Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GALO_Nadya_2014.pdf: 1286140 bytes, checksum: 61414a7c6df1ec47f52a3c1d9a64a659 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A company doesn t operate singly in the market, because it is involved in a chain of buyers and suppliers, from which depends its operational efficiency. Thus, the choice of a partner requires the fulfillment of a number of requirements to ensure that business objectives will be not affected by inadequate supply. In this context, supplier selection can be an important process for an organization that wishes to evaluate the alternatives according its preference criteria for contracting services. However, certain criteria may present difficulties in measuring and to define indicators that can compose each criterion can allow the performance measurement of each supplier, adding objectivity to the process. The objective of this research was to identify and analyze which criteria supplier selection are used for hiring logistics service providers (LSPs) and what are the indicators used to assess the performance of this partner, in a group of companies in the retail. For this, we used the method of case study in five companies, four shippers and one 3PL. This is an exploratory qualitative research and the technique used was the direct intensive research using semi-structured questionnaires. Thus, were identified and analyzed the selection criteria and performance indicators used by companies to selection and evaluation of LSPs. The analysis allowed characterizing the selection of suppliers of these companies and performance measurement, as well as some specific features. As a result, it was observed that companies can point which criteria are relevant for the selection of LSPs and they have indicators for supplier performance evaluation, however the alignment between criteria and indicators is not fully established because the indicators used are more geared to monitoring the operation than the supplier evaluation. / Uma empresa não atua isoladamente no mercado, pois está envolvida em uma cadeia de compradores e fornecedores da qual depende sua eficiência operacional. Assim, a escolha de um parceiro requer o atendimento de uma série de requisitos que garantam que os objetivos da empresa não sejam afetados pelo fornecimento inadequado. Neste contexto, a seleção de fornecedores pode ser um processo importante para uma organização que deseja avaliar as alternativas de acordo com seus critérios de preferência para contratação de serviços. Contudo, certos critérios podem apresentar dificuldade de mensuração e definir indicadores que possam compor cada critério pode possibilitar a medição do desempenho de cada fornecedor, acrescentando objetividade ao processo. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar quais critérios de seleção de fornecedores são utilizados no momento da contratação de prestadores de serviços logísticos (PSLs) e quais são os indicadores utilizados na avaliação do desempenho deste parceiro, em um conjunto de empresas do setor do varejo. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso em cinco empresas, sendo quatro embarcadores e um operador logístico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa e a técnica utilizada foi a investigação direta intensiva com o uso de questionários semiestruturados. Deste modo, foram identificados e analisados os critérios de seleção e os indicadores de desempenho utilizados pelas empresas para seleção e avaliação de PSLs. As análises permitiram caracterizar a seleção de fornecedores destas empresas e a medição de desempenho, assim como algumas características específicas. Como resultado, observou-se que as empresas conseguem apontar quais critérios são relevantes para a seleção de PSLs e possuem indicadores para a avaliação do desempenho do fornecedor, entretanto o alinhamento entre critérios e indicadores não é totalmente estabelecido porque os indicadores utilizados são mais voltados ao acompanhamento da operação do que à avaliação do fornecedor.

Företagsledare ställs inför mängder av beslut varje dag. Dessa beslut kan både påverka företagets verksamhet och samhället i stort. På senare tid har nya normer kring hållbarhetsarbete växt fram och större krav ställs på företag att anpassa sig till nya normer som etableras. Misslyckas företag att anpassa sig till krav som ställs från samhället och intressenter riskerar företag att förlora sin legitimitet. Ett sätt för företag att visa sig legitima är genom de beslut som tas, till exempel vid val av leverantör. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för vilka beslutskriterier små och medelstora företag (SME-bolag) prioriterar i beslutsprocessen vid val av leverantör och skapandet av legitimitet. Således avser studien att bidra till kunskapsutveckling kring företags beslutsprocesser i förhållande till legitimitetsteorin samt beslutsteorier. För att uppnå syftet med studien har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi tillämpats och tio företagsledare i värmländska SME-bolag har intervjuats gällande hur beslutsprocessen ser ut i deras företag. Studien visar att beslutsprocesser i värmländska SME-bolag varierar med hög grad beroende på vilken situation företaget ställs inför. Även graden av rationalitet i beslutsprocessen samt vilka beslutskriterier som beaktas varierar mellan företag och beroende på situation. Företagsledarna uppvisar en medvetenhet kring vilka normer som finns i samhället, men upplever att kraven från den närmsta kretsen, i form av kunder, inte omfattar hållbarhet i någon större utsträckning. Istället ställs krav på kvalitet, service och professionalism. Enligt företagarna är detta vad som i stor utsträckning påverkar de beslut som tas gällande val av leverantör och i sin tur även företagets legitimitet. / Business leaders are faced with a multitude of decisions every day. These decisions can both affect the company's operations, but also the society as a whole. Recently, new standards regarding sustainability have emerged and greater demands are placed on companies to adapt to the new standards. If companies fail to adapt to the demands of society and stakeholders, the company risks losing its legitimacy. One way for a company to prove its legitimacy is through the decisions that are made, for example when choosing a supplier. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding for which decision criteria small and medium sized enterprises (SME) prioritize when choosing a supplier and creating legitimacy. Thus, the study intends to contribute to knowledge development about companies' decision-making processes in relation to the theory of legitimacy and decisions theories. To achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative research strategy has been applied and ten company leaders in SMEs in Värmland have been interviewed regarding how the decision-making process in their companies looks like. The study shows that decision-making processes in SMEs in Värmland vary greatly depending on the situation the company is faced with. The degree of rationality in the decision-making process as well as which decision criteria that is important also varies between companies and depending on the situation. Business leaders show an awareness of the norms that exist in society, but feel that the requirements from the closest circle, in terms of customers, do not include sustainability to any great extent. Instead, demands are made on quality, service and professionalism. According to the entrepreneurs, this is what mainly affects the decisions made regarding the choice of supplier and in extension also the company's legitimacy.

Denna rapports syfte är att beskriva och analysera hur företag arbetar för att ta sitt miljömässiga ansvar när det kommer till val och bedömning av nya leverantörer samt uppföljning och utvärdering av befintliga leverantörer. Tanken är att rapporten ska bidra med en beskrivning av vilka kriterier som är vanligt förekommande vid leverantörsval och leverantörsutvärdering, samt vilka bedömnings- och utvärderingskriterier som kan inkluderas för att uppnå grönare leverantörsval.   För att uppfylla rapportens syfte har det genomförts en litteraturstudie samt en intervjustudie. Anledningen till att detta har genomförts grundar sig främst i att inköp och anskaffning har fått en allt viktigare roll när det kommer till företags miljöansvar. De leverantörer som företag väljer ut kan i många fall bidra starkt till försörjningskedjornas miljöpåverkan. Detta resulterar i att det för organisationer och företag blir allt viktigare att söka en balans mellan ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter då leverantörer ska väljas ut samt utvärderas. De vanligast förekommande kriterierna vid leverantörsval och leverantörsutvärdering utgörs av kvalitet, leveransförmåga samt pris/kostnad. Utöver dessa vanligt förekommande kriterier kan företag med fördel inkludera en mängd olika miljömässiga kriterier i syfte att uppnå grönare leverantörsval. Exempel på sådana, så kallade gröna kriterier, kan vara miljöcertifiering, utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter samt återvinningsgrad.   Med hjälp av den genomförda litteraturstudien samt empiriinsamlingen har likheter, skillnader och nyanser kunnat upptäckas mellan hur gröna leverantörsval teoretiskt beskrivs, samt hur de studerade företagen arbetar för att inkludera ett miljömässigt hänsynstagande vid just val och utvärdering av leverantörer. En övergripande slutsats som dragits utifrån detta arbete är att det finns en stor förbättringspotential i hur samtliga företag arbetar för att inkludera miljömässiga kriterier vid såväl leverantörsval som leverantörsutvärdering. / The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze companies’ implementation of environmental responsibility regarding supplier selection as well as supplier evaluation. The objective of this paper is to provide a description of which criteria are most commonly used in supplier selection and evaluation, as well as which evaluation criteria companies could include to achieve green supplier selection. To fulfill the purpose of this paper we have done a literature study as well as an interview study. The motive of these studies is based on purchasing’s and procurement’s increasing responsibility regarding environmental impact. The supplier selection process has in many cases a huge impact on a supply chain’s environmental performance. This results in a necessity for companies and organizations to achieve a balance between economic and environmental aspects when it comes to supplier selection and evaluation. The most commonly used criteria in supplier selection and evaluation consists of quality, delivery performance and price/cost. In addition, there is also a lot of different environmental criteria that companies could take into consideration to achieve green supplier selection. For example, these green criteria may consist of environmental certification, carbon dioxide emissions and recycling. By analyzing the literature study as well as the empirical study similarities and differences have been discovered. The discovered similarities and differences is mainly based on how companies include environmental aspects in supplier selection and evaluation, compared to how green supplier selection theoretically is described. A general conclusion based on the analysis in this paper indicates that a great improvement is necessary regarding the implementation of environmental criteria in supplier selection and evaluation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Chih-Hang Wu / Recently, interdisciplinary (management, engineering, science, and economics) collaboration research has been growing to achieve the synergy and to reinforce the weakness of each discipline. Along this trend, this research combines three topics: mathematical programming, data mining, and supply chain management. A new pegging algorithm is developed for solving the continuous nonlinear knapsack problem. An efficient solving approach is proposed for solving the ν-support vector machine for classification problem in the field of data mining. The new pegging algorithm is used to solve the subproblem of the support vector machine problem. For the supply chain management, this research proposes an efficient integrated solving approach for the supplier selection problem. The support vector machine is applied to solve the problem of selecting potential supplies in the procedure of the integrated solving approach. In the first part of this research, a new pegging algorithm solves the continuous nonlinear knapsack problem with box constraints. The problem is to minimize a convex and differentiable nonlinear function with one equality constraint and box constraints. Pegging algorithm needs to calculate primal variables to check bounds on variables at each iteration, which frequently is a time-consuming task. The newly proposed dual bound algorithm checks the bounds of Lagrange multipliers without calculating primal variables explicitly at each iteration. In addition, the calculation of the dual solution at each iteration can be reduced by a proposed new method for updating the solution. In the second part, this research proposes several streamlined solution procedures of ν-support vector machine for the classification. The main solving procedure is the matrix splitting method. The proposed method in this research is a specified matrix splitting method combined with the gradient projection method, line search technique, and the incomplete Cholesky decomposition method. The method proposed can use a variety of methods for line search and parameter updating. Moreover, large scale problems are solved with the incomplete Cholesky decomposition and some efficient implementation techniques. To apply the research findings in real-world problems, this research developed an efficient integrated approach for supplier selection problems using the support vector machine and the mixed integer programming. Supplier selection is an essential step in the procurement processes. For companies considering maximizing their profits and reducing costs, supplier selection requires seeking satisfactory suppliers and allocating proper orders to the selected suppliers. In the early stage of supplier selection, a company can use the support vector machine classification to choose potential qualified suppliers using specific criteria. However, the company may not need to purchase from all qualified suppliers. Once the company determines the amount of raw materials and components to purchase, the company then selects final suppliers from which to order optimal order quantities at the final stage of the process. Mixed integer programming model is then used to determine final suppliers and allocates optimal orders at this stage.

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji razmatra se procena i odabir direktnih dobavljača u automobilskoj industriji, proces i razvoj kriterijuma u cilju optimalne selekcije najboljih izvora nabavke. Prikazane su različite metode koje se koriste za ove namene i razvijena je hibridna metoda kako bi se obezbedili najrealniji mogući rezultati procene dobavljača. Istraživanje je vršeno u jednoj kompaniji i korišćeni su podaci iz realnih poslovnih procesa.</p> / <p>In this thesis direct supplier assessment and selection systems development in automotive industry is considered, as well as criteria development in order to provide optimal supply sources. Different methods that are used for those purposes are presented and hybrid method was developed for providing the most realistic results of supplier assessment. The research was held in a real company using real business records.</p>

Um mercado globalizado altamente competitivo e a crescente horizontalização das cadeias de abastecimento realçam a importância da racionalização dos custos e da adequada seleção de fornecedores. Esses mesmos fatores, no entanto, agravam a complexidade envolvida no desempenhar dessas tarefas. A fim de desatar tais nós, o presente trabalho propõe uma abordagem para a seleção de fornecedores que conjuga técnicas de programação matemática que permitam a exploração de economias de escala e escopo a uma metodologia inovadora para construção de cenários de demanda baseada em conceitos modernos de suprimentos. O resultado desta abordagem foi um modelo de programação inteira mista visando a minimização dos custos por desempenho adquirido. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação a um caso hipotético relevam efetividade na redução dos custos, sem prejuízo à qualidade dos materiais adquiridos. O impacto nos custos decorre da reconfiguração da demanda, aumento do poder de barganha interno e externo e aproveitamento de ganhos de escala e escopo. / A highly competitive globalized market and a growingly horizontalization through supply chains highlight the importance of properly selecting suppliers and managing costs. These same factors, however, increase the complexity in performing such tasks. In order to solve this plot, it is presented in this work an approach for supplier selection connecting mathematical programming techniques, which allow the use of economies of scope and scale, and an innovative methodology that applies modern concepts of purchasing management for constructing new demand scenarios. From this approach a mixed integer programming model derives, with the goal of minimizing costs per performance acquired. The results of its application in a hypothetical case reveal the effectiveness of the approach in reducing the costs with no significant impact on the acquired performance. This is explained by the reconfiguration of the demand, a shift in the bargaining power within and out of the company and the incorporation of economies of scope and scale.

Esta dissertação buscou identificar junto a empresas de grande porte quais os critérios de seleção de fornecedores que são considerados mais importantes quando se deseja construir relacionamentos de parceria dentro da cadeia de suprimentos. A revisão de literatura foi dividida em três grandes partes. Na primeira parte procurou-se abordar aspectos da gestão de suprimentos que são relevantes para o tema, como organização de compras, classificação de tipos de produtos e tipos de relacionamentos entre empresas, onde as características teóricas das parcerias com fornecedores foram exploradas. A segunda parte foca as características do processo de seleção de fornecedores. A terceira parte é dedicada ao estudo dos critérios encontrados na literatura para a escolha da mais adequada fonte de suprimentos. A consolidação desta parte do trabalho resultou na apresentação de uma lista com 45 critérios de seleção de fornecedores e suas respectivas definições para uniformização de abrangência e compreensão dos critérios. Com base nesta lista, a pesquisa foi conduzida na forma de estudo de casos junto às Gerências de Suprimentos de três empresas de grande porte com operações no mercado brasileiro de bens industriais e de consumo. Através de questionários e entrevistas foram identificados 17 critérios como sendo os mais importantes para o processo de seleção parceiros. A pesquisa também encontrou que os conceitos de parcerias com fornecedores são definidos pelas realidades de mercado de cada empresa e não convergem para os conceitos apresentados na literatura acadêmica. Parcerias vêm sendo definidas somente como relacionamentos de longo prazo com fornecedores em detrimento de qualquer outro atributo referenciado pela literatura acadêmica. Portanto, a utilização deste termo precisa vir precedida de uma conceituação precisa para evitar duplicidade de interpretações. / This dissertation aimed the identification of the most important supplier selection criteria used by large size companies when they want to build partnering relationships in their supply chains. The review of literature was separated in three parts. The first one concerns the supply management subjects that are relevant to the theme, such as purchase structure, product classification and sort of companies relationships, where the supplier partnerships characteristics were explored. The second part focuses the characteristics of supplier selection process. The third part is dedicated to the selection criteria found in the literature used to choose the most appropriated source of supply. The consolidation of this part resulted in the presentation of a list with 45 supplier selection criteria and their definitions to standardize the scope and comprehension. Based on this list, the research was conducted as case studies with Purchasing Managers of three large size companies that have operations in the Brazilian markets of industrial and consumer goods. Using questionnaires and interviews procedures, 17 criteria were considered the most important for the partner selection process. The research also found that the suppliers’ partnerships concepts are defined by the market realities of each company e do not converge to concepts shown in the academic literature. Partnerships has been defined only as long term relationships with suppliers rather than any other attribute mentioned in the academic literature. Therefore, before making use of the term Partnership it should be precisely defined in order to avoid misinterpretation.

Resumo: O uso da Internet facilita e agiliza as comunicações entre empresas, por mais distantes que estejam. Tal fato, aliado aos avanços nos sistemas e processos dos operadores logísticos globais, fez com que o comércio internacional deixasse de ser lugar somente para multinacionais, mas também para pequenas e médias empresas. O objetivo central deste trabalho é mapear o processo de seleção de fornecedores através de marketplaces e a logística de importação da China, pela caracterização e análise dos processos e custos logísticos, compreendendo desde a fase de prospecção de fabricantes, a aplicação do método AHP para seleção de fornecedores, aspectos das negociações e a gestão da cadeia logística internacional. Foi desenvolvido, também, um roteiro que pode ser utilizado como manual de importações da China por pequenos e médios empresários. A premissa é a possibilidade de se aproveitar oportunidades de negócios advindos da oferta de produtos chineses com preços baixos e qualidade satisfatória para empreendedores do comércio exterior. Cabe destacar, como resultado importante deste estudo, a ferramenta (software) desenvolvida para seleção de modal e Incoterms, que considera, além dos custos logísticos do comércio exterior, o custo de oportunidade do capital (estoques), para uma correta avaliação do custo total de importação / Abstract: Internet improves communication and information for all companies worldwide, this fact and development of logistics providers processes and systems support a strong growing for global trade, including participation of small and medium enterprises. The central objective of this study is to map processes of supplier selection via marketplaces in China and the logistics management of imported materials to Brazil. This study qualifies and analyses processes and logistics costs on importations from China to Brazil, apply AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process to select suppliers, analyses negotiation and global logistics management processes. The main result is to offer a complete guide to attend small and medium enterprises to manage importations from China, considered the main industrial country in the world with low costs and good quality products. The final and important part of study presents a new tool (software) to select more economic transportation mode and Incoterms, considering characteristics of materials imported from China to Brazil, to support the tool are discussed the logistics costs related to global trade, oportunity cost capital (inventory) and total importation cost / Orientador: Fernando Augusto Silva Marins / Coorientador: Leo Tadeu Robles / Banca: Ubirajara Rocha Ferreira / Banca: Anderson Ribeiro Correia / Mestre

Background:Scholars tend to view global sourcing as a one-way street, whereby multinational manufacturers from developed countries purchase low-cost materials and products from developing countries. Undoubtedly, one of the purchasing bases for them is China because of its abundant resources and cheap labor. That is why China is aptly called the “Global Factory.” Conversely, few Chinese manufactures currently adopt a global sourcing strategy. However, the higher demand for technical quality and an increase in manufacturing cost is driving more Chinese manufacturers to adopt a global sourcing strategy in order to improve their competitive advantage. This would help them to optimize the use of global resources. Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to analyze what problems and challenges Chinese manufacturing companies face in the implementation of a global sourcing strategy. Research Method: Our study shall analyze the situation and problems encountered when Chinese manufacturers implement a global sourcing strategy. To achieve this deep understanding we need to perform a qualitative investigation of some Chinese manufacturers. Hence, we chose qualitative research as our methodology of this thesis. Conclusion:Pursuing global sourcing is a process which takes a long time and involves many obstacles to be overcome. In this complicated situation, there is not a universal compass to pursue global sourcing. Inexperienced Chinese manufacturers have to deal with each problem in order to develop an advanced level of global sourcing and to face the challenges from logistics capabilities, selecting foreign sources, protectionism, regulations, and so on.

Based on current competitive market, supply chain becomes to be more and more important to overall corporate strategy. Finding good suppliers makes much more senses for the companies nowadays as purchasing is one of the basis parts on the upstream of the supply chain. China has been very successful on turning itself into a production powerhouse in just two decades, so how to find and select the convenient suppliers in China is a very important and modern topic. The thesis has been starting with the introduction part, where the importance of outsourcing, Chinese current manufacturing capabilities and some other factors will be introduced. Besides, the purpose of this thesis is to study and analysis the criteria and processes are used by PCH International on the selection of suppliers in China. The authors try to understand how foreign companies find the right Chinese suppliers based on a case studying, which is PCH International, an Irish company. Within the theoretical framework part, the authors discussed the supplier selection criteria firstly, which are very important and necessary to evaluate suppliers’ performances. Then the thesis was provided with an insight into some common theoretical methods, which followed by the supplier selection processes. Total Cost of Ownership, Data Envelopment Analysis and Mathematical Programming are presented in basic term. The part in the theoretical review was informed about the structure of the supplier selection process, starting with the preparation step, followed by prequalification and evaluation steps and resulting in the final selection of the suppliers. In the methodology part, the approach for the research will be presented, it will be divided into four parts, which are choice of topic, choice of method, data collection, research’s validity and reliability. The empirical finding part consists of practical information which was provided by the case company mentioned above through questionnaires and interviews. The values of the evaluation criteria are depend on the respective goals. For data analysis, the theoretical evaluation models, on the other hand, are not used by this case. The company uses their own methods which are presented in the empirical part as well as in the analytical part of this thesis, the reasons will be describe carefully in this chapter. Finally, this thesis ends with a conclusion, which with the answer of the research question.