När man inom stadsplanering strävar efter att förtäta städer och urbana miljöer blir balansen mellan stad och natur allt viktigare, särskilt som befolkningen växer och behovet av täta städer lika så. Också medvetenheten om funktionerna i dessa grönområden blir betydelsefulla när naturen och dess tjänster ska planeras in som resurser i samhället på en begränsad yta. För att bevara de många värden och ekosystemtjänster som naturen tillhandahåller åt samhället behöver dessa områden skötas på ett lämpligt sätt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka naturvård med hjälp av häst i urbana miljöer och de värden det skapar. Vidare utreds hur naturvård kan skapa förutsättningar för olika ekosystemtjänster och gröna värden. Som metod användes en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie bestående av intervjuer och en dokumentstudie med granskning av plandokument. Slutsatsen som drogs från studien är att naturen skapar många värden – ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska – för samhället och att dessa behöver tas omhand för att samtliga värden ska kunna åtnjutas även framöver. Naturvård med häst är ett på många sätt effektivt sätt att sköta natur och grönområden och därigenom bevara och utveckla de värden och tjänster för vidare nyttjande. Naturvård med häst bidrar även i sig med sociala och pedagogiska värden då djuren är uppskattade av människor och det stimulerar lärande och ny kunskap. Naturvård med häst kan bli mer kostsamt än andra metoder beroende på beställd åtgärd när entreprenör anlitas men vinsterna i de olika värdena anses kunna väga upp den kostnaden. Det finns många värden att hämta från att integrera häst i naturvården helt eller delvis. / In urban planning, there is currently a challenge with keeping the balance between the urban city and the surrounding nature, especially as the population grows and with it the need of cities with high densities. The increasing awareness of the functions that the urban greenspaces provide is important as ecosystem services are planned as resources for the city on a very limited area. To be able to conserve and develop the values and ecosystem services provided by nature it needs to be taken care of in a suitable way. The aim of this study is to investigate urban nature conservation methods with the use horses and what values these methods provide. Also, the conditions for ecosystem services and green values created by nature conservation are investigated. The methods used are a literature study as well as a case study consisting of interviews and a document study.   The conclusion made from the study is that nature provides many values, both ecologic, social and economic, and these values are in need of proper nature conservation to be able to persist and develop in the future. Nature conservation with horses is an effective way to manage nature and maintain and develop values and services in the future. It also provides social and pedagogical values as the horses are appreciated by people and they stimulate learning and taking in new knowledge, especially about nature and ecosystem services. Nature conservation with horses seems more expensive than other methods, depending on the service executed by hired contractor. The gains in the many conserved values are however considered higher than the costs. There are many values that can be acquired by integrating the use of horses in nature conservation, either as a whole or partial.

A efervescência da cidade moderna somente é possível devido ao deslocamento contínuo de pessoas e mercadorias. A movimentação de bens é trivial para a realização das atividades comerciais, industriais e de prestação de serviços. Sua demanda, entretanto, é condicionada pelos padrões de uso e ocupação do solo e adensamento urbano. Esta pesquisa aborda aspectos da relação entre o transporte urbano de carga e a estruturação das áreas urbanas no Brasil. O principal objetivo é analisar a influência mútua entre a logística urbana e o uso e ocupação do solo no desenvolvimento de áreas urbanas no Município de São Paulo. Dessa forma, foram identificados, selecionados e analisados abordagens, metodologias e modelos aplicáveis à análise e proposição de diretrizes que integrem os condicionantes de desenvolvimento urbano e de transporte urbano de carga. Um modelo selecionado, o Freturb, foi aplicado em um recorte urbano do Município de São Paulo. Localizada na região de Santa Cecília e Higienópolis, a área de estudo foi modelada, primeiramente, de acordo com a sua configuração urbana atual e, em seguida, com as suas predições urbanas para os anos de 2025 e 2030, conforme os parâmetros urbanísticos do novo Plano Diretor Estratégico de São Paulo, em vigor desde 2014. Os resultados da modelagem foram abordados, qualitativamente, sob três categorias, que organizam parâmetros de planejamento e que se inter-relacionam no ambiente urbano: Aspectos do Uso e Ocupação do Solo, Aspectos da Logística e Aspectos do Tráfego Urbano. O trabalhou comparou, ainda, os resultados da configuração urbana atual do recorte urbano de São Paulo, com áreas urbanas francesas, selecionadas no Centro de Lyon e no 4o. Arrondissement de Paris. Essa comparação permitiu analisar a relação entre a empregabilidade e a densidade de movimentos da carga, nas três regiões urbanas. O estudo revelou que a área estudada em São Paulo necessita de mais movimentação de carga e exige mais do viário urbano e/ou é suprida por sistemas logísticos menos organizados, em relação às duas áreas francesas. Ainda, o porte e o perfil do estabelecimento podem incrementar o tempo de carga e descarga em uma área urbana. Finalmente, as predições urbanas, de 2025 e 2030, motivadas pelo novo Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município de São Paulo, permitiram avaliar e compreender os possíveis impactos do adensamento populacional e de empregos na demanda por transporte urbano de carga. E, verificar os possíveis impactos associados, tais como incremento em paradas em \"fila-dupla\" e ocupação viária por veículos de carga. / The effervescence of the modern city is only possible due to the continuous movement of people and goods. The movement of goods is trivial for of commercial, industrial and service activities. However, it is conditioned by the patterns of land use and urban density. This research approaches aspects of the relation between the urban freight transport and the structuring of urban areas in Brazil. The main objective is to analyze the mutual relationship among urban logistics and urban land use parameters on developing urban areas in São Paulo. Thus, applicable approaches, methodologies and models were identified, selected and analyzed, in light of their potential to support the integration of urban development and urban freight transport conditions. A selected model, the Freturb, was applied in an urban area in the city of São Paulo. Located in the region of Santa Cecilia and Higienopolis, the case study area was modeled, firstly, according to its current urban setting and then with their urban predictions for the years 2025 and 2030, according the new parameters of Master Plan of São Paulo, approved in 2014. The modeling results were classified and discussed accordingly to three aspects: Land Use Aspects, Logistics Aspects and Urban Traffic Aspects. The research also compared the results of the case study area located in São Paulo with other French urban areas, selected in the Center of Lyon and 4th. Arrondissement of Paris. Such a comparison allowed analyzing the relationship between the employability and the density of freight movements, in the three urban areas. The research revealed that the area in São Paulo requires more freight movement and urban road space and/or is supplied by less organized logistics systems, with regard to the latter two French areas. Also, the size and profile of the establishment can increase the loading and unloading time of operation in an urban area. Finally, the urban predictions, 2025 and 2030, motivated by the new Master Plan of São Paulo, allowed evaluating and understanding the possible impacts of population density and employment in demand for urban freight transport. And, they also allowed verifing the possible associated impacts, such as the increase in stops at \"double-park\" and road occupancy by goods vehicles.

A efervescência da cidade moderna somente é possível devido ao deslocamento contínuo de pessoas e mercadorias. A movimentação de bens é trivial para a realização das atividades comerciais, industriais e de prestação de serviços. Sua demanda, entretanto, é condicionada pelos padrões de uso e ocupação do solo e adensamento urbano. Esta pesquisa aborda aspectos da relação entre o transporte urbano de carga e a estruturação das áreas urbanas no Brasil. O principal objetivo é analisar a influência mútua entre a logística urbana e o uso e ocupação do solo no desenvolvimento de áreas urbanas no Município de São Paulo. Dessa forma, foram identificados, selecionados e analisados abordagens, metodologias e modelos aplicáveis à análise e proposição de diretrizes que integrem os condicionantes de desenvolvimento urbano e de transporte urbano de carga. Um modelo selecionado, o Freturb, foi aplicado em um recorte urbano do Município de São Paulo. Localizada na região de Santa Cecília e Higienópolis, a área de estudo foi modelada, primeiramente, de acordo com a sua configuração urbana atual e, em seguida, com as suas predições urbanas para os anos de 2025 e 2030, conforme os parâmetros urbanísticos do novo Plano Diretor Estratégico de São Paulo, em vigor desde 2014. Os resultados da modelagem foram abordados, qualitativamente, sob três categorias, que organizam parâmetros de planejamento e que se inter-relacionam no ambiente urbano: Aspectos do Uso e Ocupação do Solo, Aspectos da Logística e Aspectos do Tráfego Urbano. O trabalhou comparou, ainda, os resultados da configuração urbana atual do recorte urbano de São Paulo, com áreas urbanas francesas, selecionadas no Centro de Lyon e no 4o. Arrondissement de Paris. Essa comparação permitiu analisar a relação entre a empregabilidade e a densidade de movimentos da carga, nas três regiões urbanas. O estudo revelou que a área estudada em São Paulo necessita de mais movimentação de carga e exige mais do viário urbano e/ou é suprida por sistemas logísticos menos organizados, em relação às duas áreas francesas. Ainda, o porte e o perfil do estabelecimento podem incrementar o tempo de carga e descarga em uma área urbana. Finalmente, as predições urbanas, de 2025 e 2030, motivadas pelo novo Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município de São Paulo, permitiram avaliar e compreender os possíveis impactos do adensamento populacional e de empregos na demanda por transporte urbano de carga. E, verificar os possíveis impactos associados, tais como incremento em paradas em \"fila-dupla\" e ocupação viária por veículos de carga. / The effervescence of the modern city is only possible due to the continuous movement of people and goods. The movement of goods is trivial for of commercial, industrial and service activities. However, it is conditioned by the patterns of land use and urban density. This research approaches aspects of the relation between the urban freight transport and the structuring of urban areas in Brazil. The main objective is to analyze the mutual relationship among urban logistics and urban land use parameters on developing urban areas in São Paulo. Thus, applicable approaches, methodologies and models were identified, selected and analyzed, in light of their potential to support the integration of urban development and urban freight transport conditions. A selected model, the Freturb, was applied in an urban area in the city of São Paulo. Located in the region of Santa Cecilia and Higienopolis, the case study area was modeled, firstly, according to its current urban setting and then with their urban predictions for the years 2025 and 2030, according the new parameters of Master Plan of São Paulo, approved in 2014. The modeling results were classified and discussed accordingly to three aspects: Land Use Aspects, Logistics Aspects and Urban Traffic Aspects. The research also compared the results of the case study area located in São Paulo with other French urban areas, selected in the Center of Lyon and 4th. Arrondissement of Paris. Such a comparison allowed analyzing the relationship between the employability and the density of freight movements, in the three urban areas. The research revealed that the area in São Paulo requires more freight movement and urban road space and/or is supplied by less organized logistics systems, with regard to the latter two French areas. Also, the size and profile of the establishment can increase the loading and unloading time of operation in an urban area. Finally, the urban predictions, 2025 and 2030, motivated by the new Master Plan of São Paulo, allowed evaluating and understanding the possible impacts of population density and employment in demand for urban freight transport. And, they also allowed verifing the possible associated impacts, such as the increase in stops at \"double-park\" and road occupancy by goods vehicles.

Les immeubles de grande hauteur (IGH) sont des constructions symboliques liées, le plus souvent, aux problématiques de la rareté du foncier, aux défis de la densification urbaine dans les grandes villes et aussi au questionnement de la construction durable. Pourtant, un IGH ne se limite pas seulement à ces seuls points :quel impact en terme de risque représente un IGH sur son environnement ?Quelle démarche d'analyse d'un éventuel péril lié à la présence de ces constructions sur leur environnement faut-il considérer ?<p><p>La conception d'un IGH ne peut être effectuée sans une analyse des risques engendrés par la présence de tels immeubles sur leur environnement et sur le développement urbain. En effet, quand un événement indésirable y survient, un IGH peut se révéler être une menace pour ses occupants et son <p>voisinage immédiat. Les IGH sont des immeubles où plusieurs centaines de personnes sont présentes, ce qui engendre de nombreuses contraintes au niveau de la sécurité incendie notamment. En cas d'accident comme un incendie, diverses matières toxiques peuvent être libérées dans l'atmosphère, endommageant l'environnement de l'immeuble.<p><p>C'est ici que peut intervenir une méthode d'analyse des risques environnementaux permettant à un expert d'évaluer différentes situations envisagées pour l'immeuble même et son environnement. Le modèle proposé est une nouvelle méthode quantitative issue d'une approche semi-quantitative. Des matrices d'évaluation et une formulation quantitative permettent de quantifier le risque environnemental. Ce risque est déterminé pour différents secteurs autour de l'IGH car chaque environnement étudié est hétérogène et différent.<p><p>La méthode proposée reprend un ensemble de paramètres déterminés à l'aide de critères d'évaluation et de paramètres géométriques tels que la différence d'altitude entre les immeubles, la distance, etc. Nous verrons comment ces paramètres influencent le modèle et l'analyse de risques environnementaux. Un ensemble de simulations numériques seront effectuées sur un panel de cas d'études simples afin de valider le programme. Deux IGH actuellement détruits ont été étudiés avec pour objectif de comparer les résultats obtenus avec la réalité de la situation ainsi que les différentes propositions correctives. Pour chaque étude, des critiques et commentaires seront produits afin de se rattacher à la réalité des situations décrites.<p><p>The high-rise buildings (HRB) are symbolic constructions linked most often to scarce building lands, urban density challenges for big cities and the problematic of sustainable construction. However, an HRB is not limited to just these items alone: what risk impact does an HRB have on the environment? What analysis method of possible risk on the environment is to be considered for the presence of constructions?<p><p>HRB design cannot be done without any environmental risk assessment for such buildings on their environment or their impact on urban development. When an unwanted event occurs, an HRB can be a threat to its occupants and its immediate vicinity. The presence of large numbers of people in those building definitely generates a lot of problems at the level of fire safety, for example. Accidents such as a fire can release toxic materials, which will thus impact the environment of the building.<p><p>In such circumstances, a method of analysis of environmental risks come useful to experts to assess the different situations to be considered for the building itself. The proposed model is a new quantitative method which is the result of a semi-quantitative approach. Quantifying the environmental risk is made possible by evaluation matrices and quantitative formulation. This risk is determined for various sectors around HRB because every environment is heterogeneous and different.<p><p>The proposed method incorporates a set of parameters which were determined by means of evaluation criteria and geometrical parameters such as the difference in height between the buildings, distance, etc. We will see how these parameters affect the model and analysis of environmental risks. A set of simulations are performed on a range of simple models to validate the program. Two HRBs which have now been demolished were studied so as to compare the results obtained with the real-life of the situation and the corrective different proposals. For each study, criticism and comments will be produced to relate to the reality of the situations which has been described.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished