[pt] A partir da proposição de Virginia Woolf em seu ensaio Sobre estar doente, a dissertação investe numa experiência de imersão na figura da febre em fragmentos, manifestações artísticas e teórico-críticas. Vozes como a do filósofo alemão Walter Benjamin e a do teórico estadunidense Jonathan Crary comparecem à pesquisa, nos convidando a uma dimensão específica da febre, ora morosa, ora efervescente; ora humana, ora maquinal; ora furiosa; ora amortecida. No âmbito do estudo, cabe se perguntar: que dimensões políticas poderiam ser mobilizadas a partir do estado do convalescente que observa o mundo de sua cama? Poderia tal ação oferecer um desconcerto à ordem utilitária e hegemônica que se instaurou como consequência direta do modelo econômico vigente? A dissertação endereça tais questões, ao introduzir uma nova qualidade de olhar, um estado que, mesmo em meio à ferocidade de informação e demanda do capitalismo tardio, possibilita um recuo das coisas do mundo para que os detalhes e os fragmentos, esquecidos debaixo da cama, se tornem visíveis mais uma vez. / [en] Having Virginia Woolf s proposition in her essay On being ill as a starting point, this dissertation focus on an immersive experience of the fever imagery lived by both artistic and theoretical critical manifestations. Theories from Walter Benjamin, the german philosopher, and Jonathan Crary, the north-american scholar, are present in this research, inviting us to a specific dimension of the fever, slow and effervescent; human and mechanical; infuriated and dampened. Regarding the study of this paper, it is necessary to ponder: what political dimensions could be mobilized from the state of convalescence of someone who observes the world from their bed? Could such action disturb the practical and hegemonic orders that have been installed as a direct consequence of the current economic model? This paper addresses these questions by introducing a new way of seeing things, a state in which, even among the ferocity of information demanded by late capitalism, allows a depart from the things of the world so the details and fragments, forgotten under the bed, may be seen once again.

I den här essän analyseras bostadssituationen i dagens Sverige, med fokus på Stockholm. Vilka personliga historier, minnen, anpassningar ger bostadsbristen? Vilka teoretiska och konstnärliga metoder kan beskriva och ifrågasätta denna situation? Detta arbete, både konstnärligt och teoretiskt, samlar jag under namnet Bostad sökes. Jag utgår både från egna och andras erfarenheter av andrahandsboende, runtflyttande och ständigt återanvända flyttkartonger. Utgångspunkten är att utifrån detaljberättelser visa på hur det vardagliga, personliga hänger samman med en yttre maktstruktur, en politik. Bakgrund Ett hem är mer än rätt kuddar; ett hem är makt. Det här är essäns huvudfokus: att analysera bostaden, och bostadsbristen, utifrån ett maktperspektiv, en maktstruktur som blir tydligare i en bristsituation. En osäker boendesituation ger en svag position. Vi som hyr i andrahand eller svart anpassar oss, viker oss, vänder knäna mot varandra. Bostadspolitiken i Sverige har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste decennierna. Under den borgerliga regeringen lades bostadsdepartementet med 1991. Dåvarande ministern Birigt Friggebo hävdade att det inte behövdes mer än ett cykel- eller tandborstdepartement. Detta visar på ett politiskt skifte där bostäder nu ses som en vara bland andra. Detta sammanföll med förändringar i konkret politik. Till exempel togs subventioner för lån till bostadsbyggen bort, och byggandet av bostäder, framför allt hyresbostäder, sjönk kraftigt. Här jämför jag med den bostadspolitiska diskussion som fördes under den förra bostadsbristen, den första halvan av 1900-talet. Den diskussion som tidigare gällt ”en god bostad åt alla” förflyttades till termer som bostadskarriär, betalningsvilja eller efterfrågeöverskott. Politiken flyttades från ett kollektivt ansvar till en individuell karriär. Teori och metod När politiken dragit sig tillbaka och gjort bostadsproblem till personliga misslyckanden är det nödvändigt att återvända till det gamla feministiska slagordet: det personliga är politiskt. Alla minnen av svartkontrakt, möbler förvarade i förråd, madrasser under vardagsrumsbord, extra hyror betalda för andrahandskonstrakt behöver ta sig ut i det offentliga. För, som Hanna Arendt fastslår, den offentliga sfären är där politisk förändring kan ske. I utkanterna av maktnätverket blir strukturerna mer tydliga, skriver Michel Foucault. Därför är det viktigt att leta i detaljer, kroppen, det personliga, de platser där vi inte tror att historia, eller politik, kan finnas. I mitt eget konstnärliga arbete har detaljer alltid varit viktiga. Ett exempel från Bostad sökes är Vågar du borra i dina väggar? Spik mot betongvägg i andrahandslägenhet (2011) som består av spikar som kroknat i försök att sätta upp hyllor och tavlor i tillfälliga boenden. I andra verk utgår jag från observationer av mitt eget beteende i en lägenhet jag hyrde svart. Hur jag under dess förhållanden började övervaka mig själv. Jag rörde mig så försiktigt i mitt eget hem att mina fötter lika gärna kunde vara ihopknutna med ett steglångt snöre (Steglängd i ett svartkontrakt – 43 cm sytråd). Även filmen Bakom min rygg (2011) har denna bakgrund. I denna korta filmsekvens syns en lägenhet genom ett titthål. Långsamt rör sig kameran genom rummen där saker ligger framme och disk står på diskbänken. Omvärldens blick tar sig in i det privata. Denna självbevakning och disciplinering märks inte bara i mitt eget beteende. I mitt verk Ungdomen har blivit tråkig (2011) har jag listat hur personer som söker bostad på blocket beskriver sig själva. Det är en lång lista över människor utan egenskaper. Rökfria, djurfria, barnfria, betalningsanmärkningsfria, men knappast fria. I slutet av essän återvänder jag till diskussionen om makt, och kopplingen mellan makt och materiella tillgångar. I den klassiska essän Ett eget rum blir författaren Virginia Woolf ombedd att föreläsa om kvinnor och litteratur. Hon kommer fram till ett kort svar på vad kvinnor behöver för att skriva litteratur: 50.000 pund om året och ett eget rum. De materiella förutsättningarna har betydelse för det konstnärliga arbetet, för att kunna ha en egen röst. Woolf skriver om hur hon får ett stort arv och hur den ekonomiska friheten är viktigare för henne än till och med den nyvunna rösträtten. Jag tänker på hur en egen bostad, åt alla, skulle vara viktigt för demokratin. Det är mer än 80 år sedan Ett eget rum skrevs, vissa saker ändras långsamt. / In this essay I analyze the situation of housing in today's Sweden, with a focus on Stockholm. What are the personal stories, memories, adaptings to the shortage of housing? What methods can be used, artistic and theoretical, to describe and question this situation? Background A home is more than the right pillows, a home is power. This is the main focus of the essay: to view the home as a source of power, and as always the power structures reveal themselves in a situation of lack. The lack af a steady home puts you in a position of little power. The politics of housing in Sweden has gone through a major shift during the last decades. In 1991 the ministry of housing was abolished. The former minister stated that a ministry of housing was no more relevant than a ministry of bikes or tooth-brushes. This iniciates a shift in views where housing is regarded as market goods among others. This was also accompanied with concrete political changes: the subventions and state-secured loans for buildings where abolished and the rate of building dropped, espacially of affordable rented appartments. Where the discussion before concerned ”a sound home for everyone”, the terms used in the political debate concerning housing today are dwelling career, will to pay, over-balanced demand. The politics have moved from a collective responsiblity into an individual carreer. Theory and method Since the politics have whitdrawn and made problems of housing individaul failures it is crucial to return to the old feminist slogan: ”the personal is political”. All the memories of black-contracts, stored furniture, matrasses in livingrooms, extra money payed for subletted apartments must make it into the public. Becauase, as Hanna Arendt states, the public sphere is where political change can occcur. In Michel Foucaults writing the outskirts of the ”net of power” is where the structures of it are most vivid. Therefore the it can be improtant to search the details, the body, the personal, the sites where we belive no history is to be found. In my own artistic work the details have always played a crucial role. One example is Vågar du borra i dina väggar? Spik mot betongvägg i andrahandslägenhet (Do you dare to drill in your walls? Nails against concrete-wall in sublet apartment) (2011) which consists of a collection of bended nails. In atnother very often qouted text Foucault describes surveilance in a prison, how the suspicion of constant surveilence makes you discipline yourself. This behaviour is also obvious in todays housing market in Stockholm. During a period when I stayed in an apartment on a black contract I started to notice my own behaviours. How I stopped listen to music, how I did my dishes quietly, in the end I even walked the floors carefully: too aware they were someones ceiling. This is the background to my piece Steglängd i ett svartkontrakt (Length of steps on a black contract) (2011) where 43 cm of thin thread is suggested to be tied around your ankles to decide your steps. In my soundpiece Ungdomen har blivit tråkig (The youth of today is boring)(2011) I list the adjectives used by persons looking for sublet arpartments to describe themselves. It's a long list of neat, steady, rich, clean, calm youth. Also my video Bakom min rygg (Behind my back) (2011) refers to the adapting of yourself. In the video you look through a fisheye-lens, a peep-hole, into an apartment. Slowly the camera moves through the rooms and finally backs out to the original position at the door. In the end of the essay I once again return to the discussion of power, and the connection between power and physical supplies. In the classical essay A room of ones own (1928) the author Virginia Woolf is asked to give a lecture on Women and Fiction. She comes up with a dense answer to what women need to be able to write fiction: 50.000 pounds a year and a room of their own. She describes how a heritage she gets gives her economic liberty, which she values even higher thän the new right to vote. The material supplies as an fundament for a voice of ones own. I think about what a home of ones own would mean in democratic gain. Over 80 years has passed since A room of ones own was written, some things change slowly. / Bostad sökes

In my dissertation, "Narrative Representations (of Time) in the 20th Century Novel" I examine the way in which depictions of time intersect with narrative representation in the modern and postmodern novel. I specifically focus on the use of parentheses as a way to capture differing types of chronology in narrative. The parenthesis, in a purely visual sense, physically disrupts the act of reading by creating a type of barrier around one text, separating it from the main narrative. I argue that it is with this disruption that 20th century authors were able to experiment with depictions of time and the disruption of linear narrative. Borrowing Gerard Genette's phrase "temporal ellipses" I examine how authors in the 20th century used the "temporal parentheses" in order to convey different temporal experiences in narrative. For Virginia Woolf's To The Lighthouse, the parenthesis works as a way of presenting simultaneity of experiences when spatially separated. For William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom, the parenthesis creates a kind of compressed time, so that the past becomes a heavy burden upon the present, as represented by the way a narrative experience can be extended within parentheses. In Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children the parenthesis is used to bridge and create a dialogue between the present moment of the telling and the past moment of the story. In Toni Morrison's Sula, the parenthesis calls attention to physical placement, representing the way in which personal identity is linked to physical place and the rejection of permanence in the novel.

From W.H. Auden’s The Age of Anxiety to Sigmund Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents, modernists have frequently attested to the anxiety permeating members of modern civilisation. While critics have treated anxiety as a consequence of the historical circumstances of the modernist period—two World Wars and the disintegration of European empires—my aim is to view anxiety in both a psychoanalytical and political light and investigate modernist anxiety as a narrative ploy that diagnoses the modern condition. Defining modernist anxiety as feelings of fear and alienation that reveal the uncanny relation between self and ideological state apparatuses which themselves suffer from trauma, perversion, and neurosis—I focus on the works of four key modernist writers—Sigmund Freud, Virginia Woolf, E.M. Forster, and Gertrude Stein. These authors have repeatedly constructed the mind as an open system, making the psyche one of the sites most vulnerable to the power of colonial ideology but also the modernist space par excellence to narrate the building and falling of empire. While the first part of my dissertation investigates the neurosis of post-war London in Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, the second part of my thesis discusses the perverse demands of the colonial system in Forster’s A Passage to India and Woolf’s The Waves, arguing that Woolf and Forster extend Freud’s understanding of repetition compulsion by demonstrating that the colonial system derives a “perverse” pleasure from repeating its own impossible demands. The concluding section of my dissertation discusses Woolf and Stein’s queer primitivism as the antidote to anxiety and the transcendence of perversity. My dissertation revives Freud’s role in the modernist project: Freud not only provides avant-garde writers with a theory of consciousness, but his construction of the fragmented psyche—a construction which had come to dominate modernist renditions of internality by the early-twentieth century—functions as a political stratagem for an imperial critique. / Thesis (Ph.D, English) -- Queen's University, 2013-03-11 16:48:57.865

This thesis argues for a revised understanding of time in modernist literature. It challenges the longstanding critical tradition that has used the French philosopher Henri Bergson's distinction between clock-time and durée to explicate time in the modernist novel. To do so, it replaces Stephen Kern's influential understanding of modernity as characterized by the solidification of a homogenous clock-time, with Peter Osborne’s notion of modernity as structured by a competing range of temporalizations of history. The following chapters then read the fictional and historical writings of H. G. Wells, D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf alongside such a conception of modernity, and show that all these writers explored different versions of historical time. Wells explored geological time in The Time Machine (1895) and An Outline of History (1920), Lawrence adapted Friedrich Nietzsche's thought of eternal recurrence in Women in Love (1920), Movements in European History (1921) and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), and Woolf imagined an aeviternal historical continuity and a phenomenological historical time in Between the Acts (1941). By addressing historical time, this thesis enables a reassessment of the politics of modernist time. It challenges the view that the purported modernist exploration of a Bergsonian private time constitutes an asocial and ahistorical retreat from the political. Rather, by transferring Osborne's notion of a 'politics of time' to the literary sphere, this study argues that the competing configurations of politically-charged historical time in literary modernism, form the analogue of the competing versions of such a time within modernity, emblematized by the contrasting accounts of historical time of Martin Heidegger and Walter Benjamin.

This thesis investigates the rise of aviation and its influence on modernist literature in the first half of the twentieth century, arguing that the emergence of heavier-than-air flight facilitated experimentation and innovation in modernist writing in order to capture the new experience of flight and its impact on the modern world. Previous critical discussions largely focus on militarist and nationalist ideas and beliefs regarding the uses of the aeroplane, and in doing so overlook the diversity of attitudes and approaches towards aviation that had greater influence on modernist thought. Through a historicist reading of a selection of modernist texts, this study extends scholarly debates by linking alternative views of aviation and modernist literary and narrative experimentation. I begin my study by exploring how H.G. Wells's calls for the establishment of a world government (necessitated by the emergence of aviation) led to an increasingly assertive and urgent tone in his later writings. His works serve as a useful starting point to read the more experimental, modernist prose forms that follow in his wake. While Wells's texts were affected on a pragmatic level, those of the modernists were affected in a more imaginative, perceptual, and sensory way, which highlights the deeper extent to which aviation influenced modernist thought. For Virginia Woolf, the all-encompassing aerial view offered a new way of seeing the connections between living things, leading to an expanded narrative scope in her later writings. For William Faulkner, flight as aerial performance and spectacle was a liberating experience and became a metaphor for escape from an increasingly capitalistic and creativity-deprived world. John Dos Passos, in contrast, saw the effects of air travel as harmful to the human senses and perceptions of the world around, leading him to incorporate aspects of flight into his fast-paced, multi-modal narratives in order to convey and critique the disorienting and alienating experience of flight. Collectively, these chapters show that as much as the aeroplane was capable of causing mass destruction, it was also constructive in the way that it enabled these new ways of thinking, and it is this complex and paradoxical nature, this thesis proposes, that makes the aeroplane an important modernist symbol.

Cette thèse vise à étudier la lettre comme un objet littéraire, par une perspective endogène, dans sa relation avec l’œuvre, alors même qu’elle s’en distingue. Par une approche comparatiste, les liens entre une production littéraire et une production épistolaire, qui créent une poétique de la lettre au féminin, sont analysés. Pour cela, les notions de genre et de gender ont été confrontées dans le corpus choisi : les lettres de Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) et celles de Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Elles incarnent deux auteures majeures, mais leurs lettres ont été peu étudiées dans leur ensemble. Ces lettres révèlent un questionnement sur la forme et le style, alors que la question du féminin, par le statut de la femme auteure, se greffe à l’analyse. Une résonance se crée entre l’œuvre et la correspondance de ces deux femmes, qui pourtant se distinguent. En repoussant les limites du genre canonique, la lettre est donc envisagée comme un objet au statut ambigu, une zone intermédiaire, qui longe et trouble l’œuvre, qui se fait poétique par le discours de la femme auteure, et par le processus créatif qui se mêle à l’écriture épistolaire. À partir de cette problématique, le corps de la lettre est tracé en trois orientations : la première se focalise sur le discours de la femme de lettres au sein de la correspondance, la deuxième sur la méthode d’application scripturale et la troisième sur l’invention d’un style. / The aim of this thesis is to explore the medium of letters as literary objects, using an endogenous perspective, and taking into account their relationship with the literary work. Through a comparative analysis, this thesis seeks to explore the links between a literary and an epistolary production, which create a feminine poetics of letter writing. Thus, the concepts of genre and gender are explored in the letters of Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) and those of Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Though they represent two major writers, not all of their letters have been studied. They reveal a concern for form and style, as well as for the feminine and the status of the woman writer. The letters echo the work of art of the two women writers despite their differences. The frontiers of literary genre are hence disregarded and this study considers the ambiguous nature of the letters, as an intermediate area, which runs along the literary work and disrupts it. Therefore, epistolary writing provides a form of poetics through the voice of the woman author and through the creative process that is involved. As a consequence, the study of the letters is threefold: first, it explores the way the woman of letters uses the epistolary genre to construct her identity. Second, it focuses on the method used in the letters, between the self and the other, between writing, reading and creating. Finally, it examines the letters as a space of style experimentation.

Between 1880 and 1920, both urban England and essays published in urban England underwent seismic shifts and splits, as population grew, education and technology advanced, and periodical publishing expanded. The city grew both larger in size and smaller in units of comprehensibility, and many of its people were (or were perceived by certain thinkers to be) less free and more instrumental. The periodical essay too grew more common and, at the same time, smaller in size, less free, and more instrumental, as it developed closer ties with journalism, with the industrial city, and with readers of all classes. By an examination of various forms of essaying in the period, this thesis argues that the essay's transitions parallel modernity's transitions, not only because the essay reflects or enacts or follows trends in modernity, but also because modernity at the time was conditioned by the essay's way of thinking through its form and cannot be fully understood without reference to the activities of the urban periodical essay at the time. The essay between 1880 and 1920 was a highly social genre, and this sociability manifested in a number of ways this thesis will explore. Its periodical context allowed it a ritual, patterning relationship with its readers; its brevity and limitations pushed it into dialectical, double-glancing modes of thought that complemented its fragmented setting; its tendency to direct attention away from its own form gave it a unique, constitutive role in literary modernisms; its material connections to new technologies implicated it in new doubts concerning urban modernity, and its massed readership embroiled it in fears over anti- or a-intellectual over-simplification. This thesis tells the stories of the periodical essay, in London, as an actor in modernity's transitions, by examining four concepts central to both the essay and to emergent modernity: play, the trick, doubt, and wisdom. These concepts are treated, primarily, through the work of three writers-Oscar Wilde, G. K. Chesterton, and Virginia Woolf-all of whom, in their styling of the essay, embody different moments and essayistic registers in the transitions of modernity and reveal the cross-fertilising relationship between essaying and what is meant by 'the modern'.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Trata-se de analisar a relaÃÃo entre a morte e o real nas psicoses, utilizando os romances Ao Farol e Mrs. Dalloway da escritora inglesa Virginia Woolf. Recorreu-se à teoria psicanalÃtica desde Sigmund Freud para compreender-se a categoria da morte, chegando atà Jacques Lacan e sua teoria sobre o real nas psicoses. Investigou-se sobre a vida de Virginia Woolf a partir de diÃrios e biografias da autora e percebeu-se que as mortes de diversos entes queridos foram-lhe extremamente marcantes, o que pareceu restar como marca em sua obra literÃria. Dado que a morte era aquilo que do real emergia que mais lhe causava angustia, escrever sobre a morte enquanto um dos nomes do real parecia agir como um intervalo de elaboraÃÃo frente a uma existÃncia fadada ao encontro com o que à da ordem do sem sentido. Exploraram-se os dois citados romances no intuito de compreender de que forma a morte emerge em sua escrita, na tessitura narrativa, na construÃÃo dos personagens, na elaboraÃÃo do enredo, entre outros aspectos. A pesquisa permitiu relacionar como a morte e o real surgem na categoria das psicoses e, particularmente, analisar as possibilidades de elaboraÃÃo para Woolf, via escrita, frente ao encontro com o real, que nÃo fossem um total assujeitamento aos elementos mortÃferos desse real. / This work analyzes the relation between the death and the Real in psychosis, by using the novels To the Lighthouse and Mrs. Dalloway from the english writer Virgina Woolf. One has studied the psychoanalytical theory from Sigmund Freud to understand the category of death, reaching as far as Jacques Lacan and his theory of Real in psychosis. The life of Virgina Woolf was investigated through her diaries and biographies, leading to realize that the death of several loved ones was extremely significant to her, which seems to remain as trace in her life work. Since death was what emerged from the Real that distressed her the most, to write about death as one of the names of the Real seemed to act as an elaboration intermission in the face of an existence fated to meet that whic is from the category of meaningless. The two novels were studied in order to understand how death emerges in her writing, in the storyâs fabric, in the characterâs creation, in the storyâs making, among other aspects. The research allowed one to understand how the relation between death and the Real appears in psychosis and, in particular, to analyze the possibilities of elaboration to Woolf, through her writing and in the face of the encounter with the Real, that werenât her complete submission to the deadly elements of the Real.

This thesis examines the way in which the fictional biographies of Virginia Woolf, Orlando and Flush, prefigure central tenets of postmodern fiction. To demonstrate the postmodern elements present in Orlando and Flush, this thesis focuses on how the fictional biographies exhibit three postmodern characteristics: concern for historiography, extensive use of parody, and the denaturalization of cultural assumptions. Born from Woolf’s desire to revolutionize biography by incorporating elements of fiction alongside historical fact, these two novels parallel later works of historiographic metafiction in several key respects. Woolf’s extensive use of parody in Orlando and Flush prefigures how postmodern parody foregrounds the many ways in which all narratives are inherently constructions. Woolf also expresses a postmodern attitude by denaturalizing cultural assumptions about sexual difference and social class. When taken together, these three traits reveal how Orlando and Flush possess an ontological philosophy indicative of postmodern literature.