Submitted by Mel Fernandes (melmfernandes@gmail.com) on 2015-04-07T20:15:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mel Fernandes_Dissertaçao.pdf: 218434 bytes, checksum: 37955734df1a7b29b93a53597d9c1d64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-04-08T15:04:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mel Fernandes_Dissertaçao.pdf: 218434 bytes, checksum: 37955734df1a7b29b93a53597d9c1d64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-04-14T12:00:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mel Fernandes_Dissertaçao.pdf: 218434 bytes, checksum: 37955734df1a7b29b93a53597d9c1d64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T12:01:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mel Fernandes_Dissertaçao.pdf: 218434 bytes, checksum: 37955734df1a7b29b93a53597d9c1d64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05 / A melhora na situação econômica do Brasil, observada nos últimos anos, resultou em um aumento expressivo no número de IPOs realizados no mercado brasileiro tornando o mecanismo de desinvestimento através do mercado de capitais em uma boa opção para os fundos de Private Equity/Venture Capital, fato que não era visto no período anterior a 2004. No período de janeiro de 2004 a maio de 2007 foi possível notar um fato inédito para o mercado brasileiro, dos 61 IPOs que ocorreram, 26 foram realizados por firmas que tinham um fundo de Private Equity/Venture Capital como acionista. Devido a assimetria de informação, o preço de emissão é tipicamente inferior ao preço de mercado da ação após o IPO, sendo esse 'fenômeno' conhecido na literatura como underpricing. Essa dissertação busca examinar o papel de certificação que um fundo de Private Equity/Venture Capital pode exercer nas emissões de ações no Brasil no período de 2004 a maio de 2007, reduzindo assim a assimetria de informação existente, através de uma análise do underpricing dos IPOs de empresas que tem fundos de Private Equity/Venture Capital como acionistas, e de empresas que não tem. Encontramos evidência que sugere que no mercado brasileiro apenas empresas com um bom grau de governança e transparência tem acesso ao Mercado de capitais através de IPOs, tirando, desta forma, a importância do poder de certificação exercido pelos fundos de Private Equity/Venture Capital em reduzir a assimetria de informação existente. / The improvement, observed in the last years, in the economic environment in Brazil, resulted in a massive increase in the number of IPOs that took place in Brazil. Disinvestment through capital market thus turned up to be a good option for Private Equity and Venture Capitalists. Of the 61 IPOs that occurred in the period from January/ 2004 until May/2007, 26 of them were Private Equity/Venture Capital backed IPOs, fact that was not seen before 2004. Due to information asymmetry, IPOs are on average systematically underpriced. This dissertation studies the certification role of Private Equity/Venture Capitalist in IPOs that took place in Brazil from 2004 to May/07 through an analyses of underpricing in Private Equity/Venture Capital backed IPOs and Non Private Equity/Venture Capital backed IPOs. We find evidence that suggests that only firms with a good level of corporate governance and transparency have access to performing IPOs in Brazil during the period studied thus reducing the importance of the Private Equity/Venture Capital role in certifying new issues as a mean of reducing information asymmetry.

Studien avsåg studera Private Equity-ägda och icke Private Equity-ägda nynoteringars långsiktiga avkastning. Med hjälp av bakomliggande faktorer så som ägarstruktur, underprissättning, marknadsvärde, storlek på nynotering, ålder, bransch samt heta och kalla marknader, identifierades om det fanns skillnader och vad de i så fall kunde bero på. Vidare undersöktes om nynoteringarna var underprissatta och om underprissättningen i så fall skiljde sig mellan de två ägarstrukturerna. I denna studie tillämpades ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt med en deduktiv ansats för att analysera sekundärdatan som samlades in. Urvalet bestod av 43 bolag varav 25 var PE-ägda och 18 var icke PE-ägda. Sekundärdata samlades in från ett flertal olika källor däribland Nasdaq, Skatteverket, Zephyr och Finansinspektionen. PE-ägda nynoteringar presterade bättre än icke PE-ägda på lång sikt, både för Buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR) 1 och 3 år. Samtliga nynoteringar var i genomsnitt underprissatta där PE-ägda uppvisade en högre underprissättning. Utöver resultatet att samtliga nynoteringar i genomsnitt var underprissatta, vilket var signifikant på en 0,1 procentsnivå, var ingen av skillnaderna signifikant. Slutligen uppvisade underprissättning som enda variabel en signifikant positiv påverkan på både BHAR 1 och 3 år. För BHAR 1 år visade dessutom storleken på nynoteringen och en av de fyra åldersgrupperna tio-nitton, i jämförelse med referensgruppen, en positiv signifikant påverkan. / The aim of this study was to determine whether there were any differences in the long-run performance between Private-Equity-backed and non-Private-Equity-backed IPOs. Further, the authors chose a number of variables from previous studies in order to examine whether these could explain the long-run performance of IPOs on the Swedish stock market Stockholmsbörsen. Finally, the study examined whether the IPOs was underpriced and if it differed between the two ownership structures. In this study a quantitative method with a deductive approach was used in order to analyze the collected secondary data. The study's sample consisted of 43 companies, of which 25 were Private-Equity-backed and 18 were non-Private-Equity-backed. The secondary data were collected from a variety of sources such as Nasdaq, Skatteverket, Zephyr and Finansinspektionen. Private-Equity-backed IPOs performed better than non-Private-Equity-backed IPOs in the long-run, both for BHAR 1 and 3 years. Further, all the IPOs were on average underpriced, where Private-Equity-backed showed a higher underpricing. Aside from the fact that all the IPOs were underpriced, which was significant at a 0.1 percent level, none of the differences were significant. Finally, the only variable that showed a significant positive impact on both BHAR 1 and 3 years was underpricing. For BHAR 1 year the size of the IPO and one of the four age groups 10-19, in comparison with the reference group, also showed a positive significant impact.

Submitted by Erick Carotta (erick_carotta@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-04T20:03:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Erick Carotta Souza - V20.pdf: 662334 bytes, checksum: cd1fbb4a59e41789369f688aff314023 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-05T14:07:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Erick Carotta Souza - V20.pdf: 662334 bytes, checksum: cd1fbb4a59e41789369f688aff314023 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-05T14:17:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Erick Carotta Souza - V20.pdf: 662334 bytes, checksum: cd1fbb4a59e41789369f688aff314023 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T14:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erick Carotta Souza - V20.pdf: 662334 bytes, checksum: cd1fbb4a59e41789369f688aff314023 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-07 / Este estudo tem como seus principais objetivos, averiguar se a existência de um fundo de private equity ou venture capital no quadro societário durante a abertura de capital de empresas brasileiras implica em uma alteração do nível de underpricing sofrido pelas ações das mesmas no IPO, e também analisar como se comportam seus retornos ao longo do tempo e quais os níveis de cobertura de mercado nesse período. Para isso adotou-se a metodologia de estimação por MQO para uma amostra de 120 empresas que abriram seu capital durante o período compreendido entre os anos de 2007 e 2017 na bolsa de valores de São Paulo (BM&FBovespa). As variáveis independentes adotadas foram o volume financeiro de emissão, a quantidade e qualificação dos investidores, a própria existência de um fundo de investimento associado ao IPO, e a quantidade de reports publicados referentes a essas companhias. Os resultados obtidos não revelaram significância estatística para métricas de presença de fundos de private equity ou venture capital. Dessa forma, não foi possível a verificação de potenciais efeitos relevantes nos níveis incorridos de underpricing em decorrência da participação ou não dos mesmos nas companhias quando da abertura de capital das mesmas, tampouco da diferenciação dos retornos após o período de um ano. Nesse mesmo período, no entanto, é possível verificar uma maior cobertura de mercado nos casos em que há presença de um fundo desta natureza. / This study main objective is to evaluate if the presence of a private equity or venture capital on a Brazilian company’s shareholders structure, during its IPO process may affect the underpricing levels of its shares, analyze their return behaviors on a longer time frame and also verify possible changes in their coverage levels due to this fact. An OLS estimation was adopted for a sample of 120 companies that have performed an IPO between the years of 2007 to 2017 on São Paulo’s stock market (BM&FBovespa). The independent variables considered were the initial financial volume offered, the numbers of investors in the initial public offering process as well as their knowledge, the presence of a PE/VC fund associated to the company, and the amount of reports published referent to this companies. The results have not demonstrated statistical significance for the main variable. It was not possible to find evidence of potential effects on underpricing levels occurring in IPOs arising from the presence of a PE/VC fund on the company’s shareholder structure or their return behaviors, however a coverage level change could be verified.

The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to extend the existing knowledge in the area of Corporate Governance in the region of Central Europe. Specifically, a study focuses on companies entering the public market and examines whether board structure and diversity have an impact on the success of the Initial Public Offering. The dissertation is divided into several parts. Firstly, theory of Corporate Governance and Signaling theory, explaining the potential influence of the board characteristics on the public offering outcome, are introduced. The following is an extensive literature review related to each of the selected variables. In the analytical part of the thesis, methods of statistical analysis are employed to verify the hypotheses and the results are discussed considering the findings of prior studies.

I considered on initial public offerings in my thesis. The thesis describes signification of initial public offerings including its advantages and disadvantages, informs about its specifications and recommends to investors, what they should focus on, if they think of such type of investment.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) integration in financial activities is a crucial topic that is gaining importance in financial markets. During the years, many studies have been conducted about Initial Public Offering (IPO) and underpricing since they are fundamental aspects of firms’ lifecycle. Nevertheless, none of these studies have appropriately related firms’ ESG characteristics to IPO underpricing. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this thesis’s purpose is to investigate whether the ESG factors of a firm have effects on its IPO underpricing in the U.S stock market. The U.S has been chosen as it is the biggest stock market in the world and because of the quality and reliability of the data available for this country.  A quantitative study is applied to investigate the relationship between ESG characteristics of the firms and the level of underpricing. First, to obtain the measurement of the ESG level of the pre-IPO firms, we have conducted two textual analysis of IPO prospectus, namely, term frequency and sentiment analysis. These indicators aim to show the disclosure level of ESG factors and whenever ESG is perceived negatively or positively by the market. Successively, the multiple regression is performed for each ESG indicator to find which measures have the analytical abilities to explain IPO underpricing. Based on the multiple regression results, we can conclude that the frequency of environmental & governance terms occurred in IPO prospectus, the negative tone, and the overall sentiment of the environmental context are significantly explaining IPO underpricing. These results have given meaningful answers for our research. The market does not perceive the social factors of a firm in the IPO context. On the other hand, environmental and governance aspects still attract the market’s attention in different ways. The market is concerned about the disclosure level of the governance activities and whether these activities are sufficiently mentioned in the prospectus. Meanwhile, the market takes into serious consideration the environmental activities of a firm by assessing the qualities of these activities. Moreover, the market is more sensitive to the negative information about environmental content than positive information in the IPO context. The textual analysis methods applied in this thesis have some limitations. However, this study has the reliability to confirm that some companies’ ESG factors affect IPO underpricing. As a consequence, it is possible to state that the market cares about  ESG issues.

This study examines the relationship between firm innovation and Initial Public Offering (IPO) underpricing in the Swedish stock market by examining 287 firms that went public on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and Nasdaq First North during the years 2010 – 2020. An OLS regression model is utilized to analyze the relationship between underpricing, measured as the initial returns, and firm innovation, measured as patents and Research and Development (R&D). The average initial returns for the sample were (+8,16 %) showing that IPOs are, on average, underpriced in the Swedish stock market. While the connection between patents and underpricing was negligible, the results indicated that firms that reported R&D expenditures separately, specifying how much of their expenditures were spent on R&D, experienced a small decrease in IPO underpricing. Also, a slightly larger decrease in IPO underpricing was found for the firms that both had patents and reported their IPO expenditures separately. Thus, these results indicate that firms with a higher level of innovation are “leaving less money on the table”.

We find that the first investment of a private investor in an IPO affects the private investors future participation in IPO’s. This paper examines Nasdaq Stockholms Main list during 2010-2019. The short- and long-term perspective is examined by two different models. The results show that there is a significant difference between private investors when it comes to participating in future IPO’s, depending on if the private investor experienced a good or bad IPO. The result in this paper show that approximately a third more private investors participate in the upcoming IPO after they experienced a good IPO. In a longer perspective approximately 50% of the investors who experienced a good IPO choose to invest in at least one more IPO.  Out of the private investors who experienced a bad IPO, approximately 30% choose to participate in another IPO. This paper contribute to a better understanding of how private investors are affected by their earlier investments.

No description available.

Förvaltningsfastigheter värderas ofta till verkligt värde. Under en lång tid har värdering till verkligt värde varit något svårdefinierat, där begreppet haft olika betydelse i olika sammanhang. IFRS 13 uppkom till viss del med anledning av detta. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om IFRS 13 har påverkat underprissättningen för fastighetsföretag vid börsintroduktioner. Genom en Difference-in-Differences metod baserad på en uni- och en multivariat modell mäter vi det statistiska sambandet mellan IFRS 13 och underprissättning mellan åren 2005-2022 vid börsnotering av företag i fastighetsbranchen. Behandlingsgruppen består av länder inom Europeiska Unionen samt Norge, då dessa efterföljer IFRS som redovisningsstandard. Kontrollgruppen består av nio länder som inte har IFRS som obligatorisk redovisningsstandard. Resultatet visar på en negativ trend mellan underprissättningen och införandet av IFRS 13, men kan inte på ett statistiskt signifikant sätt fastställas. Resultatet visar dock ett negativt statistiskt signifikant samband på 0.1 procent mellan kapitalintäkten från börsintroduktionen och underprissättning samt ett statistiskt signifikant samband på 0.1 procent mellan Post och underprissättning för två av våra regressioner.