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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
661

Estudo da interação de fármacos em sistemas micelares formados por tween 80 por espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo / Study of drug interaction in tween 80 formed micellar Systems through small angle X-ray scattering

Santos, João Thiers Mendonça 21 August 2017 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Micelles are thermodynamically stable systems, formed after reaching a minimum concentration of surfactant in the solution, and is called the critical micellar concentration (CMC). The tensoactives are amphiphilic substances, that is, they have a polar region (head) and another apolar (tail) well defined in the molecular structure, being the tensoactive tween 80 chosen for this work. The CMC of this surfactant was found by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, through the absorption of a probe molecule that was ibuprofen at work. The CMC value is between 1.10-4 and 2.10-4 mM. Micelles have a great potential in the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous solution that are being reused for different purposes than the current ones, besides taking drugs that have previously been abandoned due to their lack of solubility, for example in blood plasma, with we can increase the bioavailability of the same in the body, and can function as nanoreservatories of drugs thus minimizing the side effects of these, and help in the correct direction in which these drugs are discharged. Given this relevance, this work aims to understand how and where the interaction of the tween-80 formed micelles with the drugs, varying the pH and the concentrations of these. The drugs used in this study were carisoprodol, ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen, since they have different characteristics in relation to the molecular polarity distribution. The technique used to perform these analyzes was the low angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), through which it is possible to analyze changes of shapes and sizes of the nanometric order. From the experimental observations, it was possible to say that for more effective interaction between the micelles and the drugs, it is necessary that they have a well defined and expressive apolar region, in terms of volume, in some region of the molecule, since the carisoprodol did not alter the SAXS curves of the micelles when it was present in the solution. Ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen were able to cause significant changes in the SAXS curves, either in terms of low or high angle displacement or effects of attractive or repulsive interferences on the micelles. The modeling of the SAXS curves revealed the geometries acquired by the micelles, which at pH 4 and pH 7 alternated between a core and a cylindrical shell with an elliptical or circular cross-section depending on the drug or its concentration and at pH 9, The only cross section presented was elliptical geometry. The internal cylinder size of pH 4 micelles without drug was 33.9 Å, increasing to 43.4 Å with 30 mM ibuprofen and 53.7 Å with 30 mM ibuprofen sodium. At pH 7 and 9, there was little change in these lengths. A theoretical study was also carried out to better understand the micelle-drug interaction and, for this, the atomic charges, the polar and polar light, and the optimization of the structures of the substances used in this work were obtained. Tween 80 was optimized by the semi-empirical method PM3 (Parametric Method Number 3), while both carisoprodol and ibuprofen were optimized by the ab initio DFT (Density Functional Theory) method. / As micelas são sistemas termodinamicamente estáveis, formadas após atingirem uma concentração mínima de tensoativo na solução, que é chamada de concentração micelar crítica (CMC). Já os tensoativos são substâncias anfifílicas, ou seja, possuem uma região polar (cabeça) e outra apolar (cauda) bem definidas na estrutura molecular, sendo o tween 80 o tensoativo escolhido para este trabalho. A CMC deste tensoativo foi encontrada por meio da espectroscopia no ultravioleta-visível, por meio da absorbância de uma molécula sonda que, neste trabalho, foi o ibuprofeno. O valor da CMC está entre 1.10-4 e 2.10-4 mM. As micelas apresentam um grande potencial na solubilização de fármacos pouco solúveis em solução aquosa que estão sendo reutilizados para diversos fins, diferentes dos atuais, além de aproveitar drogas que anteriormente foram abandonadas devido a sua falta de solubilidade, por exemplo, no plasma sanguíneo, com isso, conseguem aumentar a biodisponibilidade dos mesmos no organismo, podendo funcionar como nanoreservatórios de fármacos minimizando, desse modo, os efeitos colaterais destes, além de ajudar no direcionamento correto em que essas drogas deverão ser descarregadas. Diante de tal relevância, este trabalho propõe-se a entender como e onde ocorre a interação das micelas formadas por tween 80 com os fármacos, variando o pH e as concentrações destes. Os fármacos utilizados neste trabalho foram o carisoprodol, o ibuprofeno e o ibuprofeno sódico, uma vez que apresentam características distintas em relação à distribuição de polaridade molecular. A técnica utilizada para realizar essas análises foi a de espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS), por meio da qual é possível analisar mudanças de formas e tamanhos da ordem nanométrica. A partir das observações experimentais, foi possível dizer que para ocorrer interação mais efetiva entre as micelas e os fármacos é necessário que estes tenham uma região apolar bem definida e expressiva, em termos de volume, em alguma região da molécula, tendo em vista que o carisoprodol não alterou as curvas de SAXS das micelas, quando estava presente na solução. Já o ibuprofeno e o ibuprofeno sódico conseguiram causar mudanças significativas nas curvas de SAXS, seja em termos de deslocamento para baixo ou alto ângulo ou efeitos de interferências atrativas ou repulsivas nas micelas. O modelamento das curvas de SAXS revelou as geometrias adquiridas pelas micelas, que em pH 4 e pH 7 alternava-se entre um núcleo e uma casca cilíndrica com seção transversal elíptica ou circular a depender do fármaco ou de sua concentração e em pH 9, a única seção transversal apresentada foi a geometria elíptica. O tamanho do cilindro interno das micelas em pH 4 sem fármaco foi de 33,9 Å, passando para 43,4 Å com 30 mM de ibuprofeno e 53,7 Å com 30 mM de ibuprofeno sódico. Já em pH 7 e 9 houve pouca alteração nesses comprimentos. Foi feito também um estudo teórico para melhor compreender a interação micela-fármaco e, para isso, foram obtidos as cargas atômicas, o raio apolar e polar, além da otimização das estruturas das substâncias utilizadas neste trabalho. O tween 80 foi otimizado pelo método semi-empírico PM3 (Parametric Method Number 3), ao passo que tanto o carisoprodol quanto o ibuprofeno foram otimizados pelo método ab initio DFT (Teoria do Funcional de Densidade). / São Cristóvão, SE
662

Interação da quitosana com surfactante e fenol em meio aquoso : cinética, equilíbrio e calorimetria / Interaction of chitosan with phenol and surfactant in aqueous solution : kinetics, equilibrium and calorimetric

Mota, Jackeline Andrade 23 March 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the highly utilization of phenolic compounds and surfactant for several industrial sectors have been increasing the amount of unloading of these pollutant in the effluents, creating pollution. The sorption has getting attention for being an encouraging method for the removing of the chemical pollutants, found on the aqueous effluents. This thesis has the propose of evaluating the capacity of the sorption of the surfactant dodecyl benzene sodium sulfate (SDBS) in crosslinked chitosan beads with Epichlorohydrin (QUIT-EP) and the dichlorophenol-2,6-indophenol (DCFI) found in fish scales (Micropogonias furnieri) Changed with glutaraldehyde and chitosan. The chitosan spheres (QUIT-EP) present 67,8% of anionic surfactant remotion SDBS and the croaker fish scale (ESC-QUIT) removed 70,2% of the DCFI in the aqueous solution, proving the efficiency of these materials in the transference of the studied pollutants. / Com a intensa utilização de compostos fenólicos e surfactantes por vários setores industriais, têm aumentado bastante, as quantidades de descargas destes poluentes em efluentes, gerando poluição. A adsorção, por ser um método promissor, vem sendo muito utilizada na remoção de poluentes químicos presentes em efluentes aquosos. Esta tese teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de sorção do surfactante dodecilbenzenossulfonato de sódio (SDBS) em esferas de quitosana reticuladas com epicloridrina (QUIT-EP) e do diclorofenol-2,6-indofenol (DCFI) em escamas do peixe corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) modificadas com glutaraldeído e quitosana. As esferas de quitosana (Quit-EP) apresentaram 67,8% de remoção do surfactante aniônico SDBS e as escamas do peixe corvina (ESC-QUIT) removeram 70,2% do DCFI de soluções aquosas, comprovando que esses materiais são eficientes na remoção dos poluentes estudados.
663

Efeitos da adição de surfactante e moagem de alta velocidade  em pós magnéticos à base de Pr-Fe-B obtidos via HDDR / Effects of surfactant addition and high-speed ball milling on magnetic powders based on Pr-Fe-B obtained by HDDR

Patricia Brissi Santos 27 October 2011 (has links)
Esse trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da adição do ácido oléico na moagem de alta velocidade/energia na obtenção de pós magnéticos em escala nanométricas da liga Pr12Fe65,9Co16B6Nb0,1. A primeira etapa deste trabalho, envolveu a obtenção de pós magnéticos por meio do processo de hidrogenação, desproporção, dessorção e recombinação (HDDR), utilizando a pressão de H2 de 930 mbar (hidrogenação e desproporção) e temperatura de dessorção e recombinação de 840 ºC. Inicialmente, os pós HDDR foram submetidos à moagem de alta velocidade/energia a 900 rpm, com variação do volume do meio de moagem (ciclohexano) sem adição de ácido oleico. Em seguida, os pós HDDR foram submetidos à moagem com adição de ácido oleico, variando o tempo de moagem. Após a moagem, foi realizado tratamento térmico dos pós a 700 ºC ou 800 ºC durante 30 min., com a finalidade de cristalização do pó. Foi verificado que, a utilização de 6,6 ml de ciclohexano como meio de moagem e com adição de ácido oleico há uma melhora na eficiência da moagem dos pós. Para adições de surfactante, de 0,02 a 0,05 ml e tempos de moagem até 360 minutos, não ocorre a aglomeração dos pós magnéticos no pote de moagem, obtendo acima de 90% de eficiência na moagem. A segunda etapa deste trabalho envolveu a caracterização dos pós magnéticos: utilizando magnetômetro de amostra vibrante, microscopia eletrônica de Varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e difração de raios-X. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adição de ácido oléico na moagem de alta velocidade/energia proporciona uma melhora nas propriedades magnéticas. Com a variação do tempo de moagem a fase Fe-α presente no pó HDDR apresenta diminuição no tamanho do cristalito (de 35 para ~ 10 nm) enquanto que, na fase Pr2Fe14B verifica-se menor grau de cristalinidade. / This work verified the effect caused by adding the surfactant in the high speed/energy milling in order to obtain Pr12Fe65.9Co16B6Nb0.1 magnetic nanopowders. The first part of this work involved the magnetic powder obtainment through the process of hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination (HDDR). The pressure of H2 during the hydrogenation and disproportion steps was 930 mbar and the temperature of desorption and recombination was 840 ºC. Initially, the HDDR powders were subjected a highspeed milling process at 900 rpm, with quantity variations of the milling medium (cyclohexane) and without the addition of oleic acid. Then, the HDDR powders were subjected to the milling process with the addition of oleic acid and with milling time variations. After the milling process, heat treatments of the powder were carried out at 700 °C or 800 °C for 30 minutes in order to obtain the crystallization of the powder. By performing the procedures, it was verified that the milling efficiency improved with the addition of 6.6 ml of cyclohexane as the milling medium and with the addition of oleic acid. It was determined that for the surfactant additions of 0.02 ml to 0.05 ml, with a milling time of up to 360 minutes, powder agglomeration does not occur in the milling pot and the milling efficiency is higher than 90%. The second stage of this work involved the magnetic powders characterization obtained by using vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Through the characterizations it was found that the powders magnetic properties improved when the addition of oleic acid in a high-speed /energy milling occurred. It was also verified that the α-Fe phase, present in the powder, shows a crystallite size decrease (from 35 nm to ~ 10 nm) when the time milling variation occurred; meanwhile, the crystallinity degree was lower in the Pr2Fe14B phase when the time milling variations was carried out.
664

Síntese de nanocompósitos com propriedades anisotrópicas via polimerização radicalar controlada em emulsão / Synthesis of nanocomposites with anisotropic properties by controlled radical emulsion polymerization

Thaíssa de Camargo Chaparro 29 March 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho de tese tem como objetivo a preparação de látices nanocompósitos à base da argila Laponita RD em emulsão aquosa, via polimerização radicalar controlada por transferência de cadeia via adição-fragmentação reversível (RAFT). A Laponita foi escolhida como carga inorgânica devido principalmente à forma anisotrópica de suas lamelas, o que permite a elaboração de filmes nanoestruturados, mas também por suas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas, por sua alta pureza química e pela distribuição uniforme, em termos de tamanho, de suas partículas. Inicialmente, polímeros hidrofílicos (macroRAFT) à base de poli(etileno glicol) (PEG), de ácido acrílico (AA) ou de metacrilato de N,N-dimetilaminoetila (DMAEMA) que contêm unidades hidrofóbicas de acrilato de nbutila (ABu) (em alguns casos) e um grupo tritiocarbonílico terminal foram sintetizados. Em seguida, a interação entre os macroagentes de controle (macroRAFTs) e a argila foi estudada através de isotermas de adsorção. Atuando como agentes de acoplamento e estabilizantes, esses macroRAFTs foram então utilizados na copolimerização em emulsão do (met)acrilato de metila e do ABu em processo semicontínuo na presença da argila Laponita. Partículas de látex híbrido de diferentes morfologias foram obtidas e os resultados foram correlacionados à natureza e à concentração dos macroRAFTs, ao pH da dispersão macroRAFT/Laponita, à temperatura de transição vítrea do copolímero final (função da composição da mistura de monômeros hidrofóbicos) e às condições de polimerização. As análises de cryo-TEM indicam a formação de lamelas de Laponita decoradas com partículas de polímero (várias partículas de látex localizadas na superfície das lamelas), de partículas do tipo dumbbell, janus, blindadas (partículas de látex decoradas com lamelas de argila em sua superfície) ou ainda de partículas multiencapsuladas (diversas lamelas encapsuladas dentro de uma única partícula de látex). As propriedades mecânicas dos filmes de polímero/Laponita foram estudadas por análise dinâmico-mecânica e correlacionadas à morfologia das partículas e à microestrutura dos filmes. / The aim of this work is to prepare Laponite RD-based nanocomposite latexes by aqueous emulsion polymerization, using the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Laponite platelets were selected as the inorganic filler due, especially, to their anisotropic shape, which allows the production of nanostructured films, but also for their thermal and mechanical properties, their high chemical purity and the uniform dispersity of the platelets. Hydrophilic polymers (macroRAFT) composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), acrylic acid (AA) or N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and comprising hydrophobic n-butyl acrylate (BA) units (in some cases) and trithiocarbonate terminal group were initially synthesized. Then, the interaction between the macroRAFTs and the clay was studied through the plot of adsorption isotherms. By acting as coupling agents and stabilizers, the macroRAFT agents were used in the emulsion copolymerization of methyl (meth)acrylate and BA by semi-continuous process in the presence of the clay. Hybrid latex particles with different morphologies were obtained and the results were associated to the nature and concentration of the RAFT (co)polymers, to the pH of the macroRAFT/Laponite dispersion, the glass transition temperature of the final copolymer (function of the composition of the hydrophobic monomers mixture) and to the polymerization conditions. The cryo-TEM images indicate the formation of polymerdecorated Laponite platelets (several latex particles located at the surface of the platelets), dumbbell-like, janus, Laponite-decorated (armored) latex particles, and multiple encapsulated particles (several platelets inside each latex particle). The mechanical properties of polymer/Laponite films were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and correlated with the particles morphology and the films microstructure.
665

Estudo da interação de líquidos iônicos com proteínas modelo / Study on the interaction of ionic liquids with model proteins.

Juliana Raw 25 October 2016 (has links)
Líquidos iônicos (LIs) são sais que se encontram no estado líquido em temperaturas menores que 100ºC e que vêm ganhando protagonismo na área chamada química verde, prometendo: substituir solventes nocivos ao meio ambiente, aprimorar componentes eletrônicos, favorecer biocatálises dentre outros. Sua alta estabilidade e baixa toxicidade são frequentemente afirmadas, porém, devem ainda ser melhor investigadas. Com o objetivo de implementar o entendimento da interação dos líquidos iônicos com sistemas de relevância biológica, realizamos um estudo sistemático acerca da interação de 3 diferentes líquidos iônicos anfifílicos de mesma cabeça polar e diferentes caudas carbônicas ([C10mim][Cl], [C12mim][Cl] e [C14mim][Cl]) com 3 diferentes proteínas modelo, através das técnicas de absorção óptica, fluorescência, dicroísmo circular (CD) e espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS). Para Tanto, utilizamos as proteínas BSA e HSA (Albuminas de Soro Bovino e Humano, respectivamente) além da lisozima. Observamos a supressão da fluorescência das proteínas em todos os casos analisados, onde a diminuição da intensidade correspondeu a, para as proteínas BSA, HSA e lisozima, respectivamente, (55±3)%, (16.1±0.8)% e (4.1±0.2)%, em presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl], (38±2)%, (13.2±0.7)% e (0.6±0.1)% em presença de 0.6mM de [C12mim][Cl] e (11.0±0.5)%, (9.2±0.5)% e (0.0±0.1)% em presença de 0.6mM de [C10mim][Cl]. Os espectros de absorbância e fluorescência de todos os sistemas nos indicam uma interação de contato entre as proteínas e os líquidos iônicos. Constatamos também o deslocamento do pico de fluorescência, das proteínas BSA e HSA, para menores comprimentos de onda (blue-shift), na medida em que a concentração de LI era aumentada. O máximo deslocamento () alcançado correspondeu a (21±1)nm para ambas albuminas, enquanto que a lisozima não apresentou deslocamento significativo. O blue-shift pode ser explicado pela aproximação das cadeias carbônicas e formações de pontes de hidrogênio nas proximidades dos triptofanos. De acordo com a técnica de SAXS, evidenciamos o aumento do raio de giro das proteínas, na medida em que adicionamos LIs. O raio de giro da BSA, da HSA e lisozima em ausência de LI são (29±1)Å, (30±1)Å e (15±1)Å, respectivamente, e passam para (46±1)Å, (44±1)Å e (20±1)Å respectivamente, em presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl]. As curvas de SAXS também apresentaram o indício da formação de estruturas micelares a partir de uma dada concentração. Além da alteração em sua estrutura terciária, os dados de CD indicam uma leve perda de estrutura secundária de ambas as albuminas (BSA e HSA), passando de 80 para 65% de -hélice em ausência e presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl], respectivamente. Sugerimos que as interações das proteínas com os líquidos iônicos, embora inicialmente movidas por forças eletroestática, possuem como principal fator o efeito hidrofóbico, portanto quanto maior a cadeia carbônica do LI maior é sua interação com a proteína. Tal interação causa o desenovelamento das proteínas e formação de um complexo e estruturas micelares a altas concentrações de LI. Acreditamos que este trabalho traz novas informações acerca da interação dos LIs com proteínas modelo, indicando sua capacidade de alterar a conformação das mesmas. / Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at temperatures smaller than 100 ° C and are gaining prominence in the so-called green chemistry, promising: replace harmful solvents to the environment, improve electronic components, and favor biocatalysis, among others. Its high stability and low toxicity are often asserted; nevertheless, they are ascribed to ILs due to its small volatility. With the aim of improving the understanding of the interaction of ILs with biological relevant systems, we conducted a systematic study of the interaction of three different ionic liquids of the same polar head and different paraffinic tails ([C10mim][Cl], [C12mim][Cl] and [C14mim][Cl]) with three different model proteins, through the techniques of optical absorption, fluorescence, circular dicrhoism (CD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). To do so, we use BSA and HSA proteins (Bovine Serum Albumin and the Human Serum Albumin, respectively) and lysozyme. We observed fluorescence quenching, of all studied proteins, where the decrease in the fluorescence was (for BSA, HAS and lysozyme, respectively): (55 ± 3)%, (16.1 ± 0.8)% to (4.1 ± 0.2 )% in the presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl], (38 ± 2)%, (13.2 ± 0.7)% to (0.6 ± 0.1)% in the presence of 0.6mm [C12mim][Cl] and ( 11.0 ± 0.5)% (9.2 ± 0.5)% and (0.0 ± 0.1)% in the presence of 0.6mm [C10mim][Cl]. UV-vis absorbance spectra and fluorescence indicate all systems in a contact interaction between proteins and ionic liquids. We also note the shift of the fluorescent peak of BSA and HSA proteins for shorter wavelengths (blue-shift), as the IL content was increased. The maximum shift () achieved corresponded to (21 ± 1) nm for both albumins, whereas no significant displacement was observed for lysozyme. The blue-shift can be explained by the approach of carbon chains and formation of hydrogen bonds in the vicinity of tryptophan. SAXS data indicate an increasing in the proteins radius of gyration value as ILs was added in the solution. The turning radius of BSA, HSA and lysozyme in the absence of IL are (29 ± 1) Å, (30 ± 1) Å and (15 ± 1) Å, respectively, and go to (46 ± 1) Å, ( 44 ± 1) Å and (20 ± 1) Å, respectively, in the presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl]. The SAXS curves also show evidence of the formation of micellar structures from a given concentration. Besides the change in its tertiary structure, the CD data indicates a slight loss of secondary structure of both albumins (BSA and HSA), from 80 to 65% of -helix in the absence and presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl], respectively. We suggest that the interactions of the protein with the ionic liquid, although initially driven by electrostatic forces, have a major factor hydrophobic effect and thus the higher the carbon chain of greater IL is its interaction with the protein. This interaction causes unfolding of the protein and formation of a micellar structures at high concentrations of IL. We believe this work provides new information about the interaction of ILs with model proteins, indicating its ability to alter the conformation of the same.
666

Desenvolvimento de sistemas adesivos empregando monômeros surfactantes como alternativa ao hidróxietil metacrilato (HEMA) / Development of adhesive systems employing surfactant monomers as substitute to hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)

Zanchi, Cesar Henrique 07 May 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Cesar_Henrique_Zanchi.pdf: 1068579 bytes, checksum: 8e2ef86f128f91b16a71c1a2e41952f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-07 / This study evaluated the influence of surfactant dimethacrylates (SD) on the resin-to-dentin immediate and long term microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and characterized the interfacial micromorphology of hybrid layer of the experimental HEMA-free self-etching systems. Five experimental HEMA-free two step self-etching systems containing different surfactant dimetacrylates (SD) (Bis-EMA 10, Bis-EMA 30, PEG 400, PEG 1000 and PEG 400 UDMA) and a HEMA-containing systems (control) were formulated. Sixty bovine incisors were allocated into six groups according each experimental adhesive system used. The teeth had the superficial coronal dentins exposed and were restored and sectioned to obtain sticks randomly allocated into 3 storage periods: 24h, 6 and 12 months. Thereafter the specimens were subjected to the μTBS test. Immediate μTBS data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey s test. Long term μTBS data were analyzed by Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn test (α = 0.05). Analysis of the adhesive-dentin interfaces were performed through scanning electron microscopy. Between the HEMA-free groups, the adhesive system formulated with PEG 400 UDMA produced the highest μTBS and was similar to HEMA-containing group. Specimens of the 24 hours of storage were statistically higher for all groups tested when compared those after 6 and 12 months storage. None difference was found between 6 months and 12 months storage for each group. All the adhesives systems presented similar partially demineralized hybrid layer (1.5-3.0 μm thickness) with well formed resin tags. All SD present reasonable μTBS, being the PEG 400 UDMA a promising monomer to be considered as HEMA substitute in adhesive systems compositions. / Este estudo avaliou a influência de dimetacrilatos surfactantes (DS) na resistência de união à dentina por microtração (RU), imediata e após armazenagem, além de caracterizar a micromorfologia da camada híbrida de sistemas adesivos experimentais autocondicionantes livres de HEMA. Foram formulados cinco sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes de dois passos livres de HEMA contendo diferentes DS (Bis-EMA 10, Bis-EMA 30, PEG 400, PEG 1000 and PEG 400 UDMA) e um sistema contendo HEMA, empregado como controle. Foi realizada a exposição da dentina superficial de sessenta incisivos bovinos posteriormente alocados em seis grupos experimentais de acordo com o sistema adesivo empregado. Os dentes foram restaurados e seccionados para obter espécimes (palitos) posteriormente divididos em três períodos de armazenagem: 24h, 6 e 12 meses. Após, os espécimes foram sujeitos ao teste de RU. Resultados de RU imediata foram analisados por ANOVA 1-fator e teste complementar de Tukey. Resultados de RU após envelhecimento foram analisados por Kruskall-Wallis e teste de Dunn (α = 0.05). Analises das interfaces de união dente-restauração foram realizadas através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Entre os grupos livres de HEMA, o sistema adesivo formulado com PEG 400 UDMA produziu maior RU e foi estatisticamente similar ao grupo controle contendo HEMA. Os espécimes testados após 24 horas de armazenamento apresentaram RU estatisticamente maior para todos os grupos quando comparados os espécimes testados após 6 e 12 meses de armazenagem. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos testados após 6 e 12 meses. Todos os sistemas adesivos apresentaram camada hibrida parcialmente desmineralizada (1.5-3 μm de espessura) com formação de prolongamentos resinosos. Em geral os sistemas adesivos demonstraram valores de RU satisfatórios, sendo o PEG 400 UDMA um monômero promissor para o desenvolvimento de sistemas adesivos livres de HEMA.
667

Minimização de afluentes e avaliação de sistema biológico de tratamento de águas residuárias em uma indústria de conservas vegetais / Effluent minimization and evaluation of wastewater biologic system treatment in a vegetable-cannery industry

Huber, Charles Soares 10 December 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_charles_huber.pdf: 1046471 bytes, checksum: a81eb3b445f28a007ba73c7b94476592 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-10 / The addition a chemical surfactant in the sodium hydroxide solution was evaluated in the peach peeling process. The results were compared to the traditional process, without chemical addition. It could be observed reduction from 57.14% in the sodium hydroxide consumption, 49.18% in wastewater generation of the fruit washing process and 42.81%, 16.02%, 45.45%, 24.16% and 31.82%, in the loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total suspended solids (TSS) and the settleable solids (SS), respectively. The fruit-cannery wastewaters must be treated. There are several processes that can be used for the removal of materials and chemicals that can degrade the environment. An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) of a cannery industry (fruits and vegetables) was evaluated. The system was assessed for 712 days and the efficiency of total DQO removal was evaluated. The start-up began with a mean organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.40kgDQO.m-3.d-1, and achieved a maximum OLR of 5.29kgDQO.m-3.d-1 in 307 days. The mean removal of total DQO was 86.87%. This study showed that even with the seasonality of production, the UASB reactor is a good alternative for the secondary treatment of fruit-cannery industry / Avaliou-se a adição de um surfactante químico à solução de hidróxido de sódio, utilizada no processo de descasque químico do pêssego. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o do processo tradicional, sem a adição desta substância. Observou-se reduções de 57,14% no consumo de hidróxido de sódio, 49,18% na geração de efluente líquido, no processo de lavagem da fruta e 42,81%, 16,02 %, 45,45%, 24,16% e 31,82%, nas cargas da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK), sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e dos sólidos sedimentáveis (SS), respectivamente. As águas residuárias originadas no processo de industrialização da fruta devem ser tratadas em uma estação de tratamento de efluentes. Existem diversos processos que podem ser utilizados para a remoção dos materiais e substâncias potencialmente prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Monitorou-se a partida e a operação de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB) tratando efluentes de uma indústria de conservas de frutas e vegetais. O sistema foi monitorado por 712 dias e avaliou-se a eficiência da remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) total. O início da operação do reator foi com uma carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada de 0,40kgDQO.m-3.d-1, atingindo-se uma COV máxima de 5,29kgDQO.m-3.d-1 em 307 dias. A remoção de DQO total foi de 86,87%. Este estudo mostrou que mesmo com a sazonalidade de produção, os reatores UASB são uma boa alternativa de tratamento secundário para a indústria conserveira
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Epidemiological and genetic study of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants:specific aspects of twin and multiple births

Marttila, R. (Riitta) 12 December 2003 (has links)
Abstract Respiratory distress syndrome, RDS, is a multifactorial lung disease of premature infants. The main cause of RDS is a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant, a lipoprotein mixture required to reduce surface tension at the air-liquid interface and to prevent generalized atelectasis of the alveolar ducts and alveoli. Prematurity is the most important factor predisposing to RDS. During the past decade the number of multiple pregnancies has increased significantly as a result of diversified infertility treatments and advanced maternal age. Due to the considerably higher rate of preterm births of multiples compared to singletons, RDS is one of the major causes of morbidity among them. The objectives of the present research were to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of RDS in twins compared to singletons, and to assess the role of SP-A and SP-B gene variations and gene-environment interactions in the susceptibility to the disease in a population of preterm twins and higher order multiples. This research showed that during the past fifteen years the gestational age-specific incidence of RDS has declined. Twin infants do not have increased risk of RDS except when born very immaturely at a very early gestational age. The presenting twin is less susceptible to RDS than the non-presenting twin or singleton infant after 28 weeks of gestation until term. Additionally the SP-B Ile131Thr polymorphism was shown to affect the susceptibility specifically in the presenting twin. The role of SP-A polymorphisms in the risk of RDS in twins turned out to be different from that in singletons. The major allele and genotype of SP-A1 were associated with a decreased risk of RDS in near-term twin infants. The threonine allele in SP-B Ile131Thr appeared interactively with SP-A1 to associate with the risk of RDS both in twins and in singletons: associating with a lower risk of RDS in singletons at very early gestation, but surprisingly associating with a protection in twins and multiples from RDS near term. The risk of RDS, defined by the interaction of SP-A and SP-B alleles, was additionally associated with the fetal mass. Thus, the difference in the susceptibility to RDS in premature singletons and multiples may depend on the size of the conceptus. In an evaluation of the genetic risk factors for RDS, the classical twin study method comparing the concordance of a disease between MZ and DZ twins underestimates the extent of heredity. Several predominant intrauterine and perinatal environmental factors contribute to disease susceptibility regardless of zygosity and are suspected to override the hereditary components of RDS. Twin gestation was shown to be an effect modifier in the genetic susceptibility to RDS. / Tiivistelmä Vastasyntyneen hengitysvaikeusoireyhtymä, RDS-tauti, on hyvin monitekijäinen ennenaikaisena syntyneiden lasten sairaus. Taudin tärkein syy on keuhkojen pintajännitystä alentavan aineen, surfaktantin, puute ennenaikaisessa synnytyksessä. Surfaktantti on rasva-proteiiniseos, joka alentaa keuhkorakkuloiden pintajännitystä ja estää rakkuloiden kasaan painumisen hengityksen aikana. Epäkypsyys on tärkein RDS-taudin kehittymiselle altistava tekijä. Viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana monisikiöiset raskaudet ovat lisääntyneet merkittävästi keinohedelmöitysten ja synnyttäjien kohonneen iän seurauksena. RDS-tauti on monisikiösynnytyksissä tärkeä sairastavuutta aiheuttava tekijä, koska monisikiöraskaudet päättyvät huomattavasti useammin ennenaikaisesti kuin yksösraskaudet. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää RDS-taudin ilmaantuvuutta ja riskitekijöitä kaksosilla verrattuna yksösiin, tutkia surfaktanttiproteiinien A ja B geenivaihtelua sekä geenien ja ympäristötekijöiden vuorovaikutusta kaksosten ja monisikiöisistä raskauksista syntyneiden lasten RDS-taudissa. Tutkimus osoitti, että viimeisten viidentoista vuoden aikana RDS-taudin raskausikäkohtainen ilmaantuvuus on vähentynyt. Vain hyvin epäkypsillä, ennenaikaisilla kaksosilla on lisääntynyt riski sairastua RDS-tautiin verrattuna yksösiin. 28 raskausviikon jälkeen ensimmäisenä syntyvällä kaksosella on pienempi riski saada RDS-tauti kuin toisena syntyvällä tai yksösellä. Lisäksi surfaktanttiproteiini B:n (SP-B) geenin eksonin 4 monimuotoisuus osoittautui vaikuttavan RDS-taudin alttiuteen erityisesti ensin syntyvällä kaksosella. Surfaktanttiproteiini A:n (SP-A) geenin yhteys RDS-taudin riskiin osoittautui olevan erilainen kaksosilla verrattuna yksösiin. Lähes täysiaikaisilla kaksosilla SP-A1 geenin valta-alleeli ja genotyyppi liittyivät RDS-taudin vähentyneeseen riskiin. SP-B geenin eksonin 4 treoniini alleeli osoittautui liittyvän yhdessä SP-A1 valtagenotyypin kanssa RDS-taudin riskiin sekä yksösillä että kaksosilla: hyvin ennenaikaisilla yksösillä geenien yhteisvaikutus lisäsi riskiä, kun taas lähes täysiaikaisilla kaksosilla sama geenien yhteisvaikutus yllättäen suojeli RDS-taudilta. SP-A ja SP-B geenien vuorovaikutuksen kautta välittyvä RDS-taudin riski oli lisäksi yhteydessä sikiön kokoon. Siten ennenaikaisena syntyneiden yksösten ja monisikiöisten RDS-taudin alttiuden ero voi olla riippuvainen sikiön koosta. Klassinen kaksostutkimusmenetelmä, jossa verrataan identtisten ja ei-identtisten kaksosten sairastuvuutta, aliarvioi perimän määräämien tekijöiden osuutta RDS-taudin synnyssä. Useat hallitsevat kohdunsisäiset ja synnytykseen liittyvät ympäristötekijät vaikuttavat RDS-taudin syntyyn ja kumoavat perimän osuutta. Kaksosuus osoittautui olevan periytymisen vaikutusta muokkaava tekijä RDS-taudissa.
669

Synthèse et étude physico-chimique de nouveaux tensioactifs utilisables pour la cristallisation 2D sur film lipidique et l’étude des protéines membranaires / Synthesis and physico-chemical study of new surfactants used as tools for the cristallisation 2D on lipidic film and manipulation of membrane proteins

Dauvergne, Julien 19 May 2010 (has links)
Ce manuscrit décrit la synthèse et l’étude physico-chimique de tensioactifs innovants utilisés comme outils biochimiques pour le maintien et la cristallisation de protéines membranaires en solution aqueuse. Un premier chapitre présente les moyens techniques actuels à disposition pour la manipulation et l’étude des protéines membranaires ainsi que les problèmes rencontrés concernant leur inactivation et les alternatives actuelles. Une seconde partie décrit la synthèse d’un lipide hémifluoré possédant un ligand métallique spécifique, qui a été utilisé pour la formation d’un film de Langmuir. Les propriétés du film lipidique (stabilité et fluidité) ont été étudiées et des essais de cristallisation 2D suivant le concept interfacial ont été réalisés sur une protéine recombinante SUR1 « his tag » solubilisée dans des micelles de détergents hydrocarbonés. Le troisième chapitre aborde la notion d’amphiphilie faciale et décrit la synthèse de tensioactifs glucosidiques par « click chemistry » basés sur corps aromatique central. La persubsitution sélective de têtes hydrophiles sur les positions 1,3,5 et de parties hydrophobes sur les positions 2,4,6 apporte une amphiphilie aux molécules via une ségrégation faciale. Enfin, le dernier chapitre est dédié à l’étude du comportement et des propriétés physico-chimiques des tripodes amphiphiles faciaux en solution aqueuse grâce à différentes techniques : tensiométrie, diffusion de la lumière, CPLH,... / This thesis deals with the synthesis and the physico-chemical study of new surfactants used as tools for holding membrane proteins in aqueous media. A first part presents the existing methods that allow the manipulation of the membrane proteins and describes the current issues encountered which lead to its denaturation. In a second chapter, the synthesis of a hemifluorinated lipid with a specific ligand is presented in order to form a film of Langmuir. The stability and fluidity of the monolayer lipid is monitored and used in experiments of cristallisation 2D following the interfacial concept on the recombinant membrane protein SUR1 « his tag » keep soluble in water with hydrocarbonated detergents. The third part defines the term associated to facial amphiphile and presents a synthesis by « click chemistry » of glucosidic surfactants with an aromatic core persubstitued. The alternated and selective substitution on 1,3,5 and 2,4,6 positions of the aromatic ring by respectively hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails induces a facial segregation. The last chapter concerns the study of facial amphiphiles behavior and its physico-chemical properties in aqueous solution by using several methods : tensiometry, dynamic diffusion light scattering, HPLC,...
670

Actions de particules d’usure aéroportées sur les propriétés mécaniques et physicochimiques des «films» de surfactant pulmonaire : Conséquences sur la conception de particules tribo-bio-compatibles / Influence of airborne wear particles on mechanical and physicochemical properties of pulmonary surfactant films : Implications in the conception of tribo-bio-compatibles particles

Munteanu, Bogdan 27 April 2015 (has links)
Paradoxalement, la sécurité routière est assurée entre autre par la production de particules d’usure ! Ainsi, près de 20 000 tonnes de garnitures de frein sont usées par an en France, dont 9 000 tonnes sous forme de particules d’usure aéroportées. Ces particules posent des problèmes de santé car leur composition chimique et leur morphologie font qu’elles interagissent avec la paroi alvéolaire entrainant des pathologies. Au cours de ces pathologies la phase la plus étudiée est la phase inflammatoire qui s’installe une fois que la particule a passé la première barrière de protection qui est le film de surfactant pulmonaire. En revanche, très peu d’études portent sur l’interaction directe des particules aéroportées avec le film de surfactant pulmonaire à cause de difficultés liées aux résolutions des moyens d’investigations cliniques. Alors-que ces études sont d’un intérêt fondamental puisque, de par ses propriétés physicochimiques de surfactant, ce film contrôle la mécanique respiratoire donc la capacité pulmonaire. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse analyse les mécanismes d’action de particules d’usure aéroportées modèles sur les propriétés physicochimiques et mécaniques des parois alvéolaires et plus particulièrement du film de surfactant pulmonaire. Pour cela, un modèle ex vivo de paroi alvéolaire reproduisant la composition, la microstructure du surfactant ainsi que les sollicitations mécaniques pendant les cycles respiratoires, a été mis au point. L’utilisation de ce modèle et les mesures associées ont permis d’élaborer une démarche d’identification des paramètres significatifs des particules qui déterminent leurs interactions avec le film de surfactant pulmonaire. Cela a permis de montrer que l’électronégativité des particules aéroportées est l’un des paramètres significatifs qui induit des changements couplés à différentes échelles, qui vont de la conformation moléculaire (nano), à la microstructure (micro) et aux propriétés mécaniques (macro) de la paroi alvéolaire, conduisant à la diminution de la capacité respiratoire. Ce modèle et les premiers résultats permettront à court terme, d’identifier les autres paramètres significatifs qui caractérisent les actions de particules d’usure aéroportées sur les propriétés mécaniques et physicochimiques des parois alvéolaires. Ceci permettra de connaitre leurs effets sur la capacité pulmonaire. Par conséquent, à plus long terme, cette connaissance permettra de modifier les matériaux en contact et leurs conditions de frottement pour générer des particules satisfaisant les exigences tribologiques et biologiques, donc tribo-bio-compatibles. / Paradoxically, road safety is assured among others by the production of wear particles! Thus, almost 20 000 tons of brake linings are worn each year in France. 9000 tons are airborne wear particles. Due to their size, chemical composition and morphology these particles will interact with the alveolar wall causing pathologies. In these pathologies the most studied is the inflammatory phase that appear after the particle has passed the first protective barrier which is the pulmonary surfactant film. However, very few studies have examined the direct interaction of airborne wear particles with pulmonary surfactant film. These studies are of fundamental interest because, by its physicochemical properties, the pulmonary surfactant film control the respiratory mechanics, hence the pulmonary capacity. In this context, this thesis analyzes the interaction mechanism of model airborne wear particles on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the alveolar wall and more particularly of pulmonary surfactant film. For this, an ex vivo model of alveolar wall reproducing the composition of the surfactant, its microstructure and the mechanical stresses during the breathing cycles has been developed. This model and the associated measures allowed to develop a method for identifying significant parameters of the particles that determine their interaction with the pulmonary surfactant film. The results showed that the electronegativity of airborne particles is one of the significant parameters which induces changes at different scales ranging from molecular conformation (nano), microstructure (micro) and mechanical properties (macro) of the alveolar wall, leading to the diminution of the pulmonary capacity. This model and the first results will allow, at short term, to identify other significant parameters which characterize the actions of airborne wear particles on mechanical and physicochemical properties of alveolar walls, allowing to know their effects on lung capacity. Therefore, at longer term, this knowledge will permit to change the materials in contact and their friction conditions to generate wear particles satisfying tribological and biological requirements, so tribo-bio-compatibles.

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