Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Contribuye con un diagnóstico de cáncer de mama más efectivo, construyendo una herramienta de apoyo al diagnóstico médico, que permita un análisis más eficiente de las mamografías, aportando a disminuir el índice de error en el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. Esta herramienta utiliza la técnica de máquina de soporte vectorial multinivel por ser la que mejor desempeño tiene según el análisis de diversos estudios que se ha realizado, superando a las clásicas técnicas estadísticas, técnicas de redes neuronales, algoritmos genéticos. De esta investigación se concluye que entre las técnicas de análisis de imágenes, las técnicas que tienen un mejor desempeño son las máquinas de aprendizaje híbrido, que son resultado de mezclar técnicas clásicas propias de la inteligencia artificial generando de esta manera nuevas técnicas que tienen en algunos casos mejor desempeño. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

[pt] Com o crescimento tecnológico temos visto uma popularização crescente de equipamentos de localização por satélite (receptores GPS) e computadores de bolso (PDA) em diversas áreas: nos transportes aéreo, marítimo e terrestre, mapeamento e geoprocessamento, esporte e lazer. Onde podemos ver, como exemplo, praticantes de caminhadas adquirindo seus próprios receptores GPS. No meio militar, esta popularização também crescente, onde as Forças Armadas de diversos países tendem a adquirir cada vez mais equipamentos de posicionamento por satélite (receptores GPS) e testam equipamentos para interação com os mesmos. O foco deste trabalho a integração do receptor GPS e PDA visando sua utilização em operações militares, com intuito de obter respostas rápidas para um emprego mais eficiente e rápido de frações das tropas envolvidas. Este trabalho envolve a geração de arquivos legíveis aos PDA, a comunicação de receptores GPS com estes, bem como a visualização da informação fornecida por estes receptores de forma fácil e rápida. Abrange também uma comparação entre a utilização de mapas em duas diferentes representações raster e vetorial, possibilitando zoom e movimento da imagem em ambos, além da possibilidade de medir distâncias entre pontos do mapa na tela do PDA e inclusão, exclusão e alteração de observações diversas. Verificou-se a grande vantagem da utilização de imagens raster em relação utilização de imagens vetoriais no PDA para esta finalidade, e também algumas fragilidades do uso de PDA comuns em operações militares e com receptores GPS de usos gerais. / [en] With technological development, we have been witnessing a growing popularization of satellite-location equipment (GPS receivers) and pocket computers (PDA) in several areas: air, sea and earth transports, mapping and geoprocessing, sports and entertainment. We can see hikers, for example, acquiring their own GPS receivers. In the military environment, this popularization is also occurring: the Armed Forces in several countries are obtaining increasing numbers of GPS receivers and are testing equipment to interact with them. The purpose of this work is to integrate GPS receivers and PDAs, with the intention of employing them in military operations in order to obtain quick responses for a faster and more efficient use of fractions of involved troops. This work involves the generation of files readable by PDAs, the communication of GPS receivers with PDAs, and an easy and fast visualization of the information provided by the receivers. It also includes a comparison between the use of maps in two different representations, raster and vector, both allowing for zooming and movement of the image, as well as the possibility of measuring distances between points of the map in the PDA screen, and the inclusion, exclusion and alteration of several observations. The great advantage of using raster images instead of vector images in PDAs for this purpose was verified, as well as some disadvantages in the use of PDAs, common in military operations, with general-purpose GPS receivers.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2073889 bytes, checksum: df5e3780835b90ebdd638d4b8a4d38fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work consists of developing a system for position control of a three phase induction motor for positioning systems, using the technique of vectorial control in quadrature with the rotor flux. Several applications make use of this control, such as robot manipulators for welding and painting machines, tables and positioners coordinates in general. For a long time the machine most used in these systems was the DC for its simplicity of control, until the vector techniques were developed and improved, and significant advances in the power electronics allowing a drive high performance and lower cost using AC machines. To implement the drive with variable speed the asynchronous machine should be powered from a three-phase voltage source with variable frequency and amplitude, this source is obtained by static converters. The converter employed in this work uses the configuration with three arms, each containing two keys with controlled trigger and block, with one arm for each motor phase. A digital signal processor (DSP) was used to receive signals of voltage, current, position and generate the pulse width modulation (PWM). / Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle de posição de um motor de indução trifásico para sistemas de posicionamento, utilizando a técnica de controle vetorial em quadratura com o fluxo rotórico. Várias aplicações se utilizam deste controle, como robôs manipuladores para máquinas de pintura e soldagem, mesas de coordenadas e posicionadores de um modo geral. Por muito tempo a máquina mais utilizada nestes sistemas era a de corrente contínua pela sua simplicidade de controle, até que foram desenvolvidas e aprimoradas as técnicas vetoriais, e avanços significativos na eletrônica de potência permitindo um acionamento de alto desempenho e menor custo utilizando máquinas de corrente alternada. Para implementar o acionamento com velocidade variável, a máquina assíncrona deve ser alimentada através de uma fonte de tensão trifásica de frequência e amplitude variáveis, fonte esta que é obtida por meio de conversores estáticos. O conversor empregado neste trabalho utiliza a configuração com três braços, cada um contendo duas chaves com disparo e bloqueio controlados, sendo um braço para cada fase do motor. Um processador digital de sinais (DSP) foi utilizado para receber os sinais de tensão, corrente, posição e gerar a modulação por largura de pulso (PWM).

En la teoría de espacios normados no arquimedeanos sobre cuerpos valuados, la propiedad de ser esféricamente completo es de vital importancia en varios contextos y juega un rol importante en algunos temas clásicos del Análisis Funcional. En el presente trabajo estudiamos las compleciones esféricas en el contexto ultramétrico. Primero introducimos losc omplejos p-ádicos, el análogo de los numeros complejos, el cual desafortunadamente no es esféricamente completo.Después, y debido a lo anterior, construimos su compleción esférica, cuerpo que resulta ser también algebraicamente cerrado.

En esta publicación presentamos una propuesta para el uso del software Mathematica en el desarrollo de dos de los teoremas fundamentales del Cálculo Vectorial: Teorema de Stokes y divergencia de Gauss. La experiencia se desarrolló en cuatro horarios del curso Cálculo 4 en la Facultad de EE.GG.CC. de la PUCP. Destacando la representación gráfica de los objetos matemáticos que intervienen en estos resultados. Obviamente, sin perder de vista el aspecto algebraico. Para conjugar estos dos aspectos se ha escrito secuencias de funciones del software Mathematica para: graficar las superficies y sus vectores normales como también los campos vectoriales, calcular integrales triples, integrales de superficie e integrales de línea. Estas secuencias nos han permitido mostrar las aplicaciones de los teoremas de Stokes y divergencia mediante representaciones textual, algebraica y gráfica; lo cual despierta el interés de los alumnos por los teoremas tratados y se logra, además, un manejo más adecuado de dichos teoremas.

Au Vietnam, malgré les succès du gouvernement dans la lutte contre le paludisme, cette maladie persiste en zones forestières, le long des frontières internationales, en particulier avec le Cambodge, et très peu de données sont disponibles sur la filariose lymphatique de Bancroft (FLB). Aucun vaccin n'étant actuellement disponible, la lutte antivectorielle ciblant les Anopheles, moustiques qui peuvent être vecteurs d'agents du paludisme et de la FLB, reste un des éléments clés pour mieux contrôler ces deux maladies. Toutefois, une meilleure connaissance des vecteurs présents en zones endémiques et l'étude de leur capacité vectorielle s'imposaient compte tenu du manque d'information sur la transmission de ces 2 maladies dans la région centre-sud du Vietnam. La capacité vectorielle étant fortement liée à la flore bactérienne de l'estomac des moustiques, sa biodiversité a été estimée afin de mieux appréhender les familles bactériennes présentes chez les moustiques de terrain, en particulier la présence d'Enterobacteriaceae qui peut avoir une influence sur la résistance des anophèles au développement de Plasmodium, agent du paludisme. Ce champ d'investigation n'avait encore jamais été étudié chez les vecteurs du paludisme au Vietnam.Cette thèse porte sur 2 objectifs principaux : (1) l'évaluation de la capacité vectorielle des espèces d'Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium spp. et de Wuchereria bancrofti (agent de la FLB) dans la Province de Dak Nong et de Binh Phuoc du centre-sud Vietnam (à la frontière avec le Cambodge) et (2) l'estimation de la biodiversité de la flore bactérienne de l'estomac de populations d'Anopheles du centre-sud Vietnam et l'évaluation de l'influence de certaines bactéries sur la capacité vectorielle des espèces d'Anopheles. L'identification morphologique et moléculaire des spécimens d'Anopheles collectés dans les sites d'étude nous a permis d'appréhender et de mieux connaître la faune anophélienne du centre-sud Vietnam avec la présence de 24 taxa, dont des vecteurs primaires et secondaires. Les espèces dominantes sont Anopheles dirus (48,2%), An. maculatus (19,1%) et An. minimus (9,8%), trois vecteurs majeurs du paludisme et de la FLB. Pour la première fois au Vietnam, la présence d'An. scanloni, une des 8 espèces du Complexe Dirus et vecteur du paludisme en Thaïlande, a été montrée et confirmée après son identification par techniques moléculaires et séquençage. La relation taxonomique entre An. crawfordi et An. dangi, une espèce nommée de façon informelle au Vietnam en 1987, est clarifiée grâce à une étude phylogénétique qui nous a permis d'établir qu'An. dangi est un variant morphologique d'An. crawfordi.Le taux d'infection parasitaire des anophèles a été analysé grâce à des approches PCR, en temps réel et conventionnelle, afin de déterminer la capacité vectorielle des espèces collectées. Parmi les 765 spécimens d'Anopheles étudiés, 2 spécimens dont 1 An. dirus et 1 An. pampanai, ont été trouvés infectés par P. vivax. Les taux d'infection sont de 0,26% sur l'ensemble de l'échantillon, de 0,41% pour la Province de Binh Phuoc et de 0,28% chez An. dirus et 20% chez An. pampanai. Aucun moustique n'a été trouvé infecté ni par P. falciparum, ni par P. knowlesi et ni par Wuchereria bancrofti. La flore bactérienne de l'estomac des anophèles a été analysée après application de 2 méthodes d'identification basées à la fois sur la culture et la PCR du gène 16S sur 200 abdomens d'anophèles de 11 espèces différentes. Les résultats montrent la présence de 116 genres bactériens, dont 18 genres communs, classés taxonomiquement dans 7 phyla dont Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria et Synergistetes. Le genre dominant de Dak Nong est Acinetobacter et celui de Binh Phuoc est Staphyloccocus. Acinetobacter est aussi dominant dans la communauté bactérienne de tous les spécimens d'Anopheles étudiés. / In Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax.

La lutte anti-vectorielle est l’un des volets le plus important de l’entomologie médicale et nécessite une identification précise des vecteurs. Cette dernière décennie, la technique du MALDI-TOF MS a prouvé son potentiel comme outil rapide et efficace pour l'identification des arthropodes hématophages adultes. Dès lorsNous nous sommes intéressés à la mise au point d’un protocole d’identification des stades aquatiques de moustique par MALDI-TOF MS d’une part. D’autre part la détection d’un pathogène dans un arthropode n’implique pas forcement sa capacité à transmettre. L’incrimination d’un arthropode comme vecteur respecte certaines règles allant de la suspicion à la démonstration de sa compétence vectorielle au laboratoire. Afin de mieux comprendre l’épidémiologie de R. felis nous avons d’abord participé à une investigation conduite à l’Ile de la Réunion, en testant des puces, les seuls vecteurs biologiques connus jusqu’à présent. Ensuite Nous avons démontré le rôle potentiel des moustiques en particulier d’Anopheles gambiae à transmettre Rickettsia felis. Enfin nous avons utilisé le MALDI-TOF MS pour la détermination du statut infectieux d’Anopheles gambiae à R. felis. Nous proposons également un cycle probable de transmission de R. felis à l’homme incluant les psoques et les moustiques. / Vector control is one of the most important aspects of medical entomology and requires accurate identification of vectors. Within the past decade, the MALDI-TOF MS technique has proven its potential as a fast and effective tool for identification of adult blood-sucking arthropods. From then on we were interested in the development of an identification protocol of aquatic stages of mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS. On the other hand, the detection of a pathogen in an arthropod does not necessarily mean its ability to transmit. Incrimination of an arthropod as vector follows certain rules ranging from suspicion to demonstrate its vector competence in the laboratory. To better understand the epidemiology of R. felis we first participated in an investigation conducted in Reunion, testing fleas, the only biological vectors known to date. We demonstrated the potential role of the mosquito particularly Anopheles gambiae, in the transmission of R. felis. Finally, we used the MALDI-TOF MS for the determination of the Anopheles gambiae infection status to R. felis. We also offer a probable transmission cycle of R. felis to man including psocids and mosquitoes.

Increased complexity of novel magnetic materials in the last decade has placed high demands on the manufacturing process as well as on the characterization. One of the possibilities for characterization of magnetic samples is to exploit the magneto-optical effects. The presented work uses the magneto-optical Kerr effect as a major characterization technique to probe the magnetic properties of samples. We have developed a mathematical model describing the effect of the magnetization on the polarized light and present an apparatus capable of measuring the response given by the light-matter interaction. The experimental results show the performance of the apparatus on the various magnetic systems including meta-stable iron layers, Stoner-Wohlfarth particles and magnetic vortices. The scanning vectorial Kerr magnetometer allowed us to probe the vector of magnetization with diffraction limited resolution below 500 nm.

No description available.

Esta tesis tiene como eje central justificar por qué las situaciones problemas sobre sistemas de ecuaciones lineales contribuyen a desarrollar el razonamiento algebraico elemental en estudiantes de la educación básica regular. De aquí se desprenden dos objetivos específicos que se pretenden alcanzar: identificar situaciones problemas sobre los sistemas de ecuaciones lineales que se abordan en la educación básica regular peruana y relacionar las prácticas matemáticas que estas demandan con los niveles de algebrización del modelo de razonamiento algebraico. Para ello, se toman como base algunas herramientas teóricas del Enfoque Ontosemiótico de la Instrucción Matemática, tales como, las configuraciones epistémicas para construir el significado de referencia de los sistemas de ecuaciones lineales en la educación básica regular, así como, los niveles de razonamiento algebraico elemental los cuales son adaptados a la noción de sistemas de ecuaciones lineales. Se concluye que, a lo largo de la educación básica, se presentan diversas situaciones problema en donde el objetivo es encontrar una cantidad desconocida, siendo el modelo matemático en que estas se apoyan el de una ecuación o un sistema de ecuaciones lineales. Dichas situaciones son abordadas a través de diferentes procedimientos tales como el ensayo y error, utilizando diferentes lenguajes como las representaciones icónicas, de barras, numéricas y algebraicas, así como diversas justificaciones apoyadas en definiciones y propiedades de las operaciones aritméticas y las ecuaciones equivalentes. A partir de esos hallazgos, se establece una relación entre configuraciones epistémicas correspondientes a los sistemas de ecuaciones lineales y rasgos de diferentes niveles de razonamiento algebraico. De esta manera, se espera contribuir con la formación de profesores de matemáticas brindándoles ejemplos que puedan ser empleados en su quehacer docente para desarrollar el razonamiento algebraico en sus estudiantes a través de los distintos grados de la escolaridad / The present study aims to justify why problem situations on systems of linear equations contribute to the development of elementary algebraic reasoning in students of regular basic education. Two specific objectives that are intended to be achieved follow from here: identify problem situations on systems of linear equations that are addressed in regular Peruvian basic education and relate the mathematical practices that these demand to the algebraization levels of the algebraic reasoning model. For this purpose, some theoretical tools of the Onto-semiotic Approach to Mathematics Instruction are taken as a basis, such as epistemic configurations to build the reference meaning of systems of linear equations in regular basic education, as well as levels of elemental algebraic reasoning which are adapted to the notion of systems of linear equations. It is concluded that, throughout basic education, there are various problem situations where the objective is to find an unknown quantity, the mathematical model on which these are based being that of an equation or a system of linear equations. These situations are addressed through different procedures such as trial and error, using different languages such as iconic, bar, numerical and algebraic representations, as well as various justifications based on definitions and properties of arithmetic operations and equivalent equations. These findings suggest that a relationship is established between epistemic configurations corresponding to systems of linear equations and features of different levels of algebraic reasoning. In this way, it is expected to contribute to the training of mathematics teachers by providing them with examples that can be used in their teaching performance to develop algebraic reasoning of their students in the different school grades