/nanoparticules d’or et d’argent à la surface de verre et de PDMS a été étudiée et caractérisée d’un point de vue optique. / The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a transparent and stretchable elastomer, is put forward in this work as a functional substrate in the field of optics and wetting. In the first part, we have developed wrinkled PDMS surfaces via controlled buckling instabilities. We were able to tune both the wavelength (λ) and the amplitude (A) of the structuration on a large length scale. We have then selectively organized some nanoparticles the textured surfaces in order to modulate its physical-chemistry. In the second part, in situ generation of gold and silver nanoparticles/plots has been developed and studied both on glass PDMS surfaces and subsequently characterized optically.

Cette thèse présente les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux de l’interaction entre une onde plane et une monocouche de particules sub-microniques sphériques/non sphériques transparentes au champ optique. Un renforcement local du champ optique sous la particule peut être observé, menant à la formation d’une concentration d’énergie appelée «nanojet photonique». Une étude théorique de la répartition du champ électromagnétique sous les microparticules et le choix des conditions optimales, nous a permis d’exploiter ce nanojet comme un outil de micro-nano-structuration. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une structuration périodique 2D d’un matériau photosensible à base de TiO2 déposé sur divers substrats a été effectuée par la technique de photolithographie colloïdale. En utilisant ce matériau, cette approche permet en une seule étape de conduire à une couche fonctionnelle, stable mécaniquement et chimiquement. Enfin, cette thèse présente quelques pistes d’exploitation et de perspectives de l’utilisation du phénomène de concentration d’une onde incidente par les microparticules. Plus précisément, cette microstructuration peut être utilisée pour des fonctions de piégeage optique, pour de la croissance localisée de matériaux fonctionnels ou encore pour augmenter l’activité de photocatalyse de couches actives / This PhD thesis presents the theoretical and experimental results of the interaction between a plane wave and a monolayer of spherical / non-spherical submicron particles that are transparent to the optical field. Local amplification of the optical field under the particle can be observed. This amplification of electromagnetic field is called "photonic nanojet". A theoretical study of nanojet under the microparticles and the choice of optimal conditions, allowed us to exploit this nanojet as a micro-nano-structuring tool. A 2D periodic structuring of a TiO2-based photosensitive material deposited on various substrates was carried out by the colloidal photolithography technique. By using this TiO2-based photosensitive material, this approach makes possible in a single step to produce a functional layer. Finally, this thesis presents some opportunities to exploit the phenomenon of concentration of an incident wave by the microparticles. More precisely, this microstructuration can be used for optical trapping functions, for the localized growth of functional materials or for increasing the photocatalytic activity of active layers