<p>On the annexation of Jämtland by Sweden in 1645, Danish clergymen were allowed to remain on condition that they officiated in the Swedish language.</p><p>This dissertation investigates the changes in the written language of one of these Danish clergymen and is based on the parish register kept by the Rev. Olof Bertilsson between 1636 and 1668. The premise for this study is that individual variations and alterations in written language do not occur arbitrarily, but display systematisation and express social consensus. The analytical basis for this approach is derived from Alexander Zheltukhin’s work on orthographic code theory and employs concepts used in sociolinguistics, but also borrows ideas from theories of mixed languages and second-language learning.</p><p>Between 1636 and 1646 Olof Bertilsson displays a highly stable orthographic code with few variations. Following his attendance at the Riksdag (the Swedish Parlament) in Stockholm in 1647, a distinct change is evident in his orthography. Changes occur quite early in the spelling of some place-names, personal names and important and frequent ecclesiastical terms.</p><p>A decisive factor in determining when and how change occurs is his access to examples of Swedish texts. In the last decade of his life, an influx of Swedish clergy, increased contacts with Swedish officials and help from young clergymen with a Swedish education, contribute to a predominance of Swedish forms in Olof Bertilsson’s individual orthographic code.</p>

<p>Seniorboende är en ny boendeform för äldre, från 55 år och uppåt. Vilka faktorer går att urskilja i offentliga debatten när det gäller tillkomsten av dessa boende? Varför flyttar människor dit och hur upplevs boendet? En stor förändring för äldre var när kvarboendeprincipen hade sitt intåg i Sverige under 1950- talet. Denna innebar att människor inte längre kunde tvingas flytta ifrån sina hem när de blev gamla och sjuka. Under våra verksamma år inom äldreomsorgen har vi sett ytterligare en stor förändring i form av ädelreformens införande år 1992. Ett ökat ansvar lades på kommunerna och i och med detta avvecklades ålderdomshemmen för att lämna plats för särskilda boenden. Dessa två stora förändringar har haft betydelse för hur man ser på den åldrande människan och boendet på äldre dar. Samhället har förändrats från att vara kollektivt inriktat till att idag vara allt mer inriktat mot individualismen. Dagens äldre har andra krav och förväntningar på boendet därför har tanken om seniorboende vuxit fram. Denna boendeform är en vanlig hyresrätt men utformningen är annorlunda med tanke på att de ska kunna bo kvar vid ökat hjälpbehov. När man uppför dessa boende bygger man ofta med central placering i samhället. En viktig faktor i byggandet är en gemensam lokal för att de boende ska ha möjlighet till gemenskap. Man utgår ifrån att boendet ska kännas tryggt och tillgängligt för de som bor där. Seniorboende kan vara en viktig faktor för äldre där svaga band kan utvecklas, då mångas sociala nätverk har utarmats, vid till exempel förändrade familjebildningar.</p> / <p>Senior housing is new living residents for elderly people, from 55 year and up. What factors can we see in official documents for the establishment of senior housing? Why do the people move to these living residence and how is the living there? One big changing for the elderly people was when the “kvarboendeprincip” started in Sweden under the 1950 century. That means that people not longer had to move from their home when they become older and ill. During the time we have worked in geriatric care have we seen a large changing in shape of the “ädelreform” which came 1992. A larger responsibility was giving to the municipality and they started to phase out the old people´s home and started with “särskilda boenden” instead. These two big reformatories have had importance for the sight of the human being and her living residence. The society has gone from position of collectivism to a more individualistic society nowadays. Today have the elderly person more demands and expectations on their living form and that’s why the thought of senior hosing has grown. This form of living residence is an ordinary renting apartment but the shape are different and the thought are that they could live there if they become in need of more help in the home. When they started to build these senior housing they often build them central in the society. One important factor for the buildings is that they have a joint local for they who live there should have a feeling of solidarity. They assume from that the living residence shall feel securely and easy of access for them who lives there. Senior housing can be an important factor for elderly people there week ties can be developed, when the social networks has been changed, by for example changed family situations</p>

Connective ties in discourse: Three ERP studies on causal, temporal and concessive connective ties and their influence on language processing. <br><br> Questions<br><br> In four experiments the influence of lexical connectives such as " darum", therefore, " danach", afterwards, and " trotzdem", nevertheless, on the processing of short two-sentence discourses was examined and compared to the processing of deictical sentential adverbs such as " gestern", yesterday, and " lieber", rather. These latter words do not have the property of signaling a certain discourse relation between two sentences, as connective ties do. Three questions were central to the work: <br><br> * Do the processing contrasts found between connective and non-connective elements extend to connective ties and deictical sentential adverbs (experiments 2 and 3)? <br><br> * Does the semantic content of the connective ties play the primary role, i.e is the major distinction to be made indeed between connective and non-connective or instead between causal, temporal and concessive? <br><br> * When precisely is the information provided by connective ties used? There is some evidence that connective ties can have an immediate influence on the integration of subsequent elements, but the end of the second sentences appears to play an important role as well: experiments 2, 3, and 4. <br><br> Conclusions<br><br> First of all, the theoretical distinction between connective and non-connective elements does indeed have " cognitive reality" . This has already been shown in previous studies. The present studies do however show, that there is also a difference between one-place discourse elements (deictical sentential adverbs) and two-place discourse elements, namely connective ties, since all experiments examining this contrast found evidence for qualitatively and quantitatively different processing (experiments 1, 2, and 3).<br><br> Secondly, the semantic type of the connective ties also plays a role. This was not shown for the LAN, found for all connective ties when compared to non-connective elements, and consequently interpreted as a more abstract reflection of the integration of connective ties. There was also no difference between causal and temporal connective ties before the end of the discourses in experiment 3. <br><br> However, the N400 found for incoherent discourses in experiment 2, larger for connective incoherent than non-connective incoherent discourses, as well as the P3b found for concessive connective ties in the comparison between causal and concessive connective ties gave reason to assume that the semantic content of connective ties is made use of in incremental processing, and that the relation signaled by the connective tie is the one that readers attempt to construct.<br><br> Concerning when the information provided by connective ties is used, it appears as if connectivity is generally and obligatorily taken at face value. As long as the meaning of a connective tie did not conflict with a preferred canonical discourse relation, there were no differences found for varying connective discourses (experiment 3). However, the fact that concessive connective ties announce the need for a more complex text representation was recognized and made use of immediately (experiment 4). Additionally, a violation of the discourse relation resulted in more difficult semantic integration if a connective tie was present (experiment 2). It is therefore concluded here that connective ties influence processing immediately.<br><br> This claim has to be modified somewhat, since the sentence-final elements suggested that connective ties trigger different integration processes than non-connective elements. It seems as if the answer to the question of when connective ties are processed is neither exclusively immediately nor exclusively afterwards, but that both viewpoints are correct. It is suggested here that before the end of a discourse economy plays a central role in that a canonical relation is assumed unless there is evidence to the contrary. A connective tie could have the function of reducing the dimensions evaluated in a discourse to the one signaled by the connective tie. At the end of the discourse the representation is evaluated and verified, and an integrated situation model constructed. Here, the complexity of the different discourse relations that connective ties can signal, is expressed. / Konnektiva im Diskurs: Drei EKP-Studien zu kausalen, temporalen und konzessiven Konnektoren und ihrem Einfluss auf die Sprachverarbeitung. <br><br> Einführung und Fragestellung<br><br> In vier Experimenten wurde der Einfluss von lexikalischen Konnektiva wie " darum", " danach" und " trotzdem" auf die Verarbeitung von kurzen zweisätzigen Diskursen untersucht und mit der Verarbeitung von deiktischen Satzaderbien wie " gestern" und " lieber" verglichen, die nicht wie die Konnektiva die Eigenschaft haben, die Diskursrelation zwischen zwei Sätzen explizit auszudrücken.<br><br> Drei Fragen standen im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit: <br><br> * Findet sich der Kontrast zwischen konnektiven und nicht-konnektiven Elementen auch zwischen Konnektiva und deiktischen Satzadverbien wieder (Experimente 2 und 3)? <br><br> * Spielt der semantische Inhalt der Konnektiva die primäre Rolle: ist die Hauptunterscheidung zwischen konnektiven und nicht-konnektiven Elementen zu machen, oder zwischen kausalen (darum, deshalb), temporalen (danach, hinterher) und konzessiven (trotzdem, dennoch) Elementen (Experimente 3 / 4)? <br><br> * Wann genau wird die Information, die Konnektiva bieten, genutzt? Es gibt Evidenz dafür, dass Konnektiva einen sofortigen Einfluss haben, aber auch dafür, dass das Ende der Texte eine gewichtige Rolle spielt: Experimente 2, 3, und 4. <br><br> Konklusionen<br><br> Zunächst einmal hat die theoretische Unterscheidung zwischen konnektiven und nicht-konnektiven Worten tatsächlich " kognitive Realität" . Dies wurde bereits in früheren Studien gezeigt. Die aktuellen Experimente zeigten jedoch, dass es auch einen Unterschied zwischen einstelligen (deiktische Satzadverbien) und zweistelligen (Konnektiva) Diskursrelationen gibt, da alle Experimente, die diesen Kontrast untersuchten, qualitativ und quantitativ andere Verarbeitung für Konnektiva zeigten (Experimente 1, 2 und 3).<br><br> Zweitens spielt der semantische Typus der Konnektiva ebenfalls eine Rolle. Dieser Einfluss zeigte sich nicht für die LAN, die für alle Konnektiva im Vergleich mit nicht-konnektiven Elementen gefunden wurde, und die dementsprechend auch als Korrelat abstrakterer Integration von Konnektiva vorgeschlagen wird. Es zeigte sich ebenfalls kein Unterschied zwischen kausalen und temporalen Konnektiva vor dem Ende des Diskurses in Experiment 3. Die N400, gefunden für inkohärente Satzpaare in Experiment 2, größer für inkohärent konnektive als inkohärent nicht-konnektive Diskurse, wie auch die P3b, gefunden im Vergleich zwischen kausalen und konzessiven Konnektiva in Experiment 4, lieferten jedoch Grund zu der Annahme, dass die Bedeutung von Konnektiva in der inkrementellen Verarbeitung genutzt wird, und dass die Relation, die Konnektiva signalisieren, diejenige ist, die Leser versuchen zu erstellen.<br><br> Im Hinblick auf wann die Information, die Konnektiva liefern, genutzt wird, scheint es, also ob Konnektivität generell und obligatorisch für bare Münze genommen wird. So lange die Bedeutung der Konnektiva nicht mit einer präferierten kanonischen Diskursrelation konfligierte, zeigten sich keine Differenzen innerhalb verschiedener konnektiver Diskurse (Experiment 3), aber die Tatsache, dass konzessive Konnektiva die Notwendigkeit einer komplexeren Textrepräsentation voraussagen, wurde sofort erkannt und genutzt (Experiment 4). Zusätzlich resultierte eine Verletzung der Diskursrelation in Experiment 2 in erschwerterer semantischer Integration, wenn ein Konnektivum vorhanden war. Es wird daher gefolgert, dass Konnektiva die Verarbeitung sofort beeinflussen. <br><br> Diese Schlussfolgerung muss jedoch etwas abgeschwächt werden, da die satzfinalen Elemente darauf hinwiesen, dass Konnektiva andere Integrationsprozesse am Ende der Diskurse auslösten als nicht-konnektive Elemente. Es scheint, dass die Antwort auf die Frage, wann Konnektiva verarbeitet werden, weder sofort noch hinterher ist, sondern dass beide Sichtweisen korrekt sind. Es wird hier vorgeschlagen, dass vor dem Ende eines Diskurses Ökonomie insofern eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, als eine kanonische Relation angenommen wird so lange es keine gegenteilige Evidenz gibt. Ein Konnektivum könnte die evaluierten Dimensionen in einem Diskurs auf die signalisierten reduzieren. Am Ende des Diskurses wird die erstellte Textrepräsentation evaluiert und verifiziert, und ein integriertes Situationsmodell erstellt. Hier drückt sich dann die Komplexität der verschiedenen Diskursrelationen, die Konnktiva signalisieren können, aus.

Seniorboende är en ny boendeform för äldre, från 55 år och uppåt. Vilka faktorer går att urskilja i offentliga debatten när det gäller tillkomsten av dessa boende? Varför flyttar människor dit och hur upplevs boendet? En stor förändring för äldre var när kvarboendeprincipen hade sitt intåg i Sverige under 1950- talet. Denna innebar att människor inte längre kunde tvingas flytta ifrån sina hem när de blev gamla och sjuka. Under våra verksamma år inom äldreomsorgen har vi sett ytterligare en stor förändring i form av ädelreformens införande år 1992. Ett ökat ansvar lades på kommunerna och i och med detta avvecklades ålderdomshemmen för att lämna plats för särskilda boenden. Dessa två stora förändringar har haft betydelse för hur man ser på den åldrande människan och boendet på äldre dar. Samhället har förändrats från att vara kollektivt inriktat till att idag vara allt mer inriktat mot individualismen. Dagens äldre har andra krav och förväntningar på boendet därför har tanken om seniorboende vuxit fram. Denna boendeform är en vanlig hyresrätt men utformningen är annorlunda med tanke på att de ska kunna bo kvar vid ökat hjälpbehov. När man uppför dessa boende bygger man ofta med central placering i samhället. En viktig faktor i byggandet är en gemensam lokal för att de boende ska ha möjlighet till gemenskap. Man utgår ifrån att boendet ska kännas tryggt och tillgängligt för de som bor där. Seniorboende kan vara en viktig faktor för äldre där svaga band kan utvecklas, då mångas sociala nätverk har utarmats, vid till exempel förändrade familjebildningar. / Senior housing is new living residents for elderly people, from 55 year and up. What factors can we see in official documents for the establishment of senior housing? Why do the people move to these living residence and how is the living there? One big changing for the elderly people was when the “kvarboendeprincip” started in Sweden under the 1950 century. That means that people not longer had to move from their home when they become older and ill. During the time we have worked in geriatric care have we seen a large changing in shape of the “ädelreform” which came 1992. A larger responsibility was giving to the municipality and they started to phase out the old people´s home and started with “särskilda boenden” instead. These two big reformatories have had importance for the sight of the human being and her living residence. The society has gone from position of collectivism to a more individualistic society nowadays. Today have the elderly person more demands and expectations on their living form and that’s why the thought of senior hosing has grown. This form of living residence is an ordinary renting apartment but the shape are different and the thought are that they could live there if they become in need of more help in the home. When they started to build these senior housing they often build them central in the society. One important factor for the buildings is that they have a joint local for they who live there should have a feeling of solidarity. They assume from that the living residence shall feel securely and easy of access for them who lives there. Senior housing can be an important factor for elderly people there week ties can be developed, when the social networks has been changed, by for example changed family situations

The major global concern of preventing the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) requires that millions of people be tested in order to identify those individuals who need treatment and care. This study’s purpose was to examine the role of social networks in an individual’s decision to test for HIV. The study sample included 62 participants of African and Caribbean origin in Toronto, Canada. Thirty-three females and 29 males, aged 16 to 49 years who had previously tested positive or negative for HIV, participated in interviews that lasted approximately 60 minutes. Measurement instruments adapted from Silverman, Hecht, McMillin, and Chang (2008) were used to identify and delimit the social networks of the participants. The instrument identified four social network types: immediate family, extended family, friends, and acquaintances. The study examined the role of these network types on the individuals’ decisions to get HIV testing. A mixed method approach (Creswell, 2008) was applied, and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously. Participants listed their social networks and retrospectively described the role of their network members in influencing their decision to test for HIV. The participants’ narratives of the influence of social networks in HIV testing were coded. A thematic analysis of the qualitative descriptions of the network members’ influence was performed. The quantitative and the qualitative analysis results were then tallied. The results of the study demonstrated that the influence of social networks was evident in the individuals’ decisions to test for HIV. The most influential group was friends, followed in descending order of influence by immediate family, acquaintances, and extended family. These social network ties provided informational, material, and emotional support to individuals deciding to seek HIV testing. For policy makers and health professionals, coming to a more complete understanding of these dynamics will enable them to make institutional decisions and allocate resources to improve and enhance the support available from within these social networks, thus encouraging, promoting, and leading to increased testing for HIV.

The major global concern of preventing the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) requires that millions of people be tested in order to identify those individuals who need treatment and care. This study’s purpose was to examine the role of social networks in an individual’s decision to test for HIV. The study sample included 62 participants of African and Caribbean origin in Toronto, Canada. Thirty-three females and 29 males, aged 16 to 49 years who had previously tested positive or negative for HIV, participated in interviews that lasted approximately 60 minutes. Measurement instruments adapted from Silverman, Hecht, McMillin, and Chang (2008) were used to identify and delimit the social networks of the participants. The instrument identified four social network types: immediate family, extended family, friends, and acquaintances. The study examined the role of these network types on the individuals’ decisions to get HIV testing. A mixed method approach (Creswell, 2008) was applied, and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously. Participants listed their social networks and retrospectively described the role of their network members in influencing their decision to test for HIV. The participants’ narratives of the influence of social networks in HIV testing were coded. A thematic analysis of the qualitative descriptions of the network members’ influence was performed. The quantitative and the qualitative analysis results were then tallied. The results of the study demonstrated that the influence of social networks was evident in the individuals’ decisions to test for HIV. The most influential group was friends, followed in descending order of influence by immediate family, acquaintances, and extended family. These social network ties provided informational, material, and emotional support to individuals deciding to seek HIV testing. For policy makers and health professionals, coming to a more complete understanding of these dynamics will enable them to make institutional decisions and allocate resources to improve and enhance the support available from within these social networks, thus encouraging, promoting, and leading to increased testing for HIV.

On the annexation of Jämtland by Sweden in 1645, Danish clergymen were allowed to remain on condition that they officiated in the Swedish language. This dissertation investigates the changes in the written language of one of these Danish clergymen and is based on the parish register kept by the Rev. Olof Bertilsson between 1636 and 1668. The premise for this study is that individual variations and alterations in written language do not occur arbitrarily, but display systematisation and express social consensus. The analytical basis for this approach is derived from Alexander Zheltukhin’s work on orthographic code theory and employs concepts used in sociolinguistics, but also borrows ideas from theories of mixed languages and second-language learning. Between 1636 and 1646 Olof Bertilsson displays a highly stable orthographic code with few variations. Following his attendance at the Riksdag (the Swedish Parlament) in Stockholm in 1647, a distinct change is evident in his orthography. Changes occur quite early in the spelling of some place-names, personal names and important and frequent ecclesiastical terms. A decisive factor in determining when and how change occurs is his access to examples of Swedish texts. In the last decade of his life, an influx of Swedish clergy, increased contacts with Swedish officials and help from young clergymen with a Swedish education, contribute to a predominance of Swedish forms in Olof Bertilsson’s individual orthographic code.

Undersökningsområdet är äldre hemtjänsttagare som bor ensamma, där vi har studerat hur hemtjänsttagare blir påverkade av den så kallade upplevda ensamheten. Som teoretiska utgångspunkter används socialgerontologi och gerotranscendens då begreppen vi använder i studien återfinns i dessa båda teorier, samt att vi kopplar dessa till ett socialpedagogiskt perspektiv. Avsikten är att finna en brygga mellan de nämnda teoribildningarna.Syftet med studien är att synliggöra och analysera ensamhet som socialt fenomen för äldre hemtjänsttagare i relation till social identitet och olika sociala nätverksband. Den första frågeställningen som studien vill besvara är hur äldre upplever att vara hemtjänsttagare och den andra frågan är vilka sociala nätverksband som blir synliga och hur det påverkar hemtjänsttagarens känsla av ensamhet. Den slutliga frågan är hur hemtjänsttagarens känsla av ensamhet kan förstås genom social identitet. Studien har genomförts kvalitativt med fyra halvstrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer. Studiens undersökningspersoner valdes utifrån kriterier såsom att de skulle bo själva och ha daglig hemtjänsthjälp. Ett andra kriterium var att de skulle kunna uttrycka sig muntligt. Utifrån studiens tre begrepp ensamhet, social identitet och sociala nätverksband görs en första analys av det empiriska materialet. I ett andra steg görs analys med hjälp av gerotranscendensens dimensioner och dess innebörder. Resultatet visar att de äldre uppskattar besöken de får av hemtjänstpersonalen samt att det påverkar deras upplevda känsla av ensamhet. Resultatet visar också på ett samband mellan ensamhet, social identitet och social nätverksband. Analysen av empirin utifrån gerotranscendensen visar på en positivt upplevd ensamhet och inte enbart negativ ensamhet. / The field of study is elderly home care recipient who live alone, where a study was made in how these recipients are influenced by the so-called perceived loneliness. The theoretical frameworks used in this study are social gerontology and gerotranscendence since the terminology used in the study occur in both theories, as well as we connect the theories to a social pedagogical perspective. The intention is to find a bridge between the mentioned theories. The aim of the study is to reveal and analyze loneliness as a social phenomenon for elderly recipient of home care in relation to social identity and various social ties. The first issue which the study tries to answer is how the elderly perceive to be home care recipient and a second issue is which social ties become visible and how does that affect the home care recipient´s feeling of loneliness. The final issue is how the home care recipient´s feeling of loneliness can be understood by social identity. The study has been done qualitatively with four semi-structured life-world interviews. The examined persons in the study were chosen by the criterion of that the persons should live alone and have daily home care. A second criterion was that they should be able to express themselves verbally. By the three terminologies of the study such as loneliness, social identity and social ties, an initial analysis is made of the empirical data. Furthermore, a second analysis is made with the gerotranscendence´s dimensions and its signification. The result shows that the elderly appreciate their visits by the home care staff and that it affects their perceived feeling of loneliness. The result also shows a relation between loneliness, social identity and social ties. The analysis of the empirical data by the gerotranscendence shows a positive perceived loneliness and not only negative loneliness.

This report chronicles the process of investigating social theories and their relation to music experience in order to create a specific online community. The purpose of this community focuses on an historical perspective of music while facilitating the formation of varied knowledge-networks and relationship levels. Social theories are correlated with web applications and tools to support design choices that will appeal to users by providing opportunities for specific social functions. This research allows for an organized, detailed, and theoretical approach to the design of the online music community, Vinylsqueegee.com. / text

Network approach is more appropriate measure to describe the early internationalization of born global firms. The focus of our research is to investigate the origin, structure and role of social networks in the early internationalization of born global firms. We intend to investigate the structure of networks which is considered pre-requisite to study the other dimensions of network ties. Many researchers directly jump to study the role networks play without paying any attention from where these ties originate. Furthermore, much of the literature has connected the born global firms with high technology sector however, there are many examples of born global firms in traditional sectors. Similarly, very little is known about how various national context influence the internationalization process of firms. Therefore, we also intend to investigate network ties in the context of different industrial sectors and different level of country's institutional development by comparing born global firms from France and Pakistan.Our results reveal that these small born global firms use their networks to overcome the constraints to rapid internationalization which has been supported by previous empirical findings. The results also reveal that origin of ties is in both business-social or non-business social settings. Both weak and strong ties are found to have positive impact on the early internationalization; however composition of ties is different in low-tech and high-tech firms. We also argue that instead of country's level of institutional development, composition of ties is moderated by the industrial sector in which firm is operating.