Leisure is most basically defined as the time free from work. The ancient conception and forms of leisure were quite different from the modern ones, which came into discussion during the industrial era. The Roman society was highly stratified and comprised of diverse social classes for which leisure acquired different forms and meanings. Every stratum of the Roman society enjoyed the possibilities and pleasures of leisure proportional to its hierarchy in the social system, so that leisure can be investigated in both public and private contexts in the Roman world. This study aims to investigate leisure, which was one of the main driving social forces in the Roman society, in spatial terms with reference to Roman domestic architecture. The study focuses on central Italy and particularly on Ephesus, the latter of which is a good example to discuss how the Roman conception of leisure was spatially materialized in a provincial private setting since a group of well studied, documented, and published houses constitute an appropriate comparative sample and context in Ephesus. The spatial organization and characteristics of the spaces housing leisurely activities are discussed on the basis of an axes-scheme that regulated and even dictated the visual and bodily interaction of the participants with certain spaces and elements during leisure activities either in a static state (sitting, reclining), or a kinetic one (walking, perambulating). The visual axes are those perceived in either of these states, along which the eye is directed towards a visual focal point, whereas the dynamic axes are those along which people move during a kinetic leisurely activity. The location, architecture, and use of leisure-oriented spaces in the Roman period houses in Ephesus, such as triclinium, exedra, oecus, museion, and peristyle courtyard are examined with reference to the proposed axes-scheme to present and compare the operation of leisure in the Roman provincial and private setting.

As far as the traditional Turkish theater does not refer to any architectural structure / the theater buildings that are built during the nineteenth century are identified with the ideals of modernity and treated as the literally translations of the Western typologies.This study aims to investigate the possbility of a geniune architectural language in the theaters of nineteeenth century Istanbul. While doing this, rather than offering a pure formal analysis,the study concentrates on the cultural panorama of the nineteenth century Istanbul, political and ideological changes, international relations, economic downturn and their impact on theater that starts to appear as a popular leisure time activity of the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

In this thesis, I have made use of Consumer Strategic Procedure of E-K-B model to study Leisure Farm Tourists ¡V their tour motivation as well as factors that influence their choice of place ¡V to enable the owners of these leisure farms to make suitable changes in order to attract more tourists. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to discuss and analyze the effect of ¡§tour motivation¡¨ and ¡§choice evaluation¡¨ on ¡§tour motivation¡¨, ¡§information search behavior¡¨, and ¡§choice evaluation norm¡¨ respectively ¡V their characters and differences. The questionnaire design for this study is targeted toward grown up individual. A total of 301 valid questionnaires have been collected. Using statistical analysis methods such as Factor analysis, Discriminant analysis, Cluster analysis, One-way ANOVA and Chi-square method, I have examined the data collected and have reached the following conclusions: Ø The frequency of tourists visiting leisure farms during the past 2 years was very low, plus the duration of stay in these places almost never exceeded 2 days. Ø From the result of Factor Analysis on Tourist¡¦s tour motivation we have generated the following 5 compositions ¡V ¡§Human Relationship and Ability Development¡¨, ¡§Physical and Psychological Relaxation and Recuperation¡¨, ¡§Continuous Learning and Development¡¨, ¡§Individual and Spiritual Quest¡¨ and ¡§Relationship Building¡¨. From Information Search Behavior we generated another 3 composition ¡V ¡§Fanatic Information Gatherer¡¨, ¡¨Experience Guided¡¨ and ¡§Last minute gatherer¡¨. From Source of Information we have ¡V ¡§Mass Media¡¨, ¡§Consultants¡¨, and ¡§Professional tour guide¡¨. From Choice Evaluation Norm we generated another 5 compositions ¡V those who care about the environment, those families who enjoy nature and outings, those who like to stay away from the crowd, those who loves danger and excitement, and finally those who love to experience new lifestyle. Ø Depending on tour motivation of the tourist we have dissected the leisure farm tourist into 3 group, and according to their nature we have named them as thus: ² High tour motivation type: this type of tourists has displayed high degree of motivation in all type of compositions and their degree of motivation is significantly higher than those of the other two types. ² Moderate tour motivation type: this type of tourists didn¡¦t display any type of strong dislike or like to any of the above-mentioned compositions. ² Low tour motivation type: this type when compared with other two types of tourists has shown low degree of tour motivation. Ø According to tourists¡¦ degree of loyalty towards the choice of destination, we have divided them into four groups: ² Unconcerned Type: this type of tourist doesn¡¦t show much interest to the attractive features of destination. ² Environmental Type: this type of tourists pays attention to environmental factors, facilities available, family entertainment and natural beauty. ² Scrutinizing Type: this type of tourists is very particular about each and every aspect of the attractive features of the destination. ² Daring and adventurous Type: needless to say this type of tourists are all out for a different lifestyle and seek danger and adventure. Ø Even in searching for information, source of information and selection criteria, the three groups under the Tour motivation category exhibit substantial difference - the High tour motivation type pays a lot more attention to the quantity of information collected, reliability of source of information and attractive features of choice of destination than the other two types. But in case of demographic distribution and tour behavior there aren¡¦t any notable differences between the three groups. The four group under the selection norm category shows differences when analyzed statistically in factors such as tour motivations, information search behavior, sources of information, age, family life cycle, individual income, etc. ¡V those tourists under the Daring and adventurous Type are younger, single or married but doesn¡¦t have any children and not so high income earner. As for those tourists under the Environmental Type, they are more matured, married and have children 6 years or older and monthly income is more than 50,000 NTD. There isn¡¦t any notable difference in

Collection, research, exhibition and education are traditional functions of a museum. With the taking off of the economy and change of social pattern, people have more time to do leisure activities which brings about the focus on museum as a potential destination. The museum opening hours, as a result, has to adjust accordingly, and late opening becomes a worldwide trend. The goal of the present study is to find out the conditions and essential factors regarding late opening of museums, and to assess the possibility of a late opening for Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts, and the related industries. The research has adopted different approaches including literature review, case study and in-depth interview in the project. Four categories were included in the research: 1. The original policy and reasons of museum late opening; 2. The implement of late opening; 3. Cooperation in hardware facilities, public transportation, restaurants and museum stores; 4. Assessment of the outcomes. We found that: 1. Late opening is usually a policy from higher authority; 2. A clear and definite objective and targeted visitors is the key to a successful late opening; 3.Choose a better time for the highest cost benefit; 4. Using various activities to attract visitors during late opening; 5. Wisely make use of available budget and active fund-raising; 6. Utilizing special events to strengthen the marketing forces; 7. Well established public transportation, lightning, and catering facilities. According to the results of the study, some suggestions are provided for the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts: 1. Staff of Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts should be leisure-oriented in managing the museum. 2. Strengthen the symbolization of the museum as the art exhibition center in Kaohsiung. 3. Co-Marketing with other municipal activities and establishing an effective marketing strategy for the residents. 5. Seeking corporate sponsorship for late opening and recruiting volunteers to support the late opening 6. Making circumspect assessments regarding the late opening.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of English Language and Literature, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bochum, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Recreation Management and Youth Leadership, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

生活滿意度常視為生活品質的指標，是一種心理上主觀對自我生活的評價，也是知覺與期望是否一致。如何在個人、家庭、社會環境中得到主觀情緒的滿足，一直是大家追求的目標，也是現代社會最為重視的領域(蔡明怡，2008)，本研究主要探討影響臺灣地區居民生活滿意度之因素，研究目的為：1.探討台灣地區居民的生理健康、經濟狀況、休閒活動參與之情況。2.探討性別、婚姻、年齡、教育程度、平均月收入、健康狀況對生活滿意度之差異。3.生理健康、經濟狀況、休閒活動參與與生活滿意度之間的關聯性。4.分析影響臺灣地區居民生活滿意度因素。研究資料為「台灣社會變遷基本調查計畫：第五期第三次(休閒組)調查」，樣本數為2147份。研究方法採敘述性統計、差異分析、相關分析、迴歸分析。研究結果顯示性別、婚姻、年齡、教育程度、平均月收入對生活滿意度無顯著差異，但健康狀況對生活滿意度具顯著差異；相關分析方面教育程度愈高、經濟狀況愈好、健康狀況愈好、參與靜態動態活動愈高，生活滿意度愈高；迴歸分析結果顯示影響生活滿意度的因素有年齡、健康狀況、參與靜態活動，其中又以健康狀況最具影響力。 / Life satisfaction often regarded as an indicator of quality of life is a mentally subjective evaluation of one’s life. Being emotionally subjective satisfied in the individual, family and social environments is not only a goal that people pursue, but also a prominent aspect in the modern society (Cai Mingyi, 2008). This study aims to explore the factors that influence Taiwanese residents’ lives satisfaction, and the objectives are as follows: 1 To investigate the conditions of Taiwanese residents’ physical health, financial status and their participation in leisure activities; 2 To investigate the differences among the factors--gender, marriage, age, educational attainment, monthly income, health condition that influence life satisfaction; 3 To investigate the relevance of the factors to life satisfaction; 4 To analyze the factors that affect life satisfaction. The research is based on the data, National Science Council initiated Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), whose sample size is 2147. The research methods involve descriptive statistics, variance analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results have shown that sex, marital status, age, educational attainment or monthly income makes no significant differences to life satisfaction. In contrast, one’s health condition plays an important role in life satisfaction. Moreover, according to correlation analysis, the higher the educational attainment, the better financial status and health condition, the more participation in sedentary as well as dynamic activities, the better the life satisfaction. At last, according to regression analysis, factors that affect life satisfaction are age, health condition, participation in sedentary activities, among which the health condition is the most influential. / 目錄 摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝辭 iii 目錄 iv 圖目 v 表目 vi 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機 2 第三節 研究目的 3 第四節 研究問題 3 第五節 研究範圍與對象 4 第二章 文獻探討 5 第一節 生活滿意度之定義 5 第二節 影響生活滿意度之因素 6 第三章　研究方法 13 第一節 研究架構 13 第二節 研究對象 13 第三節 問卷設計與變項衡量 14 第四節 資料分析 15 第四章　資料分析 17 第一節 敘述性統計百分比 17 第二節 差異分析 27 第三節 相關分析 30 第四節 迴歸分析 32 第五章 結論與建議 35 第一節 研究發現 35 第二節 管理意涵 36 第三節 研究建議 37 參考文獻 41 附錄 47 圖目 圖1-1　研究流程圖…………………………………………………………………4 圖3-1　研究架構圖…………………………………………………………………13 表目 表2-1-1 生活滿意度定義 5 表2-2-1 影響生活滿意度因素-生理健康 6 表2-2-2 影響生活滿意度因素-休閒活動 8 表2-2-3 影響生活滿意度因素-經濟狀況 9 表2-2-4 影響生活滿意度因素-性別 10 表2-2-5 影響生活滿意度因素-年齡 11 表2-2-6 影響生活滿意度因素-教育程度 12 表4-1-1 人口變項分析的性別 17 表4-1-2 人口變項分析的年齡 17 表4-1-3 人口變項分析的教育程度 18 表4-1-4 人口變項分析的婚姻狀況 18 表4-1-5 經濟狀況分析 19 表4-1-6健康狀況分析 19 表4-1-7看電視,dvd,錄影帶 20 表4-1-8 到電影院看電影 20 表4-1-9 逛街購物 21 表4-1-10 看書 21 表4-1-11 參加藝文活動 22 表4-1-12 跟親戚聚會家族聚會 22 表4-1-13 跟朋友聚會 23 表4-1-14 玩牌或下棋 23 表4-1-15 聽音樂 24 表4-1-16 從事體能活動 24 表4-1-17 到現場看體育比賽 25 表4-1-18 做手工藝 25 表4-1-19 使用電腦或上網 26 表4-1-20 生活滿意度 27 表4-2-1 性別對生活滿意度之差異 27 表4-2-2 婚姻對生活滿意度之差異 27 表4-2-3 年齡對生活滿意度之差異 28 表4-2-4 教育程度對生活滿意度之差異 28 表4-2-5 平均月收入對生活滿意度之差異 29 表4-2-6 健康狀況對生活滿意度之差異 29 表4-2-7 Scheffe事後比較 29 表4-3-1 相關分析 32 表4-4-1基本人口背景變項、健康狀況、參與靜態活動、參與動活動對生活滿意度之影響模式 33

Narkotika- och alkoholmissbruk är ett hälsoproblem i hela världen och nyktra missbrukare är en utsatt grupp i samhället. Vid missbruk är det inte bara intaget av narkotikan eller alkoholen som medför skada. Hela livssituationen kan bli drabbad, inte minst kontakten med vänner och familj. För att hålla sig nykter, återanpassa sig till samhället och leva ett hälsosamt liv finns det många faktorer som är betydelsefulla. Syftet med studien var därför att undersöka nyktra missbrukares upplevelser av socialt stöd, fritidsaktiviteter samt utanförskap och delaktighet i samhället. En empirisk kvalitativ studie har gjorts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer för att besvara syftet om upplevelser av dessa faktorer. Insamlad data har transkriberats och analyserats med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet har kategoriserats och visade att nyktra missbrukare känner avsaknad av socialt stöd, hinder i att utföra fritidsaktiviteter samt utanförskap i samhället. En önskan om att kunna utöva intressen, ha bra vänner och känna en gemenskap fanns. Faktorerna upplevdes som viktiga för att bibehålla en nykterhet. / Drug and alcohol abuse is a health problem worldwide. Alcohol and drug abuse can effect ones entire life, sober abusers are a vulnerable group in the society. To stay sober, or come back to the society and live a healthy life, might be influenced by many factors. The aim of the study was to examine sober alcohol and drug abusers’ experiences of social support, leisure time activities, exclusion and participation in the society. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was used to address the aim of the study. The content analysis of four interviews showed that sober abusers experience the lack of social support. Furthermore, they encounter difficulties to participate in and experience alienation in society. The participants considered that social support, leisure activities, exclusion and participation in society was important to them. Finally, there was a desire from sober abusers to carry out interests of their own, and feel a sense of belonging to the community.

Eighteenth-century English men and women ventured to the playhouse for a night of festive revelry and entertainment. Despite the raucousness (compared to our vision of a night at the theatre), theatergoing was a polite endeavor and as such equipped with the material pleasantries of bourgeois society. But unlike other spaces reserved for the middle and upper classes, all manner of people could and did attend the theatre. Thus, particular methods of physically and visually separating social classes arose within the eighteenth-century playhouse. In this thesis, I investigate these material phenomena, particularly the ways in which theatre managers, players, as well as audience members interacted with, interpreted, and created the physicality of the eighteenth-century playhouse. Moreover, I show how eighteenth-century theatrical space -- its appearance, its seating arrangement, its lighting -- shaped intensifying class antagonisms, the bourgeois demand for comfort, luxury, and exclusivity, and finally the role of women in public, heterosocial venues. Though not an exhaustive study of playhouse material culture, this work focuses upon those material and architectural attributes of the theatre that reveal subtle yet widespread cultural changes taking place in the eighteenth-century English Atlantic world.