Nous nous intéressons à l'acquisition automatique de mouvements 3D de personnes. Cette opération doit être réalisée sans un équipement spécialisé (marqueurs ou habillage spécifique), pour rendre son utilisation générale, sous la contrainte du temps réel. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous sommes amenés à traiter de la reconstruction et l'analyse de la forme 3D. Concernant le problème de reconstruction 3D en temps réel d'entités en mouvement à partir de plusieurs vues, les approches existantes font souvent appel à des calculs complexes incompatibles avec la contrainte du temps réel. Les approches du type SFS offrent un compromis intéressant entre efficacité algorithmique et précision. Ces dernières utilisent les silhouettes issues de chaque caméra pour proposer un volume englobant des objets. Cependant elles nécessitent un environnement particulièrement contraint, dont le placement minutieux des caméras. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit généralisent l'utilisation des approches SFS à des environnements peu contrôlés. L'acquisition du mouvement revient à déterminer les paramètres offrant la meilleure corrélation entre le modèle et la reconstruction 3D. Notre objectif étant le suivi temps réel, nous proposons des méthodes qui offrent la précision requise et le temps réel. Couplé à un suivi temporel par filtre de Kalman, à un recalage d'objets géométriques simples (ellipsoïdes, sphères, etc.), nous proposons un système temps réel, offrant une erreur de l'ordre de 6%.De par sa robustesse, il permet le suivi simultané de plusieurs personnes, même lors de contacts. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent des perspectives à un transfert vers des applications grand public / We aim at automatically capturing 3D motion of persons without markers. To make it flexible, and to consider interactive applications, we address real-time solution, without specialized instrumentation. Real-time body estimation and shape analyze lead to home motion capture application. We begin by addressing the problem of 3D real-time reconstruction of moving objects from multiple views. Existing approaches often involve complex computation methods, making them incompatible with real-time constraints. Shape-From-Silhouette (SFS) approaches provide interesting compromise between algorithm efficiency and accuracy. They estimate 3D objects from their silhouettes in each camera. However they require constrained environments and cameras placement. The works presented in this document generalize the use of SFS approaches to uncontrolled environments. The main methods of marker-less motion capture, are based on parametric modeling of the human body. The acquisition of movement goal is to determine the parameters that provide the best correlation between the model and the 3D reconstruction.The following approaches, more robust, use natural markings of the body extremities: the skin. Coupled with a temporal Kalman filter, a registration of simple geometric objects, or an ellipsoids' decomposition, we have proposed two real-time approaches, providing a mean error of 6%. Thanks to the approach robustness, it allows the simultaneous monitoring of several people even in contacts. The results obtained open up prospects for a transfer to home applications

This thesis will reveal a political dimension to Emerson's work, situating itself in the current scholarly movement to analyze Emerson from a different angle. Scholars have long heralded Emerson as a staunch individualist or transcendentalist, yet there has been a recent shift in literary studies to consider him from a social or political perspective. Emerson's emphasis on the individual does not diminish in any of the three essays that I have selected; however, he strongly urges every individual to contribute towards the amelioration of society. He also believes that an individual person has enormous potential to cause both great improvement and great harm, which is why a wise man or scholar is a paramount component to any society. Moreover, this thesis addresses topics that are particularly useful today, as Emerson's words are just as relevant to the political situation in the world now as they were in the 19th century. / by Elizabeth Gillespie. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

La réalité augmentée (RA) consiste en l’insertion d’éléments virtuels dans une scène réelle, observée à travers un écran ou en utilisant un système de projection sur la scène ou l’objet d’intérêt. Les systèmes de réalité augmentée peuvent prendre des différentes formes pour obtenir l’équilibre désiré entre trois critères : précision, latence et robustesse. Il est possible d’identifier trois composants principaux à ces systèmes : localisation, reconstruction et affichage. Les contributions de cette thèse se concentrent essentiellement sur l’affichage et plus particulièrement le rendu des applications de réalité augmentée. À l’opposé des récentes avancées dans le domaine de la localisation et de la reconstruction, l’insertion d’éléments virtuels de façon plausible et esthétique reste une problématique compliquée, mal-posée et peu adaptée à un contexte temps réel. En effet, cette insertion requiert une reconstruction de l’illumination de la scène afin d’appliquer les conditions lumineuses adéquates à l’objet inséré. L’illumination de la scène peut être divisée en plusieurs catégories. Nous pouvons modéliser l’environnement de façon à décrire l’interaction de la lumière incidente et réfléchie pour chaque point 3D d’une surface. Il est également possible d’expliciter l’environnement en calculant la position des sources de lumière, leur type (lampe de bureau, néon, ampoule, ….), leur intensité et leur couleur. Pour insérer un objet de façon cohérente et réaliste, il est primordial d’avoir également une connaissance de la surface recevant l’illumination. Cette interaction lumière/matériaux est dépendante de la géométrie de la surface, de sa composition chimique (matériau) et de sa couleur. Pour tous ces aspects, le problème de reconstruction de l’illumination est difficile, car il est très complexe d’isoler l’illumination sans connaissance a priori de la géométrie, des matériaux de la scène et de la pose de la caméra observant la scène. De manière générale, sur une surface, une source de lumière laisse plusieurs traces telles que les ombres, qui sont créées par l’occultation de rayons lumineux par un objet, et les réflexions spéculaires ou spécularités qui se manifestent par la réflexion partielle ou totale de la lumière. Bien que ces spécularités soient souvent considérées comme des éléments parasites dans les applications de localisation de caméra, de reconstruction ou encore de segmentation, ces éléments donnent des informations cruciales sur la position et la couleur de la source lumineuse, mais également sur la géométrie de la surface et la réflectance du matériau où elle se manifeste. Face à la difficulté du problème de modélisation de la lumière et plus particulièrement du calcul de l’ensemble des paramètres de la lumière, nous nous sommes focalisés, dans cette thèse, sur l’étude des spécularités et sur toutes les informations qu’elles peuvent fournir pour la compréhension de la scène. Plus particulièrement, nous savons qu’une spécularité est définie comme la réflexion d’une source de lumière sur une surface réfléchissante. Partant de cette remarque, nous avons exploré la possibilité de considérer la spécularité comme étant une image issue de la projection d’un objet 3D dans l’espace. Nous sommes partis d’un constat simple, mais peu traité par la littérature qui est que les spécularités présentent une forme elliptique lorsqu’elles apparaissent sur une surface plane. À partir de cette hypothèse, pouvons-nous considérer un objet 3D fixe dans l’espace tel que sa projection perspective dans l’image corresponde à la forme de la spécularité ? Plus particulièrement, nous savons qu’un ellipsoïde projeté perspectivement donne une ellipse. Considérer le phénomène de spécularité comme un phénomène géométrique a de nombreux avantages. (...) / Augmented Reality (AR) consists in inserting virtual elements in a real scene, observed through a screen or a projection system on the scene or the object of interest. The augmented reality systems can take different forms to obtain a balance between three criteria: precision, latency and robustness. It is possible to identify three main components to these systems: localization, reconstruction and display. The contributions of this thesis focus essentially on the display and more particularly the rendering of augmented reality applications. Contrary to the recent advances in the field of localization and reconstruction, the insertion of virtual elements in a plausible and aesthetic way remains a complicated problematic, ill-posed and not adapted to a real-time context. Indeed, this insertion requires a good understanding of the lighting conditions of the scene. The lighting conditions of the scene can be divided in several categories. First, we can model the environment to describe the interaction between the incident and reflected light pour each 3D point of a surface. Secondly, it is also possible to explicitly the environment by computing the position of the light sources, their type (desktop lamps, fluorescent lamp, light bulb, . . . ), their intensities and their colors. Finally, to insert a virtual object in a coherent and realistic way, it is essential to have the knowledge of the surface’s geometry, its chemical composition (material) and its color. For all of these aspects, the reconstruction of the illumination is difficult because it is really complex to isolate the illumination without prior knowledge of the geometry, material of the scene and the camera pose observing the scene. In general, on a surface, a light source leaves several traces such as shadows, created from the occultation of light rays by an object, and the specularities (or specular reflections) which are created by the partial or total reflection of the light. These specularities are often described as very high intensity elements in the image. Although these specularities are often considered as outliers for applications such as camera localization, reconstruction or segmentation, these elements give crucial information on the position and color of the light source but also on the surface’s geometry and the material’s reflectance where these specularities appear. To address the light modeling problem, we focused, in this thesis, on the study of specularities and on every information that they can provide for the understanding of the scene. More specifically, we know that a specularity is defined as the reflection of the light source on a shiny surface. From this statement, we have explored the possibility to consider the specularity as the image created from the projection of a 3D object in space.We started from the simple but little studied in the literature observation that specularities present an elliptic shape when they appear on a planar surface. From this hypothesis, can we consider the existence of a 3D object fixed in space such as its perspective projection in the image fit the shape of the specularity ? We know that an ellipsoid projected perspectivally gives an ellipse. Considering the specularity as a geometric phenomenon presents various advantages. First, the reconstruction of a 3D object and more specifically of an ellipsoid, has been the subject to many publications in the state of the art. Secondly, this modeling allows a great flexibility on the tracking of the state of the specularity and more specifically the light source. Indeed, if the light is turning off, it is easy to visualize in the image if the specularity disappears if we know the contour (and reciprocally of the light is turning on again). (...)

La matérialisation de vues est une technique très utilisée dans les systèmes de gestion bases de données ainsi que dans les entrepôts de données pour améliorer les performances des requêtes. Elle permet de réduire de manière considérable le temps de réponse des requêtes en pré-calculant des requêtes coûteuses et en stockant leurs résultats. De ce fait, l'exécution de certaines requêtes nécessite seulement un accès aux vues matérialisées au lieu des données sources. En contrepartie, la matérialisation entraîne un surcoût de maintenance des vues. En effet, les vues matérialisées doivent être mises à jour lorsque les données sources changent afin de conserver la cohérence et l'intégrité des données. De plus, chaque vue matérialisée nécessite également un espace de stockage supplémentaire qui doit être pris en compte au moment de la sélection. Le problème de choisir quelles sont les vues à matérialiser de manière à réduire les coûts de traitement des requêtes étant donné certaines contraintes tel que l'espace de stockage et le coût de maintenance, est connu dans la littérature sous le nom du problème de la sélection de vues. Trouver la solution optimale satisfaisant toutes les contraintes est un problème NP-complet. Dans un contexte distribué constitué d'un ensemble de noeuds ayant des contraintes de ressources différentes (CPU, IO, capacité de l'espace de stockage, bande passante réseau, etc.), le problème de la sélection des vues est celui de choisir un ensemble de vues à matérialiser ainsi que les noeuds du réseau sur lesquels celles-ci doivent être matérialisées de manière à optimiser les coût de maintenance et de traitement des requêtes.Notre étude traite le problème de la sélection de vues dans un environnement centralisé ainsi que dans un contexte distribué. Notre objectif est de fournir une approche efficace dans ces contextes. Ainsi, nous proposons une solution basée sur la programmation par contraintes, connue pour être efficace dans la résolution des problèmes NP-complets et une méthode puissante pour la modélisation et la résolution des problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire. L'originalité de notre approche est qu'elle permet une séparation claire entre la formulation et la résolution du problème. A cet effet, le problème de la sélection de vues est modélisé comme un problème de satisfaction de contraintes de manière simple et déclarative. Puis, sa résolution est effectuée automatiquement par le solveur de contraintes. De plus, notre approche est flexible et extensible, en ce sens que nous pouvons facilement modéliser et gérer de nouvelles contraintes et mettre au point des heuristiques pour un objectif d'optimisation.Les principales contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes. Tout d'abord, nous définissons un cadre qui permet d'avoir une meilleure compréhension des problèmes que nous abordons dans cette thèse. Nous analysons également l'état de l'art des méthodes de sélection des vues à matérialiser en en identifiant leurs points forts ainsi que leurs limites. Ensuite, nous proposons une solution utilisant la programmation par contraintes pour résoudre le problème de la sélection de vues dans un contexte centralisé. Nos résultats expérimentaux montrent notre approche fournit de bonnes performances. Elle permet en effet d'avoir le meilleur compromis entre le temps de calcul nécessaire pour la sélection des vues à matérialiser et le gain de temps de traitement des requêtes à réaliser en matérialisant ces vues. Enfin, nous étendons notre approche pour résoudre le problème de la sélection de vues à matérialiser lorsque celui-ci est étudié sous contraintes de ressources multiples dans un contexte distribué. A l'aide d'une évaluation de performances extensive, nous montrons que notre approche fournit des résultats de qualité et fiable. / View selection is important in many data-intensive systems e.g., commercial database and data warehousing systems to improve query performance. View selection can be defined as the process of selecting a set of views to be materialized in order to optimize query evaluation. To support this process, different related issues have to be considered. Whenever a data source is changed, the materialized views built on it have to be maintained in order to compute up-to-date query results. Besides the view maintenance issue, each materialized view also requires additional storage space which must be taken into account when deciding which and how many views to materialize.The problem of choosing which views to materialize that speed up incoming queries constrained by an additional storage overhead and/or maintenance costs, is known as the view selection problem. This is one of the most challenging problems in data warehousing and it is known to be a NP-complete problem. In a distributed environment, the view selection problem becomes more challenging. Indeed, it includes another issue which is to decide on which computer nodes the selected views should be materialized. The view selection problem in a distributed context is now additionally constrained by storage space capacities per computer node, maximum global maintenance costs and the communications cost between the computer nodes of the network.In this work, we deal with the view selection problem in a centralized context as well as in a distributed setting. Our goal is to provide a novel and efficient approach in these contexts. For this purpose, we designed a solution using constraint programming which is known to be efficient for the resolution of NP-complete problems and a powerful method for modeling and solving combinatorial optimization problems. The originality of our approach is that it provides a clear separation between formulation and resolution of the problem. Indeed, the view selection problem is modeled as a constraint satisfaction problem in an easy and declarative way. Then, its resolution is performed automatically by the constraint solver. Furthermore, our approach is flexible and extensible, in that it can easily model and handle new constraints and new heuristic search strategies for optimization purpose. The main contributions of this thesis are as follows. First, we define a framework that enables to have a better understanding of the problems we address in this thesis. We also analyze the state of the art in materialized view selection to review the existing methods by identifying respective potentials and limits. We then design a solution using constraint programming to address the view selection problem in a centralized context. Our performance experimentation results show that our approach has the ability to provide the best balance between the computing time to be required for finding the materialized views and the gain to be realized in query processing by materializing these views. Our approach will also guarantee to pick the optimal set of materialized views where no time limit is imposed. Finally, we extend our approach to provide a solution to the view selection problem when the latter is studied under multiple resource constraints in a distributed context. Based on our extensive performance evaluation, we show that our approach outperforms the genetic algorithm that has been designed for a distributed setting.

This thesis explores E. M. Forster's interest in the politics of music, illustrating the importance of music to Forster's conceptions of personal relationships and imperialism, national character and literary influence, pacifism and heroism, class and amateurism. Discussing Forster's novels, short stories, essays, lectures, letters, diaries, and broadcast talks, the thesis looks into the political nuances in Forster's numerous allusions and references to musical composition, performance, and consumption. In so doing, the thesis challenges previous formalistic studies of Forster's representations of music by highlighting his attention to the contentious relations between music and political contingencies. The first chapter examines A Passage to India, considering Forster's depictions of music in relation to the novel's concern with friendship and imperialism. It explores the ways in which music functions politically in Forster's most ‘rhythmical' novel. The second chapter focuses on Forster's description of the performance of Lucia di Lammermoor in Where Angels Fear to Tread. Reading this highly crafted scene as Forster's attempt to ‘modernize' fictional narrative, it discusses Forster's negotiation of national character and literary heritage. The third chapter assesses Forster's Wagnerism, scrutinizing the conjunction between Forster's rumination on heroism and his criticism of Siegfried. The chapter pays particular attention to Forster's uncharacteristic silence on Wagner during and after the Second World War. The fourth chapter investigates Forster's celebration of musical amateurism. By analysing his characterization of musical amateurs and professionals in ‘The Machine Stops', Arctic Summer, and Maurice, the chapter discusses the gender and class politics of Forster's championing of freedom and idiosyncrasy.

胡志偉. / 論文(博士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院歷史學部, 1995. / 參考文献 : 224-231. / Hu Zhiwei. / 簡 目 / Chapter (一） --- 導論 --- p.1 -15 / Chapter 1. --- 問題的提出 / Chapter 2. --- 課題範圍的選擇和理據 / Chapter 3. --- 諸家成¨®Ơ的回顧與檢討 / Chapter 4. --- 研究進路 / Chapter (二） --- 劉師培的生平 --- p.16-27 / Chapter (三） --- 劉師培早年政治思想的特色 --- p.28-42 / Chapter 1. --- 民族思想：排滿攘夷及民族帝國主義 / Chapter 2. --- 激烈主張 / Chapter 3. --- 民約觀念 / Chapter (四） --- 劉師培無政府思想的淵源 --- p.43-71 / Chapter I. --- 中國傳統 / Chapter 1. --- 道家思想 / Chapter 2. --- 禮運大同 / Chapter 3. --- 許行 / Chapter 4. --- 鮑敬言 / Chapter II. --- 域外思想 / Chapter 1. --- 日本社會主義運動的概況 / Chapter 2. --- 幸德秋水 / Chapter 3. --- 苦魯巴特金 / Chapter 4. --- 托爾斯泰 / Chapter (五） --- 劉師培革命理論的基礎：針對人爲不平等 --- p.72-83 / Chapter 1. --- 政府之於人民 / Chapter 2. --- 資本家之於傭工 / Chapter 3. --- 強種之於弱種 / Chapter 4. --- 男子之於女子 / Chapter (六） --- 劉師培的具體革命策略 --- p.84-104 / Chapter 1. --- 農人革命 / Chapter 2. --- 勞民革命 / Chapter 3. --- 農工聯合制 / Chapter 4. --- 弱種聯合以抗強種 / Chapter (七） --- 劉師培的無政府主義烏托邦：人類均力說 --- p.105-118 / Chapter (八） --- 《天義》與《新世紀》的比較 --- p.119-130 / Chapter (九） --- 劉師培旅日期間的實際政治活動 --- p.131-152 / Chapter 1. --- 社會主義講習會 / Chapter 2. --- 亞洲和親會 / Chapter 3. --- 農民疾苦調查會 / Chapter (十） --- 劉師培與同盟會分裂的原因：革命綱領的比較分析 --- p.153-172 / Chapter 1. --- 民族問題 / Chapter 2. --- 政制問題 / Chapter 3. --- 民生問題 / Chapter 4. --- 革命程序 / Chapter (十一） --- 〈劉師培與端方書〉的剖析 --- p.173-195 / Chapter 1. --- 是書發現的經過 / Chapter 2. --- 寫作日期的考定 / Chapter 3. --- 劉師培自述放棄革命原因的分析 / Chapter (十二） --- 劉師培後期的政治活動和思想 --- p.196-211 / Chapter 1. --- 流落四川 / Chapter 2. --- 籌安會及洪憲帝制 / Chapter 3. --- 北京大學 / Chapter (十三） --- 結論 --- p.212-223 / Chapter (十四） --- 參考書目 --- p.224-231

" Materialized integration views constructed by integrating data from multiple distributed data sources help to achieve better access, reliable performance, and high availability for a wide range of applications. In this dissertation, we propose parallel, adaptive, and grouping techniques to address scalability challenges in high-performance integration view computation and maintenance due to increasingly large data sources and high rates of source updates. State-of-the-art parallel integration view computation makes the common assumption that the maximal pipelined parallelism leads to superior performance. We instead propose segmented bushy parallel processing that combines pipelined parallelism with alternate forms of parallelism to achieve an overall more effective strategy. Experimental studies conducted over a cluster of high-performance PCs confirm that the proposed strategy has an on average of 50\% improvement in terms of total processing time in comparison to existing solutions. Run-time adaptation becomes critical for parallel integration view computation due to its long running and memory intensive nature. We investigate two types of state level adaptations, namely, state spill and state relocation, to address the run-time memory shortage. We propose lazy-disk and active-disk approaches that integrate both adaptations to maximize run-time query throughput in a memory constrained environment. We also propose global throughput-oriented state adaptation strategies for computation plans with multiple state intensive operators. Extensive experiments confirm the effectiveness of our proposed adaptation solutions. Once results have been computed and materialized, it's typically more efficient to maintain them incrementally instead of full recomputation. However, state-of-the-art incremental view maintenance require O($n^2$) maintenance queries with n being the number of data sources that the view is defined upon. Moreover, they do not exploit view definitions and data source processing capabilities to further improve view maintenance performance. We propose novel grouping maintenance algorithms that dramatically reduce the number of maintenance queries to (O(n)). A cost-based view maintenance framework has been proposed to generate optimized maintenance plans tuned to particular environmental settings. Extensive experimental studies verify the effectiveness of our maintenance algorithms as well as the maintenance framework. "

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T12:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 13 / Nenhuma / A presente tese tem como tema central o estudo das representações e discussões acerca de germanidade, de escola e de professor veiculadas no jornal Allgemeine Lehrerzeitung für Rio Grande do Sul, Vereinsblatt des Deutschen Evangelischen Lehrervereins in Rio Grande do Sul [Jornal Geral do Professor no Rio Grande do Sul; Órgão da Associação de Professores Evangélicos Alemães] editado e publicado pela Deutscher Evangelischer Lehrerverein von Rio Grande do Sul [Associação de Professores Alemães Evangélicos no Rio Grande do Sul], entre 1902 e 1938. Abordamos este tema com um referencial apoiado na história cultural. Os redatores e articulistas, na sua maioria professores alemães alocados em escolas do meio urbano, constroem representações em torno da germanidade, da escola e do professor, gerenciando a identidade, instituindo modelos de conduta e indicando leituras para o professor atuante em escolas “alemãs-brasileiras” evangélicas, principal público leitor do jornal. Apresentamos, também, as representações de es / This thesis studies the views and discussions about Germanism (Deutschtum), school and teacher conveyed in the journal Allgemeine Lehrerzeitung für Rio Grande do Sul, Vereinsblatt des Deutschen Evangelischen Lehrervereins in Rio Grande do Sul [General Teacher’s Journal for Rio Grande do Sul, a publication of the Association of German Evangelical Teachers in Rio Grande do Sul], edited and published by the Deutscher Evangelischer Lehrerverein von Rio Grande do Sul [Association of German Evangelical Teachers from Rio Grande do Sul] between the years 1902 and 1938. We approached this topic with a frame of reference based on cultural history. The journal’s editors and contributors, most of whom were German teachers allocated to urban schools, address topics such as Deutschtum, school and teacher, deal with issues like identity, set models of conduct and recommend reading material for teachers working in “German-Brazilian” evangelical schools, the jounal’s primary readership. We also present the views exposed on

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARINE SCHEIFER.pdf: 4030200 bytes, checksum: a17f82c10aafc178342dc3f47ffff908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-26 / The present research focused on the specificities of the Theory of Registers of Semiotic Representation on Geometry for the elaboration of a compiled framework of categories for cognitive analysis of questions. It was based on the methodology of Content Analysis. From this picture, it was possible to point which aspect of the referred theory concerning the learning of Geometry is contemplated in examples of Prova Brasil applied to the elementary school and high school. The objectives sought were:indicating how this theory may theoretically subsidize the organization of the Geometry teaching; evidence, in examples of questions of the Prova Brazil, the occurrence of Duval's propositions relating to the ideas of Geometry; and point out, possible referrals to a teaching with the cognitive approach of the theory. The results of the analyzes allowed to infer that the cognitive specificities are contemplated in superficial andincomplete perspectives, and according to the level of teaching of the questions some views or apprehensions are not required. The category table may be extended for analyzes of other types of questions or resolutions, it allows a broader view of what is being valued or neglected in the teaching of Geometry. / A presente pesquisa se debruçou sobre as especificidades da Teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica sobre a Geometria para elaboração de um quadro compilado de categorias para análise cognitiva de questões. Fundamentou-se na metodologia de Análise de Conteúdo. A partir deste quadro foi possível apontar quais aspectos da referida teoria em relação à aprendizagem da Geometria está contemplado em exemplos de questões da Prova Brasil para o ensino fundamental e médio. Os objetivos buscados foram: apontar de que modo esta teoria pode subsidiar teoricamente a organização do ensino da Geometria; evidenciar, em exemplos de questões da Prova Brasil, aocorrência das proposições de Duval relativas às ideias da Geometria; e apontar, possíveis encaminhamentos para um ensino com o enfoque cognitivo da teoria. Os resultados das análises permitiram inferir que as especificidades cognitivas são contempladas de maneira superficial e incompleta, e conforme o nível de ensino das questões alguns olhares ou apreensões não são requeridos. O quadro de categorias pode ser estendido para análises de outros tipos de questões ou resoluções, pois permite uma visão mais ampla do que está sendo valorizado ou deixado de lado no ensino.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-10-01T22:56:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Franciele Isabelita Lopes.pdf: 3495114 bytes, checksum: ed95e25e247c25ba4f43b32c5e4296dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T22:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Franciele Isabelita Lopes.pdf: 3495114 bytes, checksum: ed95e25e247c25ba4f43b32c5e4296dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A geometria consiste numa área da Matemática rica em possibilidades de desenvolvimento cognitivo, porém nem sempre valorizada sob esse ponto de vista. A partir dessa constatação, a teoria dos Registros de Representações Semióticas de Raymond Duval (2004, 2005, 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013, 2015) evidencia atividades cognitivas referentes ao desenvolvimento do pensamento geométrico, servindo de amparo para possibilidades de melhoria dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Uma articulação da geometria com um ambiente dinâmico direciona o presente estudo na busca pela resposta ao seguinte questionamento: De que forma é possível estimular o desenvolvimento de atividades cognitivas segundo Raymond Duval com a utilização do ambiente dinâmico GeoGebra em atividades de geometria? A partir desse questionamento, o objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em apontar contribuições referentes ao uso desse ambiente dinâmico para o trabalho com a Geometria no que diz respeito ao estímulo da visualização de características envolvendo figuras geométricas, indicando quais atividades cognitivas específicas da Teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica de Raymond Duval foram presentes. Este estudo foi realizado com 30 alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública do estado do Paraná, em que foram analisadas as produções digitais e escritas dos sujeitos no decorrer da aplicação de uma oficina, cuja temática foi a geometria, com atividades envolvendo polígonos e poliedros por meio do uso do GeoGebra. Como resultado, foi possível inferir que o dinamismo proporcionado pelo ambiente dinâmico GeoGebra foi um facilitador para a identificação de características de determinados objetos matemáticos. A escolha dos conteúdos envolvendo poliedros regulares e não regulares e a Relação de Euler, bem como a retomada de conceitos de polígonos regulares e não regulares determinaram estímulo para a desconstrução dimensional. A presença das apreensões foi identificada e os olhares icônicos mais evidenciados. Por meio do GeoGebra, as explorações das figuras geométricas são eficientes e favorecem o estabelecimento de conjecturas, consequentemente, as apreensões, olhares e a desconstrução dimensional são requisitados. / Geometry consists of an area of mathematics which is rich in possibilities of cognitive development, but not always valued from this point of view. Raymond Duval's Theory of Registers of Semiotic Representations (2004, 2005, 2012, 2012a, 2012b, 2013, 2015) provides a description of cognitive activities related to the development of geometric thinking, serving as a support for possibilities of improving teaching and learning processes. An articulation of the geometry with a dynamic environment directs the present study in the search for the answer to the following question: In what way is it possible to stimulate the development of cognitive activities according to Raymond Duval using the GeoGebra dynamic environment in geometry activities? From this questioning, the objective of this research is to point out contributions referring to the use of this dynamic environment for the work with Geometry with respect to the stimulus of the visualization of characteristics involving geometric figures indicating which specific cognitive activities of the Theory of Semiotic Representation Registers of Raymond Duval were present. This study was carried out with 30 students from the eighth grade of elementary school of a public school in the state of Paraná, in which the subjects' digital and written productions were analyzed during the application of a workshop, whose theme was geometry, with activities involving polygons and polyhedra through the use of GeoGebra. As a result, it was possible to infer that the dynamism provided by the GeoGebra dynamic environment was a facilitator for the identification of characteristics of certain mathematical objects. The choice of contents involving regular and non-regular polyhedra and Euler's Relation, as well as the resumption of concepts of regular and non-regular polygons, provided a stimulus for dimensional deconstruction. The presence of the apprehensions was identified and the iconic views more evident. Through GeoGebra, the explorations of the geometric figures are efficient and favor the establishment of conjectures, consequently, the seizures, views and dimensional deconstruction are required.