Le PLU fixe, dans le respect de la hiérarchie des normes, les règles d’utilisation du sol sur son territoire. Cette hiérarchie est constituée par un ensemble de normes et principes dont le nombre n’a cessé de s’alourdir depuis la décentralisation. Bien que de nature différente, ces normes s’imposent toutes, à quelques exceptions près, de la même façon au PLU. Ce dernier doit être compatible avec leurs dispositions. Cet agencement, apparemment cohérent, dissimule de nombreuses imperfections. Les normes supérieures non moins générales, peuvent aussi s’exprimer dans des termes précis, mixant élasticité et rigidité, précision et imprécision, certitude et incertitude,… Les rapports normatifs, du fait de leur imprécision, transmettent non seulement la validité déterminée par l’ordre supérieur mais aussi les incertitudes affectant ce dernier. Ils n’excluent pas la possibilité d’intensification qui pourrait aboutir à la conformité ni celle d’un affaiblissement aboutissant à une simple prise en compte. Il revient alors au PLU de tempérer ces excès de rigueur ou de mollesse et d’en ressortir des règles intellectuellement accessibles, relativement stables et juridiquement sécurisées. Mais, l'exercice est très délicat et préoccupe les communes qui ne peuvent adopter une interprétation totalement conforme à l’esprit de la norme supérieure sans échapper à la reproduction, au niveau du PLU, de l’ambiguïté qui caractérise cette norme. Il en résulte un PLU difficilement déchiffrable et juridiquement vulnérable puisque ses destinataires, exposés à la difficulté de donner un sens précis à ses règles et de déterminer avec précision celles applicables à un moment donné, ne manquent pas de le contester. Dans ce contexte, le juge s’est vu accordé de nouveaux pouvoirs en vue de tempérer l’impact du contentieux sur la sécurité juridique du PLU. Ainsi, à un encadrement drastique des conditions de recevabilité des recours contre le PLU s’ajoutent des alternatives à son annulation pure et simple. / The Local Urbanism Plan (LUP) set, within the respect of the norms hierarchy, the using rules of the soil on his territory. This hierarchy is constituted by a number of norms and principles which kept growing more and more since it was decentralized. Even though they’re different, these norms are all applicable in the same way to the LUP, with some exceptions. The LUP has to be compatible with their dispositions. This layout apparently coherent hides a high amount of imperfections. Higher norms, but not less generals, can as well be expressed in precise terms, mixing elasticity and rigidity, precision and imprecision, certitude and incertitude. Since nominative reports are not precise, they share in the first place the validity determined by the higher order, but also the incertitude affecting it. They don’t exclude the possibility it will intensify, meaning it could lead to the conformity, and neither have they excluded the weakening leading to a simple take into account. Then the LUP has to deal with these excess of rigor or weakness and to take into account the intellectuals, accessible, relatively stables, and legally secured rules. But this exercise is very tricky and a lot of towns are concerned since they cannot adopt an interpretation totally conform to the spirit of the superior norm without escaping the reproduction of the ambiguity which characterize this norm at the LUP level. As a result, LUPs become hardly decipherable and legally vulnerable since their recipients, which have hard times to give a precise meaning to this rules and characterize with precision which are applicable to a given time, are always ready to contest it. In this context, the judge received new capabilities in order to temper the litigation impact about the LUP legal security. Thus, alternatives to its cancelling are added to the drastic monitoring of the admissibility conditions of the recourse against the LUP.

A trend of temporary interventions is sweeping through Western cities in the 21st century. Being anything from art on street benches or small pop-up stores to street festivals, food trucks or urban farms, these expressions have recently been given more attention by the academic world and city authorities. Such expressions are often clustered under umbrella concepts such as tactical urbanism, temporary urbanism, DIY urbanism, guerilla urbanism and pop-up urbanism. In this thesis the expressions and the way in which they are organized are called Tactical and Temporary Urbanism Initiatives (TTUI). In the Swedish municipality Nacka east of Stockholm, a small peninsula called Kvarnholmen has hosted actors with short-term commitments during the summer of 2014; a project called Under Konstruktion. Situated at the site were an art & exhibition center, a ‘magical’ garden, a food caravan, a night club and a festival. In parallel, Kvarnholmen is developing into a city district as part of a municipal aim to build almost 15000 new apartments over the next 15 years. The initiators of Under Konstruktion, Nacka municipality and the developer KUAB, have aimed to put Kvarnholmen “on the map” during the time of construction (among other intentions) and have brought in the above actors to realize this ambition. The thesis evaluates Under Konstruktion in order to answer the research question; what is the potential role and function of tactical and temporary urbanism initiatives within municipal planning and urban development processes in a Swedish context? Based on previous research and 11 interviews with project actors, it is discussed why TTUI should be implemented in municipal planning and what kind of knowledge and structures that are needed for an implementation to take place. Potential risks associated with TTUI implementation is also discussed. The evaluation shows that several ambitions have been achieved. The project was well-attended and a medial success but heavy workload and poor communication added stress and a negative touch. More involved actors and better anchoring within the municipal organization is suggested, and the cherry-picking of actors is questioned. Under Konstruktion has mainly been concerned with market strategic goals, which is not the main intention of TTUI and merely one piece of an urban development strategy. It is argued for that such a TTUI strategy in other locations in Nacka could possibly hasten gentrification processes. The thesis suggests broad TTUI implementation to recognize and adapt to global trends, basing the implementation on its advantages to rationalize land use, support creativity and diversify citizen participation processes. Such an approach have risks worth considering, for instance conflicts between actors, citizen ignorance or lack of bottom-up creativity. It would also be time-consuming, require resources and a questioning of municipal professions. Through the unique character of Under Konstruktion, Nacka has shown commitment to create vibrant districts, but not yet have TTUI become a significant part of its urban development strategy. With the current massive development in mind, implementing a short-term perspective cannot be hastened but step-by-step included to permeate the long-term strategic framework.

Den snabba urbaniseringen ställer stora krav på städernas förmåga att bemöta befolkningstillväxten. För att åstadkomma detta på ett hållbart sätt förespråkas från många håll förtätning inuti eller i anslutning till redan befintliga områden. Vilka metoder som kan användas och vilka konsekvenser dessa ger varierar. Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka förtätningens hållbarhetskonsekvenser, vilket utförs genom en fallstudie för ett område i Sundbyberg i Stockholmsregionen. Studien innefattar visualisering av fyra olika stadsbyggnadsideal och en bedömning av dessa utifrån ett antal framtagna hållbarhetskriterier. Tre stadsbyggnadsideal som har identifierats i litteratur kring ämnet och ett stadsbyggnadsideal som grundar sig i egna observationer från praktiken undersöks. Resultatet uppvisar stora skillnader vad gäller hållbarhetskonsekvenser för de olika stadsbyggnadsidealen. Detta tros bero på att stadsplaneringen ställs inför en avvägning mellan olika intressen där de undersökta stadsbyggnadsidealen prioriterar olika. Studien presenterar inte en fulländad lösning utan gör ett försök att fungera som en vägledande studie i hur stadens fysiska struktur kan skapa olika hållbarhetskonsekvenser. / The fast urbanisation and population growth challenges the capacities of cities. Densification in or in the proximity of established neighbourhoods is encouraged as means to achieve a sustainable future as the city grows. How to build a denser city and what consequences this has varies. This essay aims to examine the sustainability consequences of densification through a case study of an area in Sundbyberg, a part of the Stockholm region in Sweden. The study includes visualisations of four different urbanisms in the chosen area and evaluates the different proposals using a list of sustainability criteria. Of the four different urbanisms, three are identified through a literature study, and one is based on observations of the practice in the Stockholm region. The result shows great differences in terms of sustainability for the different urbanisms. It is believed that this is caused by priorities made, in planning of the built environment. The study does not present a solution but is wished to function as a guiding document on how the physical structure can impact the sustainability in the city.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Stephanie A. Rolley / Once a standalone town on the periphery of Denver, Littleton is now completely surrounded by other cities on all sides. Much of northeast Littleton is experiencing many of social and demographic issues associated with an aging suburb. Buildings are showing signs of age and neglect and the area has higher incidences of crime, gang activity, drugs, and graffiti than the rest of Littleton. Because it cannot expand outward, the City of Littleton must look at ways to redevelop within its city limits. This study focuses on achieving service in an infill development in northeast Littleton, Colorado. Research about the urban design was conducted and case studies of were documented. A program was written based on the research and a thorough inventory and analysis of existing site conditions. Based on the program, structures and site elements were located in northeast Littleton based on the principles of Sustainable Urbanism. The design achieves service through the Sustainable Urbanist principles of defined center and edge, compactness, completeness, connectedness, and biophilia. Because the design is focused on achieving service, not strictly on the placement of buildings within an urban framework according to a design style, the result is a community that is able to support local business and mass transit through walkability, increased density, and outside connection.

I staden finns olika slags rum varav vissa benämns som mellanrum. En av orsakerna till mellanrummens uppkomst är planering som skriver in oanvändbarhet i dessa platser. Somliga mellanrum lämnas åt naturen och förfallet och kan te sig osynliga för många. Medan andra mellanrum tas i besittning av människor i marginalen som värdesätter rummets karaktär. Fokus för denna uppsats är hur olika grupper hävdar mellanrum genom appropriation och domination. För att undersöka detta har fallet Container By i Köpenhamn studerats genom intervju, innehållsanalys och observation.  Container By är ett mellanrum beläget invid högbanan i Nørrebro som har approprierats med tillåtelse av Köpenhamns kommun. Appropriationen i Container By är både social och fysisk, samtidigt som Köpenhamns kommun delvis dominerar rummet. Det finns dock önskningar från både Köpenhamns kommun och brukarna om att Container By skall frigöras från kommunens ramar.  Brukarnas val av det studerade mellanrummet är påverkat av Lefebvres levda rum genom det uttänkta rummet. Det uttänkta rummet fungerar som en produkt av planeringen, där rummets existens utgörs av att det är en buffertzon till högbanan. Samtidigt är det just rummets karaktär som gör att brukarna känner ett stort mått av frihet där. Det finns dock tecken på att brukarna inte valt rummet själva utan snarare förpassats dit. Det finns skilda framtidsföreställningar hos brukarna och tjänstemännen, men alla informanter har en samstämmig bild av att projektet på något sätt kan fortlöpa. Den godkända visionen från arkitektfirman Cobe beskriver dock en annan bild av platsens framtid. Om Cobes vision förverkligas fungerar istället Container By endast som platsmarknadsföring med följd att appropriationen och dess brukare förr eller senare tvingas bort, samtidigt som dominationen av rummet förstärks. Om dock brukarna lyckas inkludera de boende i området skulle projektet i sin form kunna fortsätta.

Anotation: The thesis deals with the history of urbanism and sustainable development and their synthesis. It focuses on both theoretical and practical aspects, using case studies and examples it demonstrates the possibilities and limitations of both. Culturological approach and critical review of the topics form an integral part of the work. Key words: urbanism, sustainable development, cultural anthropology.

In this dissertation, I study a critical transition in the urban development of Tell es-Sweyhat, a large site in Syria occupied from c. 3000-1900 BCE. In the middle of the third millennium, Sweyhat was an open town centered on a fortress. It was ringed with cemeteries and had a ceremonial public building in its outskirts (Sweyhat Period 3). Around 2150 BCE, the settlement experienced a sudden expansion from 15HA to 35-40HA. Sweyhat became a fortified city with a high central ceremonial platform and no formal cemetery (Sweyhat Period 4). The new fortifications combined with increased population density signifies Sweyhat's transition from a town to a regional urban center. In this dissertation, I identify the changes in land use during this transition and examine the accompanying social changes. I focus on several domestic structures excavated along the edge of the Sweyhat 4 Inner City wall, along with the associated artifact inventories, including spinning and weaving equipment, grinding and cooking equipment, and whole ceramic vessels. One adult burial and several infant burials were also uncovered here. Additional soundings reached down into the Sweyhat 3 layers of this neighborhood. I synthesize the data from these excavations alongside architectural remains and artifact assemblages from other excavated areas of the site, to create a narrative of the changes in the site's occupational history and the possible meanings inherent in those changes. The results reveal that the character and location of certain daily and special activities changed, including mourning the dead, grain storage, grinding and cooking activities, and ceremonial activities. The outer town cemeteries were abandoned, possibly in favor of individual household burials. Grain storage, grinding, and cooking activities that had been located in the central storage area moved to the home. The locus of ceremonial activities shifted from the public building in the outer town to a new structure located in the city center. Access to this new structure was limited: it sat atop a high terrace that was accessible only by particular ramps or stairways, in a district at the center of the city's two fortifications. These shifts suggest increased control of formerly accessible public activities and greater attention to individual privacy. These changes were an integral part of Tell es-Sweyhat's transition from open town to walled city.

Esta pesquisa pretende examinar a consolidação de formas urbanísticas e arquitetônicas como representação do espaço político na Grécia antiga. O objetivo central é o de analisar em que medida o poder político - ou seu formato - interfere no disciplinamento do espaço, especialmente no que se refere à incorporação da ideologia tirânica nas grandes obras monumentais do Ocidente grego. Assim, os dados reunidos acerca da monumentalização do espaço primordialmente de Atenas, na Península Balcânica, e de Siracusa, na Sicília, entre os séculos VI e IV a.C., nos servirão para delimitar um quadro comparativo entre as diferentes formas de organização política e social e o planejamento urbano dessas poleis, de modo a elucidar a chamada paisagem do poder. Em tempo, dados de outras poleis como as de Metaponto, Camarina, Himera, Tasos e Cirene serão incorporados ao conjunto estudado de sorte a dar maior densidade às conclusões esperadas. Para tanto, far-se-á uso de referências metodológicas pertencentes à Arqueologia da Paisagem e critérios inspirados na linha de pesquisa desenvolvida por Amos Rapoport que lida com a questão da especialização do espaço como marca de \"complexificação\" das sociedades. / This research aims to examining the consolidation of urban and architectural forms as a representation of Greek political space. The central goal is analyze how political power - or its format - interferes in the disciplining of space, especially with regard to the incorporation of tyrannical ideology in large monumental buildings of the Greek West. Thus, the data gathered about the monumentalization primarily of two Greek cities (Athens and Syracuse), between 6th and 4th centuries BC, serve to delimit a comparative analyse between different forms of political organization and social and urban planning, in order to elucidate the landscape of power. In time, data from other poleis as Metaponto, Kamarina, Himera, Tasos and Cyrene will be incorporated to give more density to the expected conclusions. For that, use will be made of the methodology pertaining to the Landscape Archaeology and criteria inspired by the line of research developed by Amos Rapoport dealing with the issue of specialization of space as a feature of complex societies.

A urbanização da Capitania de Goiás esteve na dependência direta da política centralizadora de ocupação colonial portuguesa do século XVIII, particularmente no que se refere à expansão e legitimação do território além do meridiano de Tordesilhas e ao descobrimento de importantes pontos mineratórios localizados na região central do Brasil. A consolidação dessa política e, conseqüentemente, da ocupação de Goiás, coube ao colonizador que, colocando-se a serviço da averiguação de míticos imaginários, utilizou os recursos de uma cartografia em crescente desenvolvimento desde o século XVI e que lhe permitiram comutar imprecisas informações e relatos em cálculos exatos e ter uma real visualização do novo espaço. Com essas ações, formaram-se na Capitania mais de cinqüenta núcleos urbanos, segundo uma tradicional concepção do urbanismo português, que previa a realização de levantamentos topográficos e o uso de mapas feitos por sertanistas, engenheiros militares e governadores que, juntos, se responsabilizaram pela organização e desenho do território. Outras formas estratégicas de ocupação territorial também foram adotadas por Portugal, tais como a criação da prelazia e de paróquias, a abertura de caminhos, a adoção do sistema sesmarial, a fundação da capital e o incentivo às atividades mineratórias e agropastoris. Para a efetiva posse do território goiano, a Coroa lusa implantou também normas indigenistas e incentivou a construção de aldeamentos desde a primeira metade do século XVIII, os quais, embora sem a perfeição de traçado alcançada no período pombalino, foram concebidos a partir de praças centrais, retangulares ou quadradas, inscritas em malhas previstas, cujas características garantiram a continuidade de uma tradição portuguesa de desenho urbano erudito e regular, que se baseava em princípios matemáticos e geométricos. / The urbanization of the Captainship of Goiás founds its explanations in a group of factors that are related to the Portuguese centralizing politics of colonial occupation in the 18th century, particularly those that are referred to the expansion and legitimating of the territory beyond the Tordesilhas meridian, and to the discovering of important mining spots localized in the central region of Brazil. The consolidation of the politics and, consequently, of the occupation of Goiás, was carried by the colonizer, which, with the access to a cartography that had been developed since the 16th century, set to the purpose of the checking imaginary myths, transforming inaccurate information and reports into exact calculation and a real visualization of the new space. With these actions it was created on the Captainship more than fifty urban clusters, following a traditional conception of the Portuguese urbanism, with topographic studies and maps made by peasants, military engineers and governors which together were responsible to the organization and the mapping of the territory. Another strategic ways of territorial occupation were also implemented by Portugal, such as: the creation of the prelature, of the parishes, the opening of colonial ways, the adoption of the sesmarial system, the foundation of the capital and the stimulation of the mining and agricultural activities. Due to the possession effectiveness of the territory, the Portuguese crown also implemented Indian regulations and stimulated the construction of villages since the first half of the 18th century, which, even though, without the perfect drawing reached on the Pombalin period, were conceived with rectangular or squared central squares, inscribed into predicted streets, which it characteristics guaranteed the continuity of a Portuguese tradition of erudite and regular urban drawing that was based on mathematical and geometrical principles.

Este trabalho resulta da procura de relações entre arquitetura e cidade a partir da experiência de realizar projetos na cidade de São Paulo. Nesta organização desta experiência monta-se um panorama da evolução das linhas mais gerais da estruturação urbana em construção na intenção de criar sentidos para probabilidades de evolução destas linhas mais gerais onde essas intervenções pontuais como estudos, se apresentam como partes. / This work is the result of the search of relationships between architecture and the city from the experience of accomplish urban design projects in São Paulo city. To organize this experience a panorama of the evolution of the most general guidelines of the urban structure construction is made in order to create meanings for its future evolution probabilities, where the punctual interventions, as studies, are presented as parts.