M.A. (Communication) / The two research questions explored in this study are: a) What is the potential effectiveness of Mandela's rhetorical choices in the light of the primary and media audiences and the situation, in the selected speeches and visual material? b) What rhetorical shifts occurred in the speeches delivered between 1990 and 1994? In view of the fact that this study is political in nature and falls within the parameters of political communication, the field of political communication as it relates to rhetoric and public speaking specifically, was discussed. The nucleus of Aristotle's theory of rhetoric was discussed in conjunction with modern theories and research, with the purpose of establishing theoretical grounds for effective political oratory. To explore the two research questions, the neo-Aristotelian model of rhetorical criticism was utilised. By using this model it was possible to measure the effectiveness or potential effectiveness of Nelson Mandela's choice of strategy in the series of speeches and visual material selected. The model also prescribes a methodology whereby the important variables in political oratory are measured, including language, the credibility of the speaker, emotional strategies, logical argumentation, organisation and nonverbal behaviour. For purposes of evaluation the model prescribes an ideal model of persuasion. The ancient and modern rhetorical theory discussed in the study was utilised to construct standards by which Mandela's speeches were evaluated. The model also enabled the critic to focus on the speaker, Nelson Mandela and his political messages, while considering the rhetorical transaction, including the audiences and situation as a whole. The primary audience considered in this study consists of the mainly black supporters of the ANC who received Mandela's political messages at mass rallies. It was determined that this audience had a positive orientation towards the speaker, his messages and the ANC. Important national media audiences were also fsolated and include Whites, Indians, Coloureds, the IFP and the PAC. These audiences maintained a more negative orientation towards the speaker, his messages and the ANC. The international community in general was also considered.

This study examines how two writers deal with demonic possession and exorcism in their written works that both have a common theme, the same alleged case of possession and exorcism. By comparing these written works I explore if the authors share any common or varying theories on possession and exorcism and investigate if the common theme of the two books has contributed to the authors writing similar books.My results show that the two authors deal with demonic possession and exorcism differently, one has theological views of the phenomena but is sceptical of their role in the alleged case, whilst the other believes that demonic possession and exorcism can be explained using scientific theories and that they are phenomena that played a part in the alleged case. The two books are quite different. I conclude that both writers’ theories of the phenomena are dependent on the existence of the phenomenon of religion.

Title: Patients’ views of lifestyle changes Introduction: An unhealthy lifestyle includes e.g. tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and a harmful use of alcohol. These are preventable risk factors which contribute to most non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In 2015, 32 million people died in NCDs. With all the facts, knowledge awareness of an unhealthy lifestyle, some people still live an unhealthy lifestyle and are recommended by health personnel to live a healthier life. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe patients views of striving to make recommended lifestyle changes. Method: A literature study was conducted. Database search was performed in Cinahl, Psycinfo and a manual search in Pubmed. The results of eight qualitative studies were reviewed, analyzed and compiled. Result: The results were compiled into four categories; reasons to make lifestyle change; good, supportive interventions can make lifestyle change easier; shortcomings of the interventions; the part played by the nearest and dearest towards lifestyle change. All main categories each have two or three subcategories. Conclusion: Patients experiences of different interventions can be positive towards making lifestyle changes. Health personnel plays an important role to investigate patients’ needs and expectations of support in order to change their lifestyles, which is complex and requires time. / Titel: Patienters upplevelser av livsstilsförändringar Bakgrund: En ohälsosam livsstils inkluderar t.ex. tobaksanvändning, fysisk inaktivitet, ohälsosamma matvanor, och skadligt intag av alkohol. Dessa är preventiva riskfaktorer som bidrar till de flesta icke-smittsamma sjukdomarna. År 2015 dog 32 miljoner människor i icke-smittsamma sjukdomar. Med all fakta, kunskap och medvetenhet om ohälsosamma livsstilar lever fortfarande vissa människor en ohälsosam livsstil och är rekommenderade av hälsopersonal att leva hälsosammare. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva patienters strävan att genomföra rekommenderade livsstilsförändringar. Metod: En litteraturstudie är genomförd. Databassökning genomfördes i Cinahl, Psycinfo, samt en manuell sökning i Pubmed. Resultaten från åtta kvalitativa studier granskades, analyserades och sammanställdes. Resultat: Resultaten sammanställdes i fyra kategorier; anledningar att genomföra livsstilsförändringar; bra och stödjande insatser kan göra livsstilsförändringar lättare; tillkortakommanden i interventioner; nära och käras roll att motivera till livsstilsförändringar. Varje kategori har två eller tre underkategorier. Konklusion: Patienters erfarenheter av olika interventioner kan positivt påverka livsstilsförändringar. Hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal spelar en viktig roll att undersöka patienters behov och förväntningar av stöd för att kunna ändra deras livsstil, något som är komplext och är tidskrävande.

Thesis advisor: Susan M. Shell / Title: Martin Heidegger's Critique of Freedom Author: Charles Robinson Advisor: Professor Susan Shell Boston College Political Science Department This is a study of thought and politics of Martin Heidegger. It presents an examination of his understanding of freedom, principally as he expressed it in Being and Time, but also considers some of his subsequent essays and lectures, as well as his Rectorate Address. Ever since Heidegger's public embrace of National Socialism, his defenders and critics have argued about the possible relation between his thinking and his infamous political commitments. While many of his critics have linked his commitments to an alleged lack of understanding of freedom, some of his scholarly defenders have sought to present interpretations of his concept of freedom at odds with his infamous politics, in order to separate his thought from any association with Nazism. The conclusions of these critics and defenders of Heidegger are both mistaken: in Being and Time Heidegger sought the meaning of being in the authentic experience of human self-determination revealed by the conscience, which he worked out as "forward running resolve." It was this militant concept of freedom that grounded his project for a destined community of battle to be championed by a free corps of freedom fighters, and led him to embrace, in the very name of freedom, the tyranny of Hitler's new Reich. The study of Heidegger's concept of authentic freedom reveals that, far from lacking any understanding of freedom, it was rather a central theme and concern of his philosophical efforts, and that his infamous political commitments were indeed its necessary and coherent practical consequence. Heidegger's thought thus poses a more trenchant and pressing challenge to liberal (and leftist) politics than many of his critics and defenders appreciate. There have been comparatively few sustained thematic treatments of Heidegger's understanding of freedom in English. This study accordingly hopes to contribute to an understanding of this central theme of Heidegger's philosophical efforts, which not only reveals their necessary connection to his politics, but also promises to improve our access to the coherent intelligibility of his thought as a whole. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Early identification of hearing loss followed by a timely and effective intervention programme for children with hearing loss is necessary to minimise the negative effects of hearing loss on the development of cognition, psychosocial and verbal communication skills. Such early intervention programmes need to be multidisciplinary, technologically sound and most important, it should take cognisance of the specific context (community, country) in which the child and family function. The main aim of this study is to obtain accurate and reliable baseline information regarding current status of the early intervention process for children with hearing loss in Johannesburg, a Metropolitan City in a developing country. Self-administered questionnaires were handed out to obtain information from 19 hearing impaired childrens’ parents regarding the ages of suspicion of hearing loss, diagnosis and commencement of aural habilitation. The nature of diagnosis and the management of these children are also described. The findings indicate that children in the study were diagnosed and began habilitation late (mean age 24 months and 36months respectively) and that the management process is fragmented. The strengths in the current identification and follow-up process namely, parental involvement and established early intervention service structure are highlighted. Parents’ perceptions of the success and failures of the early intervention services were resolved. Key words: childhood hearing loss, parents/caregivers views, age of diagnosis, age of intervention, developing country

A Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) é uma notação compreensível pelos usuários de negócio, a Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) é utilizada na coordenação da execução dos processos de negócio implementados, através de chamadas a serviços. Há muitas pesquisas no relacionamento das duas linguagens, em diferentes formas no ciclo de desenvolvimento de software para, a partir do modelo BPMN, se obter o modelo BPEL correspondente. Porém há um problema comum na sincronização entre os modelos, ou seja, a partir do modelo BPEL não é possível retornar ao modelo BPMN. Esse trabalho apresenta uma forma de se obter o relacionamento utilizando visões da arquitetura de software. Como BPEL utiliza chamada a serviços para coordenar a execução de processos de negócio, foi utilizado o estilo arquitetural orientado a serviço (SOA). Com isso, a partir do problema de uso entre duas tecnologias, observou-se o problema de relacionamento entre a especificação de processos de negócio e execução destes processos através dos serviços. A solução proposta é aplicar as visões arquiteturais da Open Distributed Processing (ODP) na especificação e execução dos processos de negócio. Para aplicar as visões arquiteturais ODP foram utilizados o estilo arquitetural SOA e os conceitos de evolução de arquitetura de software da Model Driven Architecture (MDA). / The Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) brings a notation that is readily understandable by all business users and the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) is meant to be used to coordinate the execution of the process implemented, through web services call. There are several researches that demonstrate how to relate both languages, in various forms inside the software development process, to obtain the BPEL from the BPMN model. But there is a commom problem in synchronization between models, ie from BPEL model can not return to the BPMN model. This paper presents a way to obtain the relationship using views of software architecture. As BPEL uses the services to coordinate the execution of business processes, this paper used the software oriented architecture (SOA). Thus, from the problem of use of two technologies, emerged the problem of relationship between the specification of business processes and implementation of these processes, through the services. The proposed solution is to apply architectural views of the Open Distributed Processing (ODP) in the specification and execution of business processes. To apply the ODP architectural views were used the SOA architectural style and concepts of software architecture evolution of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA).

XML has emerged as the standard data format for Internet-based business applications. In many bussiness settings, a relational database management system(RDBMS) will serve as the storage manager for data from XML documents. In such a system, once the XML data is shredded and loaded into the storage system, XML queries posed against these (now virtual) XML documents are processed by translating them as much as possible into SQL queries against the underlying relational storage. Clearly, in order to support full database functionalities over XML data, we must allow users not only to query but also to specify updates on XML documents. Today while the XML query language XQuery is being standardized by W3C, no syntax for updating XML documents is included in this language proposal as of now. In this thesis, we have developed techniques for supporting translation of XML updates on XML views of relational data into SQL updates on the underlying relations. These techniques are based on techniques for supporting translation of updates on object-based views of relational data into SQL updates on underlying relations cite{keller91}. The system has been implemented as a part of XML Management System, called Rainbow, that is being developed at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). We have used XQuery as XML query language and Oracle as the backend relational store for implementation of the system. Experimental studies show that incremental XML updates supported by our system is a better choice than complete reload of XML documents under a variety of system settings.

Current government statistics show that the fastest growing ages for exclusion in English schools is in children between five and seven years old (DfE, 2013). This trend of young children being excluded for behaviour difficulties can have long term consequences for the children and their families, and has costs to society (Castle & Parsons, 1997). It has also been found that children with challenging behaviour can attract less sympathy than other areas of difficulty (Ofsted, 2010). There is limited research regarding parents' experiences of engaging with school staff when issues are raised about their child's behaviour, particularly when the children are being referred to external agencies. In the present study, three mothers of young children, whose child had been referred to the Educational Psychology Service for challenging behaviour, were interviewed. The method used to examine the interview data is Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as it aims to explore the experiences of the mothers from their interpretation of the situation. Although the mothers had diverse experiences of working with school staff and external professionals with regard to their child's challenging behaviour they provided evidence for five key superordinate themes, which are: development of shared understanding; the child as an individual; the role of being a parent; finding solutions; and social perceptions of behaviour. Implications for theory are discussed in order to further develop a model of working with parents which challenges some the inherent disempowerment and difficulties of managing within the compulsory education system. Implications for practice are explored to consider how school staff and professionals need to develop their communication strategies to enable parents to have access to information, to actively listen to the views of parents, and for parents to be actively involved and work collaboratively in the child's best interests. Further research to identify the relative influence of themes in the present findings would enable targeting of resources to improve the outcomes for young children with challenging behaviour in school.

Thesis is dealing with software architecture documentation. At the beginning it defines software architecture and its attributes, and then it defines software architecture documentation. Then it describes three methods of documentation. Views and Beyond method is described more thoroughly as in the last part there is a description of implementation of the method to the tool based on CMS Drupal.

A Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) é uma notação compreensível pelos usuários de negócio, a Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) é utilizada na coordenação da execução dos processos de negócio implementados, através de chamadas a serviços. Há muitas pesquisas no relacionamento das duas linguagens, em diferentes formas no ciclo de desenvolvimento de software para, a partir do modelo BPMN, se obter o modelo BPEL correspondente. Porém há um problema comum na sincronização entre os modelos, ou seja, a partir do modelo BPEL não é possível retornar ao modelo BPMN. Esse trabalho apresenta uma forma de se obter o relacionamento utilizando visões da arquitetura de software. Como BPEL utiliza chamada a serviços para coordenar a execução de processos de negócio, foi utilizado o estilo arquitetural orientado a serviço (SOA). Com isso, a partir do problema de uso entre duas tecnologias, observou-se o problema de relacionamento entre a especificação de processos de negócio e execução destes processos através dos serviços. A solução proposta é aplicar as visões arquiteturais da Open Distributed Processing (ODP) na especificação e execução dos processos de negócio. Para aplicar as visões arquiteturais ODP foram utilizados o estilo arquitetural SOA e os conceitos de evolução de arquitetura de software da Model Driven Architecture (MDA). / The Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) brings a notation that is readily understandable by all business users and the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) is meant to be used to coordinate the execution of the process implemented, through web services call. There are several researches that demonstrate how to relate both languages, in various forms inside the software development process, to obtain the BPEL from the BPMN model. But there is a commom problem in synchronization between models, ie from BPEL model can not return to the BPMN model. This paper presents a way to obtain the relationship using views of software architecture. As BPEL uses the services to coordinate the execution of business processes, this paper used the software oriented architecture (SOA). Thus, from the problem of use of two technologies, emerged the problem of relationship between the specification of business processes and implementation of these processes, through the services. The proposed solution is to apply architectural views of the Open Distributed Processing (ODP) in the specification and execution of business processes. To apply the ODP architectural views were used the SOA architectural style and concepts of software architecture evolution of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA).