Biotribology, the study of lubrication, wear and friction within the body, has become a topic of high importance in recent times as we continue to encounter debilitating diseases and trauma that destroy function of the joints. A highly successful surgical procedure to replace the joint with an artificial equivalent alleviates dysfunction and pain. However, the wear of the bearing surfaces in prosthetic joints is a significant clinical problem and more patients are surviving longer than the life expectancy of the joint replacement. Revision surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and has a far less successful outcome than primary joint replacement. As such, it is essential to ensure that everything possible is done to limit the rate of revision surgery. Past experience indicates that the survival rate of the implant will be influenced by many parameters, of primary importance, the material properties of the implant, the composition of the synovial fluid and the method of lubrication. In prosthetic joints, effective boundary lubrication is known to take place. The interaction of the boundary lubricant and the bearing material is of utmost importance. The identity of the vital active ingredient within synovial fluid (SF) to which we owe the near frictionless performance of our articulating joints has been the quest of researchers for many years. Once identified, tribo tests can determine what materials and more importantly what surfaces this fraction of SF can function most optimally with. Surface-Active Phospholipids (SAPL) have been implicated as the body’s natural load bearing lubricant. Studies in this thesis are the first to fully characterise the adsorbed SAPL detected on the surface of retrieved prostheses and the first to verify the presence of SAPL on knee prostheses. Rinsings from the bearing surfaces of both hip and knee prostheses removed from revision operations were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine the presence and profile of SAPL. Several common prosthetic materials along with a novel biomaterial were investigated to determine their tribological interaction with various SAPLs. A pin-on-flat tribometer was used to make comparative friction measurements between the various tribo-pairs. A novel material, Pyrolytic Carbon (PyC) was screened as a potential candidate as a load bearing prosthetic material. Friction measurements were also performed on explanted prostheses. SAPL was detected on all retrieved implant bearing surfaces. As a result of the study eight different species of phosphatidylcholines were identified. The relative concentrations of each species were also determined indicating that the unsaturated species are dominant. Initial tribo tests employed a saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and the subsequent tests adopted the addition of the newly identified major constituents of SAPL, unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (USPC), as the test lubricant. All tribo tests showed a dramatic reduction in friction when synthetic SAPL was used as the lubricant under boundary lubrication conditions. Some tribopairs showed more of an affinity to SAPL than others. PyC performed superior to the other prosthetic materials. Friction measurements with explanted prostheses verified the presence and performance of SAPL. SAPL, in particular phosphatidylcholine, plays an essential role in the lubrication of prosthetic joints. Of particular interest was the ability of SAPLs to reduce friction and ultimately wear of the bearing materials. The identification and knowledge of the lubricating constituents of SF is invaluable for not only the future development of artificial joints but also in developing effective cures for several disease processes where lubrication may play a role. The tribological interaction of the various tribo-pairs and SAPL is extremely favourable in the context of reducing friction at the bearing interface. PyC is highly recommended as a future candidate material for use in load bearing prosthetic joints considering its impressive tribological performance.

Το σύνδρομο αναπνευστικής δυσχέρειας (ΣΑΔ) είναι ένα από τα συνηθέστερα προβλήματα και η κύρια αιτία θανάτου σε πρόωρα νεογνά. Παρά τη μείωση της νοσηρότητας και θνητότητας μετά την εισαγωγή της χρήσης εξωγενούς επιφανειοδραστικού παράγοντα στη θεραπεία του ΣΑΔ, υπάρχουν περιπτώσεις νεογνών που όχι μόνο δεν παρατηρείται βελτίωση, αλλά εμφανίζεται αυξημένος κίνδυνος εμφάνισης πνευμονικής αιμορραγίας. Η φλεγμονή, όχι μόνο τοπική αλλά και συστηματική, παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην παθογένεια του ΣΑΔ. Για να καθορίσουμε το ανοσολογικό προφίλ και την κατεύθυνση της πόλωσης της ανοσολογικής απόκρισης, μετρήσαμε με Cytometric Bead Array τις κυτταροκίνες type 1 (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ) και type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) 47 πρόωρων νεογνών με ΣΑΔ, και μιας ομάδας ελέγχου 30 υγειών, κατάλληλων για την ηλικία κύησης, τελειόμηνων νεογνών. Τα επίπεδα IL-6 και TGF-β1 ορού μετρήθηκαν με ELISA. Τα δείγματα αίματος συλλέχθηκαν κατά τη γέννηση (αίμα ομφάλιου λώρου) τόσο από τα πρόωρα νεογνά όσο κι από την ομάδα ελέγχου, και από νεογνά που έλαβαν επιφανειδραστικό παράγοντα και από εκείνα που εμφάνισαν πνευμονική αιμορραγία. Αξιοσημείωτη αύξηση στα επίπεδα όλων των κυτταροκινών παρατηρήθηκε τη στιγμή της γέννησης (p <0.05, εκτός των IL-5 και TNF-α). Η type 1 αυτή ‘’πόλωση’’ του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος δεν επηρεάστηκε από την ηλικία κύησης, και παρέμεινε η ίδια ακόμη και μετά τη χορήγηση επιφανειοδραστικού παράγοντα (ανεξαρτήτως προέλευσης). Ωστόσο, τα νεογνά που εμφάνισαν πνευμονική αιμορραγία και είχαν χειρότερη πρόγνωση, εμφάνισαν διαφορετικό ανοσολογικό προφίλ στο οποίο κυριαρχούν οι προφλεγμονώδεις κυτταροκίνες. Η type 1 ‘’πόλωση’’ διατηρήθηκε, αλλά εμφανίζεται πιο έντονη. Τα επίπεδα των IL-10 και TGF-β1 στον ορό αυτών των νεογνών είναι μειωμένα. Ο ρόλος της φλεγμονής στην εξέλιξη του ΣΑΔ είναι φανερός. Τα πρόωρα νεογνά με ΣΑΔ εμφανίζουν μια έντονη type 1 ‘’πόλωση’’ του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος, η οποία παραμένει ανεξαρτήτως της θεραπευτικής αγωγής που χορηγείται και ενισχύεται όταν οι πιθανές επιπλοκές εμφανιστούν. / Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the most common problems and the leading cause of death in premature infants. Although the introduction of surfactant treatment for RDS management was beneficial lowering mortality and morbidity, some neonates do not improve, while others are at increased risk for pulmonary hemorrhage. Inflammation, not only local but also systemic, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RDS. In order to determine the immunological profile and direction of polarization of immune response, we used Cytometric Bead Array to measure type 1 (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokines of forty-seven premature infants with established RDS, and a control group of 30 healthy, appropriate for gestational age, full-term neonates. Serum IL-6 and TGF-β1 levels were measured by ELISA. Blood samples were obtained at time of delivery (cord blood) for both premature and control group, and from neonates who received surfactant treatment and those who developed pulmonary hemorrhage. A remarkable increase to all cytokine levels was noted at time of delivery (p <0.05, except for IL-5 and TNF-α). This type 1-polarized immunological pattern was not affected by gestational age, and remained the same even after surfactant administration (irrespective of extract’s origin). However, neonates who developed pulmonary hemorrhage and had worse final outcome, presented different cytokine profile in which pro-inflammatory cytokines prevail. Type 1 polarization was maintained, though more intense; serum IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels appeared suppressed in these newborns. Overall, the role of inflammation in the progress of neonatal RDS is evident. Premature infants with established disease present a strong type 1 polarization, which persists irrespective of treatment provided, and is amplified when possible complications appear.

Les mousses cimentaires sont des matériaux solides poreux qui ont despropriétés isolantes intéressantes. Elles sont utilisées dans le domaine de laconstruction pour réduire la consommation énergétique des habitations. Cependant,lors de la prise cimentaire, certaines mousses se déstabilisent et s'effondrent. Laformulation de tels matériaux présente donc des difficultés techniques etscientifiques notamment du point de vue des interactions entre les nombreuxcomposés utilisés, organiques et minéraux. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a doncété d’étudier spécifiquement les interactions entre la matière minérale et le tensioactifutilisé pour la mise en forme alvéolaire, afin de comprendre le rôle de l’agentmoussant dans les mécanismes de stabilisation des mousses. Pour ce faire, nousavons considéré un système réactif simplifié, mais proche de l’utilisation courante,composé d’un ciment classique, d'eau et d’un tensioactif dosable par spectroscopieUV-visible. Pour découpler les différents effets, nous avons étudié ce système à troiséchelles : la mousse cimentaire, le coulis non moussé et des films uniques. / Cement-based mineral foams are solid porous materials and presentvery interesting insulating properties. Such materials are used in the constructionsector in order to reduce the energy consumption of houses. However, theproduction of these materials can be difficult because of the kinetic competitionbetween foam stability and cement setting. Cement-based mineral foams areextremely complex materials because of the number of components and all theirinteractions. The objective of our study is to get insight into the interactions betweenmineral and organic compounds and to understand their role in the stabilizingmechanisms. Our strategy was to study a model system, sufficiently close the realone to be representative, and sufficiently simple to identify the contribution of thedifferent components. We used as a foaming agent a surfactant exhibiting acharacteristic peak in UV-visible spectroscopy in order to determine its function andposition in the complex system. We first worked on unfoamed slurries, then westudied thin liquid films and the foamed materials.

L’opération de transfert de matière gaz/liquide est une étape essentielle en génie desprocédés. Elle conditionne directement les performances des contacteurs gaz/liquide en représentantbien souvent l’étape limitant l’efficacité du procédé. L'objectif de cette étude est de proposer denouvelles investigations afin d'étudier l'effet de la présence dans l'eau pure, de certains composésgénéralement rencontrés dans les procédés biologiques, sur les coefficients de diffusion de l'oxygèneet de quantifier leurs conséquences sur les coefficients de transfert de matière côté liquide. Lescoefficients de diffusion de l'oxygène DO2 ont été mesurés dans diverses phases liquides contenant dusel (NaCl), du sucre (glucose) ou des tensio-actifs (laurylsulfate de sodium). Comparé à l'eau pure,des réductions de coefficient de diffusion DO2 ont été observées, la variation de DO2 avec laconcentration C de composé a été modélisée, elle dépend de la nature du composé ajouté. Ensuite,des expériences réalisées sur un train de bulles et sur les mêmes phases liquides ont permis ladétermination des coefficients de transfert de matière côté liquide kL. Quelle que soit la solutionaqueuse étudiée, une diminution des valeurs de kL est observée avec l'augmentation de C. Cesrésultats mettent en évidence que, même si les propriétés de l'eau pure (densité, viscosité, tensionsuperficielle) ne sont pas significativement modifiées par l'ajout de sels (NaCl), les coefficients detransfert de matière côté liquide kL peuvent être modifiés. Pour les solutions aqueuses de glucose, laréduction de kL avec DO2 est bien corrélée, et principalement due à la variation de viscosité avec laconcentration. Pour les solutions de tensio-actif, les nombres de Reynolds restent presque constantspour toutes les concentrations. Le seul responsable de la réduction du coefficient de transfert dematière côté liquide kL est donc le coefficient de diffusion de l’oxygène qui diminue avec laconcentration. La présente étude a clairement confirmé la nécessité de compléter et/ou rendre comptedes données liées aux coefficients de diffusion de l’oxygène DO2 et aux coefficients de transfert dematière côté liquide kL dans des milieux complexes (solution électrolytique, solution organique ettensioactif). Ces informations sont nécessaires pour décrire et modéliser correctement lesphénomènes de transfert de matière gaz/liquide / The gas/liquid mass transfer is an essential step in process engineering. It directly affects theperformance of gas/liquid reactor in being often limiting process efficiency. The objective of this studyis to propose new investigations in order to study (i) the effect on oxygen diffusion coefficients underthe presence in clean water of some compounds usually found in biological process and (ii) quantifytheir consequences on liquid-side mass transfer coefficients. The oxygen diffusioncoefficients DO2 were measured in various synthetic liquid phases containing either salt (NaCl), sugar(glucose) or surfactant (sodium laurylsulphate). When compared to clean water, reductionsof DO2 were observed; the variation of DO2 with the compound concentration C was modeled andfound dependent on the nature of the compound added. Then, to determine the liquid side masstransfer coefficient kL, experiments on a train of bubbles rising in a quiescent liquid phase were carriedout by the same synthetic liquid phases. For all cases, whatever the aqueous solutions, a decreaseof kL with increasing C was clearly observed. These results firstly showed that, even if the properties ofclean water (density, viscosity, surface tension) were not significantly changed by the addition of salts(NaCl), the liquid-side mass transfer coefficients could be modified. For the aqueous solutions ofglucose, the reduction of kL with DO2 was well correlated, and mainly due to the change in viscositywith concentration. For surfactants, the hydrodynamic conditions (i.e. bubble Reynolds number) beingalmost kept constant for all concentrations, only the change in DO2 was thus responsible for thedecrease of kL. The present study clearly confirmed the need to complete and/or account for thedatabase related to oxygen diffusion coefficients and liquid side mass transfer coefficient in complexmedia (electrolytic solution, organic solution and surfactant). This condition is imperatively required todescribe and to model appropriately the gas-liquid mass transfer phenomena

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar a influência da associação dos tensoativos cetrimida 0,2%, cetrimida 0,1% e cloreto de benzalcônio 0,008% aos hipocloritos de sódio e de cálcio 2,5% nas propriedades de pH, quantidade de cloro livre, tensão superficial, ângulo de contato, dissolução pulpar e atividade antimicrobiana. O pH e a concentração de cloro ativo foram avaliados por pHmetro digital e pela titulação, respectivamente. A tensão superficial foi mensurada através da técnica do anel de platina com um tensiômetro de Du Noüy. O ângulo de contato das soluções em bases de dentina humana foi aferido pelo software Drop Shape Analyzer. Para a análise da dissolução pulpar foram utilizados fragmentos de polpas bovinas e os resultados foram expressos por percentual de perda de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana frente ao Enterococcus faecalis foi realizada pelo método de difusão em Ágar. Os resultados mostraram que a associação de tensoativos aos hipocloritos de sódio e cálcio não alterou as propriedades de pH, cloro livre e dissolução pulpar das soluções. O hipoclorito de cálcio apresentou o maior valor de tensão superficial (72,13 ± 1,82 mN/m). Quando associados aos tensoativos, os hipocloritos de sódio e cálcio tiveram uma redução significativa da tensão superficial. O mesmo foi observado para o ângulo de contato. Os tensoativos apresentam atividade antimicrobiana. A associação dos hipocloritos à cetrimida 0,2% ou 0,1% aumentou o halo de inibição frente ao Enterococcus faecalis. Concluiu-se que a associação de tensoativos não modificaram as propriedades de pH, cloro livre e dissolução pulpar dos hipocloritos de sódio e cálcio 2,5%. Porém, ela foi capaz de diminuir a tensão superficial e o ângulo de contato das soluções. Ainda, a associação da cetrimida 0,2% e 0,1% melhorou a capacidade antimicrobiana dos hipocloritos. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surfactants 0,2% or 0,1% cetrimide or 0,008% benzalkonium chloride on 2.5% sodium and calcium hypochlorite in the properties of pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. The pH and free chlorine content were evaluated by digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was measured by the platinum ring technique with a Du Noüy tensiometer. Solution’s contact angle in human dentin surfaces was checked by Drop Shape Analyzer software. Bovine pulps were used for pulp dissolution analysis and the dissolving capacity was expressed by percentual weight loss. Antimicrobial activity over Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated through the ágar diffusion method. The surfactants association on sodium and calcium hypochlorites did not alter pH, free chlorine content and pulp dissolution properties. Calcium hypochlorite had the higher surface tension (72,13 ± 1,82 mN/m). However, when sodium and calcium hypochlorite were associated to surfactants, a significant reduction of surface tension occured. The same was observed for contact angle analysis. The surfactants used in this study have antimicrobial activity. The association of 0,2% or 0,1% cetrimide enhanced antimicrobial activity of both hypochlorites. It was possible to conclude that surfactants association did not alter pH, free chlorine content and pulp dissolution properties of 2,5% sodium and calcium hypochlorite. It was capable to reduce surface tension and contact angle of the solutions. Moreover, the 0,2% or 0,1% cetrimide association increased antimicrobial activity of hypochlorite.

Foi examinado o efeito dos surfactantes polisorbato 60 (Tween 60), polisorbato 80 (Tween 80), brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (CTAB) e lauril sulfato de sódio (SDS) na estimativa da densidade de Bactérias Redutoras de Sulfato (BRS) e Bactérias Anaeróbias Heterotróficas Totais (BANHT) em amostras de petróleo. Para a realização dos experimentos, foram selecionadas três amostras com diferentes proporções de óleo e água de forma a representar amostras reais. A primeira amostra contém uma alta proporção de óleo, a segunda uma proporção média e a última amostra uma baixa proporção de óleo. A densidade bacteriana foi estimada através do método do Número Mais Provável (NMP). As concentrações dos surfactantes empregadas neste estudo foram estabelecidas através de estudo anterior. Os resultados demonstram que nas amostras com alta e média proporção de óleo, a adição dos surfactantes não foi favorável a um aumento na quantificação de BRS. Por outro lado, o Tween 60 e o Tween 80 mostraram um aumento significativo na quantificação de BANHT quando aplicados na concentração de 0,01% e 0,03% m/v, respectivamente. O CTAB favoreceu o crescimento de BRS e BANHT na amostra com baixa proporção de óleo quando sua concentração foi de 0,001% m/v e 0,0001% m/v, respectivamente / The effect of the surfactants (Tween 60), polyoxyethylene monooleate (Tween 80), cetyl, trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the estimation of bacterial density (sulfate reducing bacteria SRB and General Anaerobic Bacteria GanB) was examined in the petroleum samples. In order to carry out the experiments, we selected three different mixtures of oil and water to be representative of the real samples. The first one contains a high proportion of oil, the second contains a medium proportion and the last one contains a low proportion. The most probable number (MPN) was used to estimate the bacterial density. The concentrations of the surfactants used in this work were determined in a previous study. The results showed that the addition of surfactants did not improve the SRB quantification for the high or medium proportion of oil of the petroleum samples. On other hand, Tween 60 and Tween 80 showed a significantly increase on the GanB quantification when their concentrations were 0.01% and 0.03% m/v, respectively. CTAB increased the SRB and GanB estimation for the low proportion of oil of the petroleum sample when its concentration was 0.001% and 0.0001% m/v, respectively

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wagner Alves Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2016. / Zeólitas hierárquicas possuindo estrutura tipo MFI foram preparadas hidrotermicamente utilizando surfactantes como agentes direcionadores de estrutura, constituídos por grupos de amônio quaternário sintetizados neste trabalho. A zeólita preparada utilizando o agente polimérico apresentou uma morfologia tipo nanoesponja com poros de diâmetro elevado. Utilizando o agente direcionador de estrutura C22-6-6 com adição de agente nucleante originou uma zeólita de morfologia tipo nanoesponja, composta por uma rede desordenada tridimensional de camadas MFI com espessura de 2,5nm suportando umas as outras. Com o mesmo agente direcionar, preparou-se uma zeólita de morfologia unilamelar e um material sem adição de alumínio, denominado nanossilicato. Este último material foi submetido a três métodos pós-síntese para modificação da superfície, visando o aumento de acidez. O desempenho catalítico das zeólitas MFI hierárquica e convencional foi investigado na eterificação de glicerol com álcool terc-butílico em fase líquida e na desidratação da frutose em várias condições: fase aquosa, fase orgânica e extração in situ da fase aquosa. As zeólitas hierárquicas foram mais ativas do que as amostras microporosas em ambas as reações, o que pode ser atribuído aos sítios ácidos localizados nas superfícies externas, acessíveis para os reagentes volumosos. A maior seletividade para 5-hidroximetilfurfural foi obtida com nanossilicatos modificados utilizando extração in situ. / Hierarchical zeolites possessing MFI framework type were hydrothermally prepared using surfactants as structure-directing agents consisting of quaternary ammonium groups prepared in this work. The zeolite prepared using polymeric structure-directing agent presented a nanosponge-like morphology with larger pores. The structure-directing agent C22-6-6 was used to prepare materials with different morphologies. Using the seed-assisted synthesis method, a nanosponge-like morphology was obtained. This zeolite was composed of a three-dimensional disordered network of MFI layers with 2.5nm thickness supporting each other. Furthermore, a unilamelar nanosheet zeolite was also prepared, as well as a material without aluminum, called nanosilicate. This last one was submitted to three post synthesis methods for surface modification in order to increase acidity. Catalytic performance of the MFI zeolites, both hierarchical and conventional, was investigated in glycerol etherification with tert-butyl alcohol in liquid phase, and in fructose dehydration in various conditions: aquous phase, organic phase and in situ extraction. Hierarchical zeolites were more active than conventional samples in both reactions, which can be attributed to the acid sites located on the external surfaces accessible for the reaction of bulky reactants. The highest selectivity to 5-hydroxymethyfurfural were obtained with modified nanosilicates and in in situ extraction.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des nanoparticules mésoporeuses de silice (MSNs) capables de libérer un anticancéreux, le cisplatine, dans le milieu intracellulaire de tumeurs solides. Une étude paramétrique montre que les propriétés morphologiques, structurales et texturales des MSNs de type MCM-41, synthétisées par voie sol-gel à partir d’un mélange d’un précurseur de silice (TEOS) et de tensioactif (CTAB), dépendent du pH, de la vitesse d’agitation, de la température et du mode d’extraction du CTAB. La synthèse doit avoir lieu sous atmosphère contrôlée pour éviter la présence en solution d’ions carbonates et d’éthanol à l’origine de ponts entre les particules qui altèrent la stabilité colloïdale des MSNs.Les MSNs ont été fontionnalisées pour contrôler l’affinité chimique du cisplatine pour la surface des MSNs et pour améliorer la stabilité colloïdale des MSNs en milieu physiologique. Des organosilanes (APTES, TESP, MPTES, CEST) et des polymères neutres ou ionisés (PEG, PEI) ont été ajoutés par co-condensation ou par greffage post synthèse tout en préservant les propriétés structurales et texturales des MSNs. Les quantités de cisplatine encapsulées par imprégnation sont plus élevées que par adsorption et dépendent de la fonctionnalisation des MSNs. Les MSNs greffées en surface par la PEI permettent une libération progressive de l’anticancéreux ainsi qu’une cytotoxicité comparable à celle du cisplatine administré seul.Des tests in vitro montrent que les MSNs en l’absence de cisplatine ne présentent pas d’effet cytotoxique jusqu’à une concentration de 200 µg/mL. Une étude par microscopie confocale montre une internalisation des MSNs à partir de 2h de mise en contact avec les cellules. / The aim of this PhD thesis is to elaborate mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) able to sustain the release of cisplatin into the intracellular compartments of solid tumors. The parametric study shows that morphological, structural and textural properties of MSNs-MCM-41, synthesized by sol-gel reaction by using TEOS as a silica source and CTAB as a structure-directing agent, depend on pH, stirring speed, temperature and extraction process of CTAB. The synthesis atmosphere has to be controlled in order to avoid the presence of ethanol and carbonate species which are responsible of necks between particles generating unstable suspensions of MSNs.MSNs were functionalized in order to control the interactions between cisplatin and MSNs or to improve their colloidal stability in physiological media.Various silanated organic molecules (APTES, TESP, MPTES, CEST) and neutral or ionised polymers were grafted into the MSNs using a co-condensation approach or a postsynthetic functionalization method while keeping structural and textural properties of MSNs unchanged.The amount of cisplatin encapsulated by using impregnation are higher than those obtained by using adsorption and depend on MSNs fonctionalization. MSNs grafted by PEI allow a sustained drug release and cytotoxic effects similar to cisplatin. In vitro assays show that MSNs devoid of cisplatin are not cytotoxic up to 200 µg/mL. Confocal microscopy study reveals that MSNs internalization is efficient after about 2h of contact with cells.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVHP.pdf: 3273273 bytes, checksum: afe82ad5c25bb61d489c9fcaec24a835 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-07 / Não recebi financiamento / Demineralization and caries are often present in patients with orthodontic braces due to the increased accumulation of dental biofilm containing Streptococcus mutans, which produces acids that attack the tooth surface. The Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) has been shown as an alternative in microbial inactivation in dentistry. This work, carried out both in vitro and in vivo, aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of APDT on Streptococcus mutans present in the dental biofilm accumulated on the metal surface of orthodontic appliances and in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. The in vitro study evaluated the susceptibility of biofilm formed by S. mutans on the metal surface under the application of orthodontic appliances APDT induced Curcumin diluted surfactant (SDS) and blue light-emitting diode (LED). The samples were treated with the photosensitizer (PS) at a concentration of 1 g/L, 0.1% surfactant and exposed to LED light (455 ± 10 nm, 46mW/cm²), fluence of 30 J/cm². The experimental groups studied were: control group (P-L-S-); light (P-L+S-), surfactant (P-L-S+) and photosensitizer (P+L-S-) groups; surfactant-light (P-L+S+), photosensitizer-surfactant (P+L-S+) and PDT (P+L+S-) groups; and the PDT-surfactant (P+L+S+) group. Each group was named accordingly to the addiction or not of the photosensitizer (P+ or P-), surfactant (S+ or S-) and application or not of light (L+ or L-), respectively. The colonies grown on plates of brain heart infusion (BHI) were counted (CFU / mL) and the results were analyzed by ANOVA and the post hoc Tukey test (p <0.05). The results showed that in this research protocol, the group P+L+S+ was able to promote significant decrease (p<0.001) on the population of S. mutans of 99.999% compared to the control group. In the in vivo study, 24 volunteers were randomly selected in order to evaluate the clinical utility of APDT and the APDT association with the surfactant (SDS) as oral decontamination agents in orthodontic patients. The selected patients (n = 24) were randomly divided into seven groups: G1 - Negative control, G2 - Curcumin mouthwash, G3 - Curcumin mouthwash+SDS, G4 - light irradiation, G5 - APDT, G6 - APDT+SDS and G7 - Positive Control (chlorhexidine 0.12% moutwash). Saliva samples were collected from unstimulated way of each patient in three steps (S) as follows: S1 - initial condition S2 - Treatment with rinsing (water, curcumin or chlorhexidine) and S3 - After APDT. The photosensitiser used was curcumin with concentration of 1 g/L. Two types of blue LED light source emitting in 450±10nm were used in the present study: one emitting with an intensity of 33.54 mW/cm² and other with 212 mW/cm². Evaluation of microbial reduction, and survival fraction in each of the studied levels, was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test. Statistical analysis showed that only G6 and G7 presented results of bacterial inactivation that showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) compared to those observed in G1. These results indicated that APDT, when combined with SDS surfactant, may be used as an adjunct agent for convenient oral decontamination promoter in vivo. / Desmineralizações e cáries dentais estão comumente presentes em indivíduos portadores de aparelho fixo ortodôntico, isto ocorre devido ao aumento de acúmulo de biofilme dental contendo Streptococcus mutans, os quais produzem ácidos que atacam a superfície dental. A terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobial (TFDA) tem sido mostrada como alternativa em inativação microbiana na Odontologia. Este trabalho, realizado in vitro e in vivo, tem o objetivo de avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano da TFDA sobre Streptococcus mutans em biofilme dental sobre superfície metálica de acessórios ortodônticos e em indivíduos sob tratamento ortodôntico. O estudo in vitro avaliou a susceptilidade de biofilme formado por S. mutans sobre superfície metálica de acessórios ortodônticos sob aplicação de TFDA induzida por Curcumina diluída em surfactante (SDS) e por diodo emissor de luz azul (LED). Nas amostras obtidas de lâminas de bandas ortodônticas foram formados biofilmes e tratadas com fotossensibilizador (FS) com concentração de 1g/L, surfactante a 0,1% e exposto a luz LED (455±10 nm, 46mW/cm²), com fluência de30J/cm2. Os grupos experimentais estudados foram: C- (somente lavagem com solução fisiológica); L+ (aplicação apenas de luz); S+L- (aplicação de surfactante); S+L+ (aplicação de surfactante e luz); F+L- (aplicação de fotossensibilizador sem luz); F+L+ (aplicação de fotossensibilizador e luz); F+L-S+ (aplicação de fotossensibilizador sem luz + surfactante) e F+L+S+ (aplicação de fotossensibilizador e luz + surfactante). As colônias cultivadas em placas com Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) foram contadas (UFC/mL) e os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste Tukey post hoc (p<0.05). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que no protocolo deste estudo o grupo F+S+L+ foi capaz de promover diminuição significativa(p<0,001) da população de S. mutans em 99,999% comparado ao grupo controle. No estudo in vivo, 24 voluntários foram selecionados aleatoriamente, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência clínica da TFDA e da associação da TFDA com o surfactante SDS como agentes de descontaminação bucal em indivíduos ortodônticos. Os indivíduos selecionados foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete grupos experimentais: G1 - controle negativo, G2 - bochechos com curcumina, G3 – bochechos com curcumina + SDS, G4 - irradiação com luz apenas, G5 - TFDA, G6 - TFDA + SDS e G7 - Controle Positivo (clorexidina 0,12%). Amostras de saliva foram coletadas de maneira não estimulada de cada um dos indivíduos em três etapas (s), como segue: S1 - Condição inicial, S2 - Tratamento com bochechos (água, clorexidina ou curcumina) e S3 - Após TFDA. O fotossensibilizador usado foi a Curcumina em concentração de 1g/L. Foi utilizado no estudo dois tipos de equipamentos de luz com LED azul (450 ± 10nm, 33.54 mW/cm2 e 212 mW/cm2). A avaliação da redução microbiana, e da fração de sobrevivência em cada um dos níveis estudados, foi realizada utilizando-se o teste ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis. A análise estatística mostrou que apenas os grupos 6 e 7 apresentaram resultados de inativação bacteriana que apresentavam diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p <0,05) em relação aos resultados observados no grupo 1. Estes resultados indicam que a TFDA associada com o surfactante SDS pode ser utilizado como agente auxiliar conveniente para promover a descontaminação bucal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4672.pdf: 1519614 bytes, checksum: a835ffbdf3a94ccbfaa789a3611d3aa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Biosurfactants are a surface-active chemical compounds synthesized by microorganisms. These compounds have many advantages when compared to their chemically synthesized counterparts as specific action, low toxicity, higher biodegradability, effectiveness at extreme temperatures, pH and strength ionic. They appear as promising candidates to replace chemical surfactants produced from petrochemicals. The use of renewable and low cost substrates such as agro based industrial wastes is one of the attractive strategies for economical large scale biosurfactants production. In this work, it was evaluated glycerol, a co-product of biodiesel production, as carbon source for biosurfactant production. Two microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MSCIC02 and Bacillus subtilis LAMI009, both isolated from environmental sources, were used thorough this work. In the first part of the work experiments were carried out in shake flasks using P. aeruginosa. The results showed that the increase in nitrogen source (sodium nitrate) and the decrease in the carbon source (glycerin) favored rhamnolipids production. In the range studied, the maximum biosurfactant concentration obtained was 2.3 g&#8901;L-1 (C/N ratio 12). The effect of nitrogen concentration on the biosynthesis of rhamnolipids and pH behavior as a function of the nitrate concentration in the cultures indicated that this strain probably carried a denitrification route favoring the production of rhamnolipids. Experimental runs carried out in bioreactor indicated that the integrated process of production and separation/concentration by fractionation in bubble column equipment caused many operation problems, such as the drag cell, and reducing the concentration of rhamnolipids to 0.4 g&#8901;L-1in the reaction medium. The kinetics of product formation was evaluated by two models. The Luedeking-Piret model was not able to represent the process. The model proposed by MERCIER et. al. (1992) could adequately describe the rhamnolipids production from P. aeruginosa strain. Emulsifying capacity of the cell-free culture medium was assessed by the emulsification index (EI24). The biosurfactant produced was able to emulsify vegetable oils as well as mineral oils. EI24 greater than 55% was reached. In the second part of the work experimental data from Bacillus subtilis LAMI009 cultivated in shake flasks showed that the growth of this strain was dependent on iv the medium supplementation with yeast extract. A change in culture medium was implemented in order to reduce the length of the lag phase. The use of inorganic nitrogen sources showed that both ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate reached similar values of surfactin concentration and volumetric productivity. It was obtained 35 mg&#8901;L-1 and 6.1 mg&#8901;L-1&#8901;h-1, respectively. Surface tension of the cell-free culture medium was similar for both nitrogen sources. The minimal value obtained was 29.7 mN&#8901;m-1. Sodium nitrate was found to be an adequate nitrogen source for cell growth. However, in these assays low productivity and low surface tension reduction were obtained when compared to the other nitrogen sources evaluated. The supplementation of the culture medium with yeast extract improves the surfactin concentration (60.0 mg&#8901;L-1) and volumetric productivity (5.2 mg&#8901;L-1&#8901;h-1). In this assay the surface tension reached 28.1 mN&#8901;m-1. The inoculum size had a great influence on cell growth and production of surfactin. When 2% (v/v) of inoculum was used the surfactin concentration and volumetric productivity obtained were 148.2 mg&#8901;L-1 e 14.22 mg&#8901;L-1&#8901;h-1, respectively. The search for genes responsible for production of lipopeptides surfactin and iturine indicated the presence of the genes lpa14 and ituD in B. subtilis LAMI009 genome. Analysis of the chromatography profile of methanol extracts of the lipopeptides from culture medium with ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate as nitrogen source showed characteristic peaks of the surfactin and iturine. Thereby, it is believed that this strain is a co-producer of both surfactin and iturine. Emulsifying capacity of the cell-free culture medium showed higher stability with the media that employed ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate as nitrogen source. It was obtained EI24 of 65% with n-hexadecane and 45% with kerosene. The acid precipitation of biosurfactant from the cell-free culture medium showed that this prepurification step promoted an increase in the emulsifying capacity of the mixture of lipopeptides synthesized by B. subtilis LAMI009. The aqueous solution of crude biosurfactant was able to emulsify naphthenic oils, vegetable oils, and an aromatic hydrocarbon. Values of EI24 greater than 65% were obtained. Emulsions formed with naphthenic oils were more stable according to droplet-size distribution. The smaller the size of droplets, the more stable was the emulsion. / Biossurfactantes são compostos químicos tensoativos sintetizados por microrganismos. Estes compostos possuem muitas vantagens quando comparados com seus equivalentes sintetizados quimicamente como ação específica, baixa toxicidade, alta biodegradabilidade, efetividade em condições extremas de temperatura, pH e força iônica. Apresentam-se como substitutos promissores aos surfactantes químicos derivados da indústria do petróleo. A utilização de substratos renováveis e de baixo custo, como os resíduos agroindustriais, consiste em um dos fatores mais importantes para a viabilização econômica da produção destes compostos em escala industrial. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o uso da glicerina, um coproduto da produção de biodiesel, como fonte de carbono para produção de biossurfactante. Dois microrganismos, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MSIC02 e Bacillus subtilis LAMI009, ambos isolados a partir de amostras ambientais, foram empregados neste trabalho. Na primeira parte do trabalho experimentos realizados em frascos agitados com a P. aeruginosa mostraram que o aumento da produtividade de ramnolipídeos foi favorecido pelo aumento da concentração da fonte de nitrogênio (nitrato de sódio) e pela redução da concentração da fonte de carbono (glicerina). Na faixa estudada a concentração máxima de biossurfactante obtida foi de 2,3 g&#8901;L-1 (razão C/N de 12). O efeito da concentração de nitrogênio sobre a biossíntese de ramnolipídeos e o comportamento do pH em função da concentração de nitrato durante os cultivos indicou que esta cepa possivelmente realizou uma rota denitrificante favorecendo a produção de ramnolipídeos. Os cultivos realizados em biorreator indicaram que o processo de produção integrado a extração/concentração por fracionamento em coluna de bolhas acarretou diversos problemas operacionais, como o arraste de células, e a redução da concentração de ramnolipídeos no meio reacional para 0,4 g&#8901;L-1. Foram avaliados dois modelos cinéticos de formação de produto para os ensaios realizados. O modelo de Luedeking-Piret não apresentou boa representatividade do processo. O modelo proposto por MERCIER et al. (1992) mostrou-se mais adequado para representar a produção de ramnolipídeos pela cepa estudada. A avaliação da capacidade emulsificante do meio de cultivo livre de células mostrou que o biossurfactante produzido pela P. aeruginosa teve um desempenho eficiente, sendo capaz de emulsificar óleos de origem vegetal e mineral e atingir índice de emulsificação (IE24) maior que 55 %. Na segunda parte do trabalho, cultivos realizados em frascos agitados para avaliação da produção de biossurfactantes lipopeptídeos por B. subtilis LAMI009 indicaram que o crescimento desta cepa foi dependente da suplementação do meio com extrato de levedura. Uma adaptação ao meio de fermentação foi necessária para eliminar a extensa fase lag durante o processo fermentativo. A utilização de fontes de nitrogênio inorgânicas mostrou que tanto o nitrato de amônio quanto o sulfato de amônio apresentaram valores de concentração de surfactina e produtividade volumétrica da ordem de 35 mg&#8901;L-1 e 6,1 mg&#8901;L-1&#8901;h-1, respectivamente. A tensão superficial do meio de cultivo livre de células também foi semelhante para ambas fontes de nitrogênio, cujo valor mínimo foi 29,7 mN&#8901;m-1. O nitrato de sódio foi fonte de nitrogênio adequada para o crescimento celular, entretanto apresentou baixa produtividade quando comparado com as demais fontes de nitrogênio avaliadas. Com a suplementação do meio de cultivo com extrato de levedura ii obteve-se maior concentração de surfactina (60,0 mg&#8901;L-1) e produtividade volumétrica (5,2 mg&#8901;L-1&#8901;h-1) e menor tensão superficial (28,1 mN&#8901;m-1) relativamente ao meio de cultivo contendo fonte de nitrogênio inorgânica. O tamanho do inóculo exerceu grande influência sobre a concentração de surfactina e a produtividade volumétrica. Quando se utilizou 2% (v/v) de inóculo a concentração de surfactina e a produtividade volumétrica alcançaram valores de 148,2 mg&#8901;L-1 e 14,22 mg&#8901;L-1&#8901;h-1, respectivamente. A pesquisa de genes responsáveis pela produção dos lipopeptídeos surfactina e iturina indicou a presença dos genes lpa14 e ituD no genoma da linhagem B. subtilis LAMI009. A avaliação do perfil cromatográfico dos extratos metanólicos de lipopeptídeos obtidos a partir dos cultivos com as fontes de nitrogênio nitrato de amônio e nitrato de sódio apresentou picos característicos de outro lipopeptídeo além da surfactina, a iturina,. Portanto, acredita-se que esta linhagem é uma co-produtora de surfactina e iturina. A capacidade emulsificante do meio de cultivo livre de células apresentou maior estabilidade com os cultivos com nitrato de amônio e nitrato de sódio, obtendo-se IE24 de 65 % com n-hexadecano e 45 % com querosene. A separação do biossurfactante por precipitação ácida a partir do meio de cultivo livre de células mostrou que esta etapa de pré-purificação promoveu um aumento da capacidade emulsificante da mistura de lipopeptídeos sintetizada por B. subtilis LAMI009. A solução aquosa do biossurfactante bruto foi capaz de emulsificar óleos naftênicos, óleos vegetais e um hidrocarboneto aromático, apresentando IE24 maiores que 65 % com os óleos avaliados. As emulsões formadas com óleos naftênicos, utilizados como base para lubrificantes, foram mais estáveis. Quanto menor o tamanho das gotas mais estável foi a emulsão formada.