Orientador: Rodolfo Hoffmann / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T01:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaz_DanielaVerzola_D.pdf: 2511369 bytes, checksum: 9e50b5e43cb5bc75428c955dc082e581 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo : O objetivo principal deste trabalho é estudar o hiato de rendimento observado entre os sexos no setor público brasileiro, investigando em que medida ele pode ser atribuído a diferenças nas dotações produtivas dos servidores, ao padrão diferenciado de inserção setorial e ocupacional das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e à discriminação sexual - seja ela ocupacional, hierárquica ou salarial propriamente dita. As hipóteses que se pretende verificar são as de que i) não obstante a adoção de práticas de recrutamento mais transparentes e a igualdade de tratamento graças ao sistema de carreira, também no setor público observa-se a segregação feminina nas ocupações e nos setores menos bem remunerados; ii) a crescente feminização do emprego público no período recente não impediu a persistência da segmentação por sexo no desempenho das ocupações. Para cumprir tal objetivo, o trabalho foi estruturado em cinco capítulos: i) o primeiro tem como finalidade identificar as características pessoais e os atributos produtivos que influenciam a probabilidade de um indivíduo ocupado no setor de serviços, na condição de empregado, ser servidor público no Brasil, destacando as diferenças observadas entre os sexos; ii) o segundo capítulo analisa a evolução da representação feminina nos diversos segmentos do setor público entre os anos de 1992 e 2008, à luz das modificações observadas na composição do Estado brasileiro e da crescente participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho no mesmo período; iii) no terceiro capítulo analisa-se o comportamento do diferencial salarial por sexo, em favor dos homens, entre 1992 e 2008, investigando-se suas causas; iv) no quarto capítulo aprofunda-se a análise da segregação por sexo no desempenho das ocupações, acompanhando sua evolução no período 1995-2008 por meio do cálculo de medidas-síntese; v) por fim, no último capítulo aborda-se a questão da segregação vertical, por meio da revisão de trabalhos recentes e do estudo dos casos dos servidores da administração pública federal que ocupam os cargos em comissão do grupo DAS e dos docentes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. / Abstract : The main objective of this work is to study the wage gap between genders observed in the Brazilian public sector, analyzing in which extent it can be attributed to the differences in productive endowments between workers or to the particular occupational and sectoral profile according to which women are incorporated in the work force or, finally, to gender discrimination - whether occupational, vertical or wage. The central hypothesis we intend to verify are i) despite the concerns of the public sector with the adoption of more transparent recruitment practices and with an egalitarian treatment to members of the same career, the female segregation into the occupations and the sectors of a lower pay grade is also observed in public organizations; ii) the increasing share of female participation in public service did not prevent the persistence of occupational gender segregation in the recent years. To reach such purpose, this work is structured in five chapters: i) the first one aims to identify the productive endowments and the personal characteristics that influence the probability of an employee of the tertiary sector in Brazil becoming a civil servant, highlighting the differences between genders; ii) the second chapter analyzes women's representativeness in the various sectors of public employment between 1992 and 2008, considering the changes observed in public sector, regarding the contributions in the branches of economic activities, and also the increasing female participation in the work force; iii) in the third chapter it is analyzed how the male-female earning differentials - favorable to the first ones - evolved between 1992 and 2008; their causes are also investigated; iv) the fourth chapter is a more detailed study of occupational segmentation between males and females, showing its evolution between 1995 and 2008 with the help of the computation of segregation indexes; v) finally, the last chapter treats the glass ceiling phenomenon, through the revision of recent papers and the analysis of two particular cases: the civil servants at central administration that occupy nomination-only positions and the professors at the University of Campinas. / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

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Everywhere around the world, whether in developing or developed countries, women earn less than men. This phenomenon is in no way new and it has been investigated for many years. Still, in today’s modern society, the wage gap does not appear to be closing. In times of economic instability, such as the economic crisis, the progress towards equality may be pushed back, since specific groups, sectors, and occupations may be affected differently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the Italian gender wage gap with a closer look at the fluctuations during the period of the financial crisis. In order to analyse and understand the fluctuations of the pay gap, the three main theories used in the research are the human capital theory, occupational segregation, and theories regarding the labour market structure. By applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method, this study analyses to what extent the gap could be explained by differences in observable characteristics, such as level of education or age, and how much remains unexplained. The empirical model is applied to the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) microdata between the period of 2002 and 2016. The main findings show that the Italian gender wage gap, for the most part, remains unexplained. This indicates that the differentials in pay cannot be accounted for by differences in observable characteristics, such as education, age, contract type. The results of this research show that the Italian wage gap was, to some extent, negatively affected by the financial crisis. Furthermore, implemented austerity measures were found not to have significant negative impacts on the gap, which only increased in the initial phase of the crisis.

This paper explores the income effect which motherhood has on women, using (American) Census data. The hypothesis states that the income effect is negative. Previous studies have shown that indeed children lower the income of women and that it is decreased with every additional child. We test our hypothesis using data from the Census Bureau from the year 2018, consisting of over 800 000 answers, and running multiple regressions to measure the effect which the number of children have on a woman’s income. As predicted, the results indicate that our hypothesis is true with a 26% decline in income when a woman has one or more children. Marriage has a negative effect on income while completing higher levels of education raises it.

This dissertation consists of three essays studying employer learning and statistical discrimination of young workers in the U.S. labor market. The first chapter outlines the dissertation by discussing the motivations, methods, and research findings.<br /><br />Chapter two develops a framework that nests both symmetric and asymmetric employer learning, and derives testable hypotheses on racial statistical discrimination under different processes of employer learning. Testing the model with data from the NLSY79, we find that employers statistically discriminate against black workers on the basis of both education and race in the high school market where learning appears to be mostly asymmetric. In the college market, employers directly observe most parts of the productivity of potential employees and learn very little over time.<br /><br />In chapter three, we investigate how the process of employer learning and statistical discrimination varies over time and across employers. The comparison between the NLSY79 and the NLSY97 cohorts reveals that employer learning and statistical discrimination has became stronger over the past decades. Using the NLSY97 data, we identify three employer- specific characteristics that influencing employer learning and statistical discrimination, the supervisor-worker race match, supervisor\'s age, and firm size. Black high school graduates face weaker employer learning and statistical discrimination if they choose to work for a black supervisor, work for an old supervisor, or work in a firm of small size.<br /><br />In the last chapter, we are interested in the associations between verbal and quantitative skills and individual earnings as well as the employer learning process of these two specific types of skills. There exist significant differences in both the labor market rewards and employer learning process of verbal and quantitative skills between high school and college graduates. Verbal skills are more important than quantitative skills for high school graduates, whereas college-educated workers benefit greatly from having high quantitative skills but little from having high verbal skills. In addition, employers directly learn verbal skills and continuously learn quantitative skills in the high school market, but almost perfectly observe quantitative skills in the college market. / Ph. D.

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This dissertation consists of three chapters concerning topics in economic history and labor economics. The first chapter studies how the 1906 San Francisco Fire impacted the biographies of those who lost their homes in the fire, while the second chapter shows that destination quality is a key determinant for the returns to childhood migration. The third chapter proposes a novel strategy to estimate the gender wage gap. The first chapter explores the short- and long-run consequences of the 1906 San Francisco Fire, one of the largest urban fires in American history. I use linked US Census records to follow San Francisco residents and their sons from 1900 to 1940. Implementing a spatial regression discontinuity design across the boundary of the razed district to identify the effect of the fire, I find that the fire displaced households away from San Francisco in the short- and medium-term, it forced men into lower-paying occupations, and out of entrepreneurship. Constructing a novel measure of kin presence, I provide suggestive evidence for risk-sharing among extended family in San Francisco, which mitigated the disruptive effects of the fire. While individuals recover over time in many dimensions, the negative effect on business ownership is persistent over decades. Moreover, affected children have lower educational attainment. Therefore, my findings reject the hope for a “reversal of fortune” for the victims, in contrast to what is found for more recent natural disasters such as hurricane Katrina. In the second chapter, I show that destination quality, measured as average educational attainment among permanent residents, is a key determinant for the returns to childhood migration in Indonesia. First, I document that average differences in educational outcomes are small between children who moved domestically and those who did not. However, conditional on having migrated, destination turns out to be very important. Exploiting variation in the age of migration, I show that children who spend more time growing up in better districts have higher graduation rates and more years of completed schooling. These effects are persistent and result in better labor market outcomes. In the third chapter (joint with Hannah Illing and Linh Tô), we propose a novel strategy to estimate the gender wage gap by comparing men and women who succeed each other in the same job position. We identify unexpected worker deaths in German social security data in 1980-2019, and then compute the wage gap between the deceased worker and their successor for different gender combinations. We find that holding the job position constant, men who replace deceased women earn substantially higher wages. The opposite is true when women follow deceased men. The implied "replacement gender wage gap" in the 1980 to 2019 period is about 15 to 19 percent. In addition, we find that the gap has decreased over time, and it is higher in West Germany compared to East Germany.

This thesis analyzes the relation between female representation in private sector decision-making positions and the two predicted variables: the gender wage gap and the average female private-sector wage. Using regional data for Sweden’s 290 municipalities during the year 2014- 2018, OLS and panel fixed effect regression analysis is performed. A gender wage gap exists in all of Sweden’s municipalities. It is found that an increase in the representation of female decision-makers in the private sector significantly adds to the narrowing of the gender wage gap. The relation between female representation in private sector decision-making and average female wages is not found significant. Municipalities can use these findings as motivations for the importance of promoting female managers and when working to reduce the stigma and social norms surrounding females in decision-making positions.

The analysis studies the spill-over effect of the gender equality of the trading partner on the gender wage gap. The aim is to contribute to the gender aspect of the literature studying the effect of globalisation on wage inequality, and especially to the very limited literature on the spill-over effect of the trading partner. It uses a European multi-country approach and analyses both exports and imports, which has not been done previously. For the empirical analysis, cross-country panel data is used to construct a fixed effects model. The results show a strong positive effect on the gender wage gap for both exports and imports, although the effect is stronger for imports. It indicates that a change in the gender equality of the trading partners has a significant effect on the gender wage gap. Furthermore, the analysisis extended to also analyse the explaining mechanisms raised by the literature. The results give an indication that certain groups based on technology intensity are driving the results, implying that the explaining mechanism could be the adoption of technology favoring women, but needs further research to draw any conclusions. All in all, the results provide evidence on the existence of a spill-over effect and highlights the importance of including both imports and exports for further research into the explaining mechanisms.