When a company sells shares of their business to the public for the first time, it is called an Initial Public Offering, IPO. The IPO is usually conducted by the issuing firm to raise capital for their future growth. Before the IPO the information about the issuing company is often limited and the investment in an IPO is associated with risks. The investors who choose to invest in an IPO are therefore usually compensated with a discount on the shares and often experience a first day positive return. This first day positive return is the definition of underpricing. If the majority of the IPOs are underpriced it should be of interest for an investor to take part of this opportunity and use it as an investment strategy. This thesis investigates if there is a way to predict which IPOs that will generate a positive first day return based on the information in the IPO prospect. / En IPO är det första erbjudandet av företagets aktier till den publika marknaden. En IPO genomförs ofta i samband med att företaget behöver ta in nytt kapital för framtida investeringar. Innan ett företag blir publikt är informationsinsynen begränsad vilket medför en risk för den som vill investera i det initiala erbjudandet. Investerarna som väljer att investera i erbjudandet är ofta kompenserade med en rabatt på aktierna och får då ofta en positiv avkastning på första handelsdagen. Denna initiala avkastning definieras som underprissättningen av erbjudandet. Om en majoritet av börsnoteringarna är underprissatta skulle det vara av stort intresse för investerare att upprepande investera i IPOs och ha detta som investeringsstrategi. Den här uppsatsen undersöker om det går att förutspå vilka IPOs som genererar en positiv avkastning första handelsdagen baserat på den informationen som finns att tillgå i IPO prospektet. / Civilekonom-uppsats

本研究以台股初次公開上市櫃公司IPO後首日股價報酬熱度及機構投資人首月脫售持股情況兩指標，試著預測IPO後一年期股價表現。本篇論文蒐集自2010年起至2014年3月31日止252筆在台灣初次上市櫃公司資料，並將其依首日報酬熱度由低至高依序分為Cold、Cool、Hot及Extra-Hot四種群組。研究結果顯示，Cold IPOs長期傾向擁有較佳超額報酬，而首日報酬熱度最高的Extra-Hot IPOs長期則表現最差。也證實了IPOs股票折價承銷理論中所提，公司若在IPO初期出現較大幅度的折價讓利，長期將導致公司因降價求售股票而遭受價值損害。 另外，本文也以三大法人脫售持股比例為分組，探討法人是否具有長期股價預測能力。過去一些國內外文獻皆以全部樣本直接討論法人脫售行為對長期績效表現的影響，本研究進一步將252筆公司資料分為：(1)初次上市櫃前曾在興櫃市場掛牌交易及(2)上市櫃前未曾在興櫃市場掛牌交易 兩群組。結果顯示，機構投資人只有在對IPO個股具有優勢資訊時(曾在興櫃市場交易)，才能顯著對公司優劣做出判斷，進而對長期績效表現做出預測；反之，若是未曾興櫃之IPO個股，機構投資人對其一年期股價表現則無顯著預測能力。本研究最後以首日報酬率、承銷商聲譽、IPO時大盤指數、法人首月脫售持股比例及IPO時個股市值等五大因素，做出IPO一年期超額報酬預測式。結果發現只有IPO時大盤指數、法人脫售持股比例及首日報酬熱度顯著影響一年期超額報酬率。其他變數如承銷商聲譽及IPO時公司市值皆只具經濟意義，對一年期超額報酬並無顯著影響。 / In this article, we are trying to predict the 1-year excess returns of the IPOs by observing two indicators：The first-day return and the flipping level by institutional investors. We use the 252 IPOs data in Taiwan stock market from 2010 to March 31th, 2014 and divide it into 4 different levels by the first-day return：Cold IPOs, Cool IPOs, Hot IPOs and Extra-Hot IPOs. And it turns out the Cold IPOs are inclined to have better long-run performances on the stock price, while the Extra-Hot IPOs have the worst performances in the 12-month excess returns. This study can prove the mispricing theory：The IPOs will suffer in losses in the long-term because of the underpricing behaviors. This thesis also analyzes the predictive power of the flipping level of institutional investors. We divide our sample data into two different groups：(1) IPOs who have been traded in the dealer market (Emerging Stock Market, ESM) (2) IPOs who traded in the order driven market directly (without the dealer market experiences). It reveals that the predictive power is prominent only if the institutional investors have superior information about the IPOs (with dealer market experiences); In contrast to the first group, the predictive power seems to be weak when the IPOs have no dealer market experiences. In the end of this study, we are trying to construct a regression model with five indicators：the rank of the underwriters, the IPOs’ market capital, the market index during the IPO period, first-day return and the flipping level of institutional investors. We find out that in addition to the IPOs’ market capital and the rank of the underwriters, all other indicators are statistically significant to predict the 1-year excess returns of IPOs.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 68060200610.pdf.jpg: 19258 bytes, checksum: 57f58c27c934aeb5a0e18fbbe046c66e (MD5) 68060200610.pdf: 582683 bytes, checksum: 1d6b28b160340c81ef2783ab149416ee (MD5) 68060200610.pdf.txt: 86904 bytes, checksum: 876977839948505264e5d8411660b9db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-25T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho objetivou verificar se há evidências de que a presença de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC) nas empresas brasileiras contribui para reduzir o underpricing de suas ações durante a oferta pública inicial (IPO). Foram examinadas 98 ofertas públicas iniciais de empresas brasileiras realizadas entre 2004 e 2007, e aplicaram-se testes de diferença entre os subgrupos e modelos de regressão para se testar as hipóteses do estudo, conforme metodologia proposta por Meggison e Weiss (1991). Os resultados dos testes indicam que não há evidências estatisticamente significantes de que a presença de PE/VC influencia o underpricing nas ofertas públicas inicias das ações. Adicionalmente, há evidências de correlação positiva entre as variáveis independentes, 'volume capturado na oferta' e 'idade da empresa emissora', e a variável de interesse, 'underpricing'.

Submitted by Ricardo Fuscaldi de Figueiredo Baptista (rfuscaldi@uol.com.br) on 2011-07-16T21:36:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_RFuscaldi_14.07.2011_IMPRESSÃO.pdf: 2129610 bytes, checksum: 9b4f08f17097d988cfd7a3c2b340dd62 (MD5) / Rejected by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br), reason: Bom Dia Ricardo Fuscaldi, O arquivo PDF deve ser inserido já com a ficha catalográfica. O arquivo anexado não consta a mesma. Em caso de dúvidas estamos à disposição. Att, Gisele on 2011-07-18T11:10:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ricardo Fuscaldi de Figueiredo Baptista (rfuscaldi@uol.com.br) on 2011-07-18T12:42:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_RFuscaldi_com ficha.pdf: 2271072 bytes, checksum: b4df31e522a6a117529b915607ebdb38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-07-18T12:45:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_RFuscaldi_com ficha.pdf: 2271072 bytes, checksum: b4df31e522a6a117529b915607ebdb38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-07-18T12:46:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_RFuscaldi_com ficha.pdf: 2271072 bytes, checksum: b4df31e522a6a117529b915607ebdb38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-07-18T12:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_RFuscaldi_com ficha.pdf: 2271072 bytes, checksum: b4df31e522a6a117529b915607ebdb38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-16 / The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the main factors that determine the first-day return and the Flipping activity in Brazilian IPOs, taking into account expected results according to national and international researches. The data base encompasses IPOs that took place between May 2004 and February 2011, summing up to 129 IPOs and approximately R$ 128 billion offering. The first-day return, which means the ‘money left on the table’, was on average 4.6% taking into consideration the issue price, while the Flipping activity totalized R$ 7.2 billion, meaning 5.6% of the offering. The first-day return was analyzed before and after the first trade, and evidences were found supporting (a) the exogenous determination of the issue price, (b) the opening price dependence of prospectus disclosure and of other variables, observable previously to the bookbuilding process, and (c) the cascade behavior of investors in the pricing after the first trade, particularly driven by the underwriter behavior. In regards to the Flipping, it was notorious depending on how much the IPO succeeded, being concentrated in and homogeneous along the first-day, despite the intense negotiation in the first minute. As a general contribution to literature, it was concluded that Information Asymmetry Theory arguments are not sufficient to explain the first-day Underpricing and the Flipping, being necessary arguments based on Behavioral Finance adapted to an intraday perspective. / Este trabalho analisa empiricamente os fatores determinantes do retorno e do ‘Flipping’ no primeiro dia de negociação em IPOs no Brasil, levando em consideração os resultados esperados pela literatura nacional e internacional. A base de dados inclui IPOs realizados entre maio de 2004 e fevereiro de 2011, totalizando 129 IPOs com ofertas primária e/ou secundária e envolvendo em torno de R$ 128 bilhões. O retorno do primeiro dia, que caracteriza o ‘dinheiro deixado na mesa’, foi em média de 4,6% com relação ao preço de emissão, enquanto o ‘Flipping’ totalizou R$ 7,2 bilhões, ou seja, 5,6% da oferta. Para o retorno, analisado antes e depois da abertura, evidenciou-se (a) a determinação exógena do preço de emissão, além da (b) influência no preço de abertura do ‘disclosure’ do prospecto e de outras variáveis observáveis antes do processo de ‘bookbuilding’, como também (c) o comportamento em ‘cascata’ dos investidores na formação de preços após a abertura, particularmente catalisada pela atuação do ‘underwriter’. Já o ‘Flipping’ foi mais proeminente conforme o sucesso do IPO, sendo concentrado no primeiro dia, mas homogêneo ao longo deste, apesar da intensa negociação no primeiro minuto. Como contribuição geral para a literatura, foi constatada a insuficiência dos argumentos baseados na Teoria da Assimetria da Informação na explicação do ‘Underpricing’ e do ‘Flipping’ no primeiro dia, sendo identificada a complementaridade de argumentos baseados em Finanças Comportamentais adaptados para o mercado intradiário

L’introduction en Bourse est une opération de financement majeure dans la vie d’une entreprise. Le choix des intermédiaires-conseils revêt une importance capitale, particulièrement celui du syndicat bancaire dont les responsabilités sont importantes, à l’image de la certification du prix d’émission et la réussite du placement des titres. Les multiples asymétries d’information et les anomalies des marchés boursiers impliquent pour l’émetteur de prendre les bonnes décisions. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la compréhension des critères de sélection utilisés par l’entrepriseémettrice dans le choix de la banque chef de file. Parmi ceux-ci, le critère de réputation dont les travaux empiriques, majoritairement outre-Atlantique, ont mis en évidence l’impact positif dans l’atténuation des déviations observées sur le marché boursier. La démarche suivie pour argumenter cette thèse nous a conduits, dans le premier chapitre à justifier notre positionnement théorique et à développer notre cadre de recherche. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous présentons une étude de cas de l’introduction en Bourse d’Electricité de France, opération européenne majeure réalisée durant cette dernière décennie et entreprenons une démarche qualitative dans laquelle nous prenons en compte la réalité économique et financière. Enfin, la vérification empirique de cette problématique est développée dans le troisième chapitre. Nous réalisons une étude statistique sur un échantillon d’introductions en Bourse européennes afin d’apporter des éclaircissements sur la structure de la syndication bancaire et examinons le lien de cette structure avec la réputation de la banque chef defile. / The initial public offering is a major financing operation in a company’s life. The choice of advising intermediaries is of paramount significance. This is the case in particular for the underwriting syndicate whose responsibilities, such as the certification of the issue price and the successful placement of securities are important. Multiple information asymmetries and anomalies in stock markets involve the issuer making the right decisions. We pay particular attention to a thorough understanding of the selection criteria used by the issuing firm in the choice of the lead manager. One of these is the reputation criteria, observed in empirical studies, mostly from across the Atlantic, which have highlighted its positive impact in mitigating stock market deviations. The approach we followed to develop this thesis led us, in the fist chapter, to justify our theoretical positioning and to develop our research framework. In the second chapter, we carried out a case study of the Electricité De France IPO, a major European issue during this last decade and undertook a qualitative approach in which we covered the economic and financial realities. Finally, the empirical verification of this issue was developed in the third chapter. We carried out a statistical study based on a sample of European IPOs in order to clarify the structure of theunderwriting syndicate and explore the relationship of this structure with the lead manager reputation.

When companies go public, the shares they sell tend to be underpriced, and thus exhibit a significant price jump on the first day of trading. As a result, IPO investors materialize significant first-day returns. In the long-run, however, relative to some benchmark, investors appear to lose out by continuing to hold the stocks of firms that have recently gone public. These IPO phenomena are subject of the following study. The thesis addresses two main objectives. First, it systematically surveys relevant empirical evidence and theories that have been proposed to explain IPO underpricing and long-run underperformance. In addition, both anomalies are studied form the viewpoints of two competing finance theories: efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance. Theories of underpricing are grouped within two broad categories: asymmetric information based models and behavioral theories. While asymmetric information based models assume that one of the IPO transaction parties knows more than others, and that these information frictions give rise to underpricing, behavioral explanations, on the other hand, assume the presence of irrational investors who are the prime cause of underpricing. Theories of poor long-term performance are based on behavioral finance perspective only, where "investor sentiment" plays the main role. On the contrary, proponents of market efficiency strongly argue that the notion of systematic IPOs long-run underperformance is spurious. Secondly, the thesis empirically examines the presence of underpricing and the long-performance of IPOs in European NYSE Euronext markets. In general, the results undoubtedly show that IPOs in the sample are moderately underpriced on average. However, the assessment of IPOs long-run performance provides contentious findings and probably requires further research.

Studien undersöker huruvida pandemin Covid-19 påverkade graden av underprissättning för börsnoteringar på börsen Nasdaq First North. Åren som undersöks är 2018-2021 där åren 2018 och 2019 klassificeras som åren innan pandemin och 2020 samt början av 2021 som åren under pandemin. Börsnoteringarna som kvarstår efter det slutgiltiga urvalet uppgick till 38 innan pandemin och 42 under pandemin. Inledningsvis undersöks hur börsnoteringarna presterade innan och under pandemin, och därefter variablernas samt pandemins förmåga att förklara variansen av underprissättning. Statistisk signifikans erhölls för variablerna marknadsvärde, teckningsåtagande och relativ erbjudandestorlek som prediktorer för underprissättning.

For start-up businesses, the source of outside capital can be retrieved from the venture capital industry. The venture capital industry has grown substantially over the past 50 years, reaching its pinnacle during the internet bubble in the 1990s and serves as an important contributor to the economy. After some time, and optimally when the start-up has matured into a successful business, venture capitalists want to receive money in return for their investments. Most commonly, the exiting of venture capital investments is retrieved through an IPO. An IPO refers to the transition from a private corporation to a public corporation and occurs when a private corporation offers its shares to the public for the first time. The existing literature of IPOs is commonly associated with the depiction of abnormal returns. More precisely, the offer price is often underpriced in comparison to the closing price on the first day of trading. In addition, the returns 1 to 5 years after going public are often subject to subsequent declines (Miller & Riley, 1987; Ritter, 1998). A part of the underperformance of IPOs is anchored in the type of capital structure, venture capital. Thus, this study examines the relationship between venture capital backed IPOs and IPO performance. Furthermore, the relationship between the degree of venture capital, the amount of capital held by the venture capital firm in the IPO, and IPO performance are examined in order to discover eventual correlations. Concerning the performed analysis, the study concludes that there is no clear positive relationship between venture capital backing and IPO performance in the short run. However, one could interpret that being a VC-backed IPO can be prosperous for long-term performance since VC has a positive impact on ROA. Regarding the degree of venture capital, it had a negative impact on the ROA, i.e., the level of degree of venture capital does not have a positive impact on the IPO performance.

Problem: A widely accepted perception within the research community is that initial public offerings tend to be underpriced on a global level. Numerous studies have been conducted across global markets to identify the underlying factors. However, the findings have been heterogeneous and contradictory. Within the context of underpricing, the Nordic market, including Sweden, is relatively underexplored compared to the extensively researched American market. This research study aims to investigate several crucial variables, based on previous international research, and their relationship to this phenomenon within an area that remains insufficiently explored. Purpose: The goal of this study is to contribute to the existing IPO literature, by examining the factors that have statistically significant associations with underpricing in IPOs on the Swedish market. Method: The study has utilized empirical quantitative methodology with a deductive approach, and has relied on secondary data. It has examined short-term returns, specifically the returns generated on the first day of trading. Hypotheses regarding the study's five independent variables have been deduced from existing international empirical evidence. These variables are (1) industry affiliation, (2) company size (measured by revenue), (3) company age, (4) debt ratio, and (5) stock exchange regulations (measured through markets). By using multiple regression analysis, it has been possible to determine whether any of these variables have a statistically significant association with underpricing in IPOs. Results/Conclusion: The study reported non-statistically significant findings, which contradict the majority of previous scientific research. However, without regard to the regression analysis, weak support remained for certain independent variables showing vague associations with the studied phenomenon. / Problem: En vedertagen uppfattning inom forskarvärlden är att börsintroduktioner har en generell tendens att vara underprissatta på en global nivå. Många undersökningar har genomförts på världens marknader i syfte att identifiera de underliggande faktorerna. Resultaten har emellertid varit heterogena och motsägelsefulla. Inom ramen för underprissättning är den nordiska marknaden, med Sverige som en del av den, jämförelsevis outforskad i förhållande till den amerikanska som varit föremål för betydligt mer omfattande forskning. Forskningsstudien ämnar undersöka ett antal avgörande variabler, baserade på tidigare internationell forskning, och dess koppling till fenomenet inom ett område som ännu inte är tillräckligt utforskat. Syfte: Föreliggande studie har som mål att bidra till den befintliga börsintroduktionslitteraturen, genom att utreda vilka faktorer som har statistiskt signifikanta samband med underprissättning vid börsintroduktioner på den svenska marknaden. Metod: Studien har använt empirisk kvantitativ metodik med deduktiv ansats, och har utgått från sekundärdata. Studien har undersökt den kortsiktiga avkastningen, mer specifikt; den avkastning som skapats under första handelsdagen. Hypoteser om studiens fem oberoende variabler har deducerats från befintliga internationella empiriska underlag. Dessa är; (1) branschtillhörighet, (2) företagsstorlek (mätt som omsättning), (3) företagsålder, (4) skuldsättningsgrad och (5) börshandelsregler (mätt genom marknader). Med hjälp av en multipel regressionsanalys, har det varit möjligt att utreda om någon av dessa variabler uppvisat ett statistiskt signifikant samband med underprissättningen. Resultat/Slutsats: Studien rapporterade icke-statistiskt signifikanta fynd vilket motsäger merparten av tidigare vetenskaplig forskning. Emellertid, utan hänsyn till regressionsanalysen, återstod svaga stöd för att vissa oberoende variabler kunnat visa vaga samband med det studerade fenomenet.

Titel: Prissättningen av IPOer  Författare: Cornelia Virsén och Izabel Wästlund  Handledare: Katarina Eriksson  Bakgrund och problemformulering: Prissättningen av IPOer är idag ett välstuderat forskningsområde. Tidigare forskning visar på att IPOer i olika delar av världen är underprissatta. Vilka variabler som driver prissättningen och aktiekursutvecklingen under första handelsdagen skiljer sig dock åt mellan olika forskare och än råder inte konsensus mellan tidigare forskning. I slutet av 2019 bröt Covid-19-pandemin ut, vilken föranledde samhälleliga restriktioner och en markant förändring i samhällsaktiviteten som fick en påverkan på den svenska ekonomin. Sedan april 2022 klassas Covid-19 inte längre som en pandemi vilket öppnar för möjligheten att studera huruvida det går att urskilja olikheter i förklarande variabler vid prissättning av IPOer innan, under och efter Covid-19.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera huruvida IPOer genomförda på den svenska marknaden är underprissatta. Därtill ämnar studien till att analysera likheter och skillnader i de utvalda variablernas påverkan på prissättningar av IPOer på den svenska börsen före, under och efter Covid-19.   Metod: Studien följde en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Studien tillämpade t-tester för att analysera huruvida IPOer genomförda på den svenska marknaden är underprissatta. Vidare genomfördes enkla linjärregressioner samt multipla linjärregressioner för att analysera utvalda variablers påverkan på IPOers prissättning. Urvalet uppgick till 224 IPOer vars aktiekursutveckling studerades dess första handelsdag.   Slutsats: Studiens genomförda t-tester för perioderna före Covid-19, Covid-19 och efter Covid-19 visade samtliga på icke-signifikanta resultat. De enkla linjärregressioner samt multipla linjärregressionerna visade enbart på tre signifikanta variabler under samtliga perioder som statistiskt kan sägas förklara prissättningen. Resultatet visade på att småbolagseffekten, ex-ante osäkerheter och signalering var tre teorier, vilka kan sägas förklara en IPOs prissättning. Marknadsförhållanden under studiens tidsperiod indikerade att marknaden befann sig i en cold issue market, vilket skulle kunna vara den förklarande orsaken till studiens resultat.    Nyckelord: IPO, underprissättning, beteendefinans, asymmetrisk information, hot/cold issue market, Covid-19 / Title: The Pricing of IPOs  Authors: Cornelia Virsén and Izabel Wästlund  Supervisor: Katarina Eriksson   Background and problem statement: Pricing of IPOs is currently a well-studied research area. Previous research indicates that IPOs in different parts of the world are underpriced. However, the variables driving pricing and stock price performance during the first trading day differ among researchers, and there is still no consensus in previous research. In late 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic broke out, leading to societal restrictions and a significant change in societal activity that impacted the Swedish economy. Since April 2022, Covid-19 is no longer classified as a pandemic, which opens up the opportunity to examine whether there are differences in explanatory variables in the pricing of IPOs before, during, and after Covid-19.   Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze whether IPOs conducted in the Swedish market are underpriced. Additionally, the study intends to examine similarities and differences in the impact of selected variables on the pricing of IPOs on the Swedish stock exchange before, during and after Covid-19.   Method: The study followed a quantitative research strategy with a deductive approach. T-tests were employed to analyze whether IPOs conducted in the Swedish market are underpriced. Furthermore, simple linear regressions and multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the impact of selected variables on the pricing of IPOs. The sample consisted of 224 IPOs which stock performance was studied on their first trading day.   Conclusion: The conducted t-tests in the study for the periods before Covid-19, Covid-19, and after Covid-19 all yielded non-significant results. The simple linear regressions and multiple linear regressions only revealed three significant variables across all periods that can be statistically considered as explanatory factors for pricing. This result demonstrated that the small firm effect, ex-ante uncertainties, and signaling were three theories that could explain the pricing of an IPO. The market conditions during the study period indicated that the market was in a cold issue market, which could potentially be the explanatory factor behind the study's findings.   Keywords: IPO, underpricing, behavioral finance, asymmetric information, hot/cold issue market, Covid-19.