A prevalência de asma tem aumentado em crianças e nas comunidades que adotam um estilo de vida ocidental e se tornam mais urbanizadas. A teoria da higiene sugere que a exposição a infecções e contato não higiênicos na infância pode proteger contra o desenvolvimento de asma. Probióticos são micro-organismos vivos que conferem um benefício à saúde do hospedeiro. O tratamento com Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 protegeu camundongos contra infecções intestinais, preveniu a translocação bacteriana e aumentou a produção de IL-10. Até o momento, não há descrição do uso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 na prevenção e/ou tratamento da asma. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da administração de Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 na prevenção da asma e os mecanismos envolvidos. Camundongos Balbc machos de 6 a 8 semanas foram sensibilizados duas vezes com ovalbumina (OVA), com uma semana de intervalo, e desafiados com OVA diariamente por três dias consecutivos. Os camundongos receberam por gavagem Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 diariamente, dez dias antes da primeira sensibilização e durante todo o período de sensibilização e desafios, totalizando 27 administrações. O grupo controle recebeu apenas salina ou PBS. Assim quatro grupos, de 6 a 8 camundongos, foram estudados: Prev. SAL/PBS, Prev. OVA/PBS, Prev. SAL/Sac e Prev. OVA/Sac. Após a sensibilização e desafios, os animais foram anestesiados, ventilados com um pequeno ventilador para animais FlexiVent® (Scireq, Montreal, QC, Canadá) e submetidos a medidas in vivo da mecânica pulmonar na condição basal e após a administração de concentrações crescentes de aerossóis com metacolina. Após, o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foi coletado para contagem total e diferencial de células. As citocinas IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 e IFN- foram dosadas no LBA e homogenato pulmonar. Foi realizada histoquímica para visualização e quantificação de inflamação e colágeno. Observamos que o grupo Prev. OVA/PBS apresentou aumento significativo na hiper-responsividade brônquica (RRS: p<0,0001; RN: p<0,01 e G: p<0,05), o número total de células (p<0,0001), número de eosinófilos (p<0,001), e nos níveis de IL-4 (p<0,05) e IL-13 (p<0,05) quando comparado ao grupo Prev. SAL/PBS. O grupo Prev. OVA/Sac, em comparação ao grupo Prev. OVA/PBS apresentou redução na hiper-responsividade brônquica (RRS: p<0,001; RN: p<0,01; G: p<0,05), no número total de células (p<0,05), número de eosinófilos (p< 0,001) e níveis de IL-4 (p<0,05) no LBA. Em comparação com o grupo Prev. OVA/PBS, a administração de Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 reduziu os níveis de IL-5 (p<0,05) e IL-13 (p<0,05) no homogenato do pulmão, e as células inflamatórias no pulmão (p<0,001). Adicionalmente, houve aumento nos níveis de IL-10 (p<0,05) no tecido pulmonar do grupo OVA/Sac em comparação ao grupo Prev. OVA/PBS. Conclui-se que a Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 atenuou as principais características da asma em um modelo animal e, consequentemente, pode ter um efeito benéfico na prevenção da asma. / The prevalence of asthma has increased in children and communities that adopt a Western lifestyle and become more urbanized. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that exposure to infections early in life can reduce the risk of asthma and other allergic diseases. Probiotics are live micro-organisms that confer a health benefit to the host. Treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 protected mice against intestinal infections, prevented bacterial translocation and increased IL-10 production. There is no study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the prevention or treatment of asthma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 administration in the prevention and treatment of asthma and the mechanisms involved. Male Balb/c mice were sensitized twice with ovalbumin (OVA) intraperitoneally, one week apart, and challenged with OVA intranasally for three days. Mice were treated by gavage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 10 days before OVA sensitization and during challenges. Control mice received saline or PBS on the same days. After challenge, mice were ventilated with a small animal ventilator (FlexiVent®) and in vivo measurements of bronchial hyperresponsiveness were performed with increasing concentrations of methacoline aerosol (6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/ml). Bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) was collected to quantify total and differential cell counts. Levels IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN- in BAL and lung homogenate were measured by ELISA. Inflammatory cell number and collagen deposition were assed in lung tissues. Oral treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 significantly decreased airway hyperresponsiveness, measured by total resistance (p<0,0001), central airway resistance(p<0,001) and tissue resistance (p<0,05). Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 significantly attenuated total cell number (p<0,05) and the influx of eosinophil (p<0,001) to the airway lumen. Furthermore, inflammatory cell number in lung peripheral (p<0,001 and levels of IL-4 (p<0,05) in BAL and IL-5 (p<0,05) and IL-13 (p<0,05) in lung homogenate were significantly diminished by Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905.Of note, Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 restored IL-10 (p<0,05) levels in lung tissue. In conclusion, oral administration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 905 UFMG attenuated major asthma-like characteristics in a mouse model. These results showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 might have potential for prevention of asthma.

O Brasil é o quinto maior produtor de leite do mundo, entretanto sua produtividade é considerada baixa. Um dos motivos desta baixa produtividade é a alta incidência da mastite no rebanho. A mastite é a reação inflamatória da glândula mamária, causada principalmente pela invasão e ação de espécies de micro-organismos patogênicos. O principal tratamento consiste no uso de antibióticos de aplicação intramamária. Entretanto, o uso constante de antibióticos apresenta problemas graves como o surgimento de cepas de bactérias resistentes e a presença de resíduos destes medicamentos no leite. Para reduzir esses problemas, formas alternativas de prevenção e tratamento da mastite têm sido estudadas, como o uso de preparações contendo espécies probióticas. Pesquisas recentes têm demonstrado o potencial de algumas destas espécies no tratamento e prevenção da mastite bovina tendo em vista sua atividade inibitória sobre os patógenos responsáveis por esta infecção. Desta forma, a proposta deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade de uma preparação probiótica na forma de emulsão de aplicação intramamária contendo 108 UFC/mL de um \"pool\" constituído de cinco cepas de Lactobacillus (L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. casei ATCC 7469, L. fermentum ATCC 9338, L. plantarum ATCC 8014 e L. paracasei Nestlé ST11). Para tanto, 12 formulações de emulsão base foram desenvolvidas e avaliadas em ensaios preliminares de estabilidade (centrifugação e estresse térmico), sendo a formulação contendo monestearato de glicerila, lanolina anidra, óleo mineral, Tween 80® e Spam 80® selecionada para formulação da preparação probiótica. Adicionalmente, selecionou-se como agente conservante sorbato de potássio visando aumentar a vida útil da preparação probiótica. A preparação, assim desenvolvida, foi submetida ao teste de estabilidade físico-químico por 90 dias a 50°C ± 2°C. Observou-se que o aspecto da preparação se manteve estável, mas com redução nos parâmetros pH, densidade e aumento na viscosidade. A manutenção da viabilidade dos Lactobacillus na preparação foi estudada em um ensaio de 120 dias, sendo avaliada a influência dos fatores: temperatura de estocagem, adição de sacarose e sorbato de potássio. Observou-se influência significativa da temperatura demonstrando a importância da refrigeração na manutenção na viabilidade dos Lactobacillus. Verificou-se também que, sob refrigeração, a adição de sacarose promoveu redução de 0,5 ciclo logarítmico em relação a população inicial de células viáveis. Observou-se redução do pH da preparação probiótica avaliada nestas condições. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a refrigeração da preparação é indispensável para a manutenção da viabilidade das bactérias probióticas. A adição de 2% de sacarose à preparação, mantida sob refrigeração, se mostrou eficiente na manutenção da população de células viáveis ao final de 120 dias de ensaio, contendo 108 UFC/g, característica desejável para um produto probiótico. / Brazil is the world\'s fifth largest milk producer, though its productivity has been considered low. One of the reasons for this low productivity is the high incidence of mastitis in the herd. Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland, mainly caused by the invasion and action of pathogenic microorganisms. The treatment is accomplished through the use of intramammary application of antibiotics. However, the constant use of antibiotics has serious problems such as the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria and the presence of residues of these drugs in milk. To reduce these problems, alternative means of prevention and treatment of mastitis has been studied as the use of preparations containing probiotic species. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of some of these species in the treatment and prevention of bovine mastitis due to their inhibitory activity on pathogen species responsible for the infection. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the stability of probiotic preparation in the form of intramammary application emulsion containing 108 CFU/mL of five Lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. casei ATCC 7469 L. fermentum ATCC 9338, ATCC 8014, L. plantarum and L. paracasei ST11 Nestle). Therefore, 12 basic emulsion formulations were developed and evaluated in preliminary tests for stability (thermal stress and centrifugation), and only one was selected. Additionally, potassium sorbate was selected as preservative in order to increase the shelf life of the preparation. The developed preparation was subjected to study the physicochemical stability for 90 days at 50 ° C ± 2 ° C. The results showed that the aspect of the preparation remained stable, but decreasing in pH and density and increasing in viscosity. The maintenance of the viability of the lactobacillus in the preparation was studied in a 120-day test, and flowing factors were considered: storage temperature, sucrose addition and the potassium sorbate addition. It was observed that there was significant differences in the temperature factor demonstrating the importance of cooling in maintaining the viability of Lactobacillus. It was also observed that sucrose decreased by 0,5 log cycle compared to initial population of viable cells in the refrigerated preparation. Regarding the pH, it was noted a decrease in the different formulations evaluated. These results show that the cooling of the preparation is indispensable for maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria. The addition of 2% sucrose to the preparation proved efficient with a slower decrease in viability maintaining the population of viable cells at the end of the 120 days of the assay.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a suplementação de um probiótico composto por cepas de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis, fornecidos via sucedâneo lácteo, no que se refere ao escore e pH fecal, contagem de microrganismos intestinais, parâmetros sanguíneos e desempenho geral dos animais. Foram utilizados 24 animais da raça Holandês que receberam 4L/dia de sucedâneo comercial (15PB:15EE), além de livre acesso a água e concentrado inicial. O desaleitamento ocorreu na 8ª semana de vida. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em dois tratamentos: 1) Controle - sem a suplementação de probiótico; 2) Suplementação de 2g/d (1,6 x 109 UFC) de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis via sucedâneo lácteo. Semanalmente foram realizadas pesagens e aferições de medidas corporais (altura de cernelha, perímetro torácico e largura de garupa); e colheitas de sangue para determinação de glicose, proteína total, ureia e albumina, além de determinação de hematócrito. Foram colhidas amostras semanalmente para contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e enterobactérias e determinação de pH fecal. O monitoramento do consumo de concentrado e do escore fecal foi realizado diariamente. O peso corporal, o ganho de peso médio diário e as medidas corporais não foram alteradas (P>0,05) pela suplementação do probiótico contendo Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis; muito embora tenham apresentado efeito significativo de idade dos animais (P<0,001). O escore fecal, pH fecal e consumo de concentrado diário também não foram afetados pela suplementação com probiótico. No entanto, o consumo de concentrado e o pH fecal sofreram influência da idade em resposta ao crescimento natural dos bezerros. A contagem de bactérias ácido láticas foi maior que número de enterobactérias durante todo o período (P<0,05). Apenas as enterobactérias sofreram efeito da idade (P<0,05), enquanto as bactérias ácido láticas permaneceram variando, porém dentro de um padrão constante. Os parâmetros sanguíneos também não foram afetados pela suplementação com probiótico (P>0,05) mas todos, com a exceção da albumina, tiveram influência da idade (P<0,001). A suplementação com o probiótico contendo Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis via sucedâneo não apresentou benefícios no desempenho ou no metabolismo de bezerros leiteiros, bem como não reduziu a ocorrência de casos de diarreia. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of a probiotic containing strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, supplied via milk replacer, with regard to fecal score and pH, intestinal microorganisms count, blood parameters and overall performance of the animals. Twenty-four Holstein calves were utilized and received 4L/d of liquid diet consisting of commercial milk replacer (20CP:15EE), and had free access to water and starter concentrate. Weaning occurred at the 8th week of age. Animals were distributed in a randomized block design, in the following treatments: 1) Control - without supplementation with probiotic, 2) Supplementation: 2g/d of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (1.6 x 109 CFU), via milk replacer. Every week calves were weighted and body measurements were taken (hip width, withers height and heart girth). Blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of hematocrit, glucose, total protein, urea and albumin. Fecal samples were weekly collected for lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteria couting and fecal pH determination. Concentrate starter intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Body weight, average daily gain, and corporal measurements were not affected (P>0,05) by the supplementation of probiotic; however, presented a significant age effect (P<0,001). The fecal score, fecal pH and starter intake were not affected by probiotic supplementation (P>0.05). However, starter intake and fecal pH were affected by age due to calves\' natural growth. The acid lactic bacteria count was higher than the count of enterobacteria during the whole evaluation period. Only enterobacteria were affected by the age of animals, while acid lactic bacteria remained constant despite little variations. Blood parameters were also not affect by supplementation of probiotic (P>0.05), but all of them, except albumin concentrations, were influenced by age (P<0,001). The supplementation with probiotic containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis via milk replacer presented no benefits in dairy calves performance or metabolism and did not reduced the occurrence of diarrhea.

Gangrenous dermatitis (GD) has become a major health problem among broiler flocks in the United States, resulting in high mortality, carcass condemnations, and trimmed parts. There are large economic losses due to GD. Clostridium septicum, Clostridium perfringens type A, and Staphylococcus aureus are the etiologic agents associated with GD. Gangrenous dermatitis has been associated with birds that have a compromised immune system. It is known that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a crucial role in animal health and performance. The development of a healthy normal microflora in the GI tract benefits the host by improved resistance to pathogens. Our hypothesis is the application of commercial disinfectants, probiotics, vitamins, acidifiers, and windrowing technologies will reduce Clostridium levels in poultry operations. The objective of the first study was to administer probiotics to commercial broilers on three farms periodically throughout the grow-out cycle to conclude if bird health and performance was improved. The objective of the second study was to use commercial disinfectants, vitamins, acidifiers, and windrowing technologies on three farms in multiple houses and determine their effects on broiler production parameters. During grow-out, standard production practices were followed in all experiments and standard production parameters were measured. On all three farms in this study, the probiotic-treated houses had no mortality due to GD and an increase (P </= 0.05) in body weight gain was observed unlike their respective control houses. These experiments indicate that the application of probiotic in this field trial significantly altered the onset of GD by providing the birds with normal GI flora that contributed to their overall health during a commercial field study. When evaluating the different products and field technologies to control GD, our laboratory observed that treatment houses that were windrowed and received added vitamins did break with GD. Houses that were treated with peroxymonosulfates and monoglyceride, peroxymonosulfates, or glutaraldehyde litter disinfectants; acidifiers or vitamins had higher gross and net pounds weight gain at processing than their respective control houses. In conclusion, the significance of this work was to determine if products and technologies can be used by growers in commercial broiler houses to eliminate disease.

The human body is home for millions of bacteria. The largest microbial community is located in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, including the oral cavity with &gt;700 identified taxa. Lactobacillus, which is normal inhabitant of the GI tract, contributes to health by possible biofilm and immune modulation. Breast milk is a claimed source for transmittance of Lactobacillus to infants’ GI tract, but there is limited information if breastfeeding affects lactobacilli in the oral cavity. The objectives of Papers I and II of this dissertation were to compare infant oral microbiota by feeding mode, and to characterize oral lactobacilli including potential probiotic properties of the dominant Lactobacillus species. Two cohorts with a total of 340 healthy 3- to 4-month-old infants were investigated. Saliva and oral mucosal swab samples were collected. Bacteria were characterized by culture-dependent and -independent methods, including 16S rRNA genes sequencing, quantitative PCR, and the Human Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Inhibition of growth and adhesion were also tested. Multivariate modeling of HOMIM-detected oral bacteria clustered breastfed infants separately from formula-fed infants, and linked breastfed infants to a more health-associated flora. Lactobacilli were essentially detected in breastfed infants only. Lactobacillus gasseri was most prevalent out of six identified Lactobacillus species. Infant isolates of L. gasseri bound to saliva gp340 and MUC7 and adhered to gingival epithelial cells. Infant isolates also inhibited adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite, and inhibited growth of S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum in a concentration-dependent fashion. Papers III and IV aimed to assess persistence of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri, if persistence is necessary for a regrowth of mutans streptococci (MS), and if L. reuteri intake affects oral microbiota composition. Two well-documented L. reuteri strains (DSM 17938 and PTA 5289) were used in two double-blind, randomized controlled trials. In the first, 62 subjects (test=32, placebo=30) with high counts of MS were exposed to L. reuteri for 6 weeks. Exposure followed full-mouth disinfection with chlorhexidine. In the second study, 44 healthy subjects (test=22, placebo=22) consumed the L. reuteri for 12 weeks. Saliva and biofilm samples were collected before, during and up to 6 months after exposure. Analyses included culture, strain-specific PCR and 454-pyrosequencing targeting the hypervariable region V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA gene. L. reuteri test strains were detected in the mouth of approximately two thirds of test participants during intake. However, their presence decreased gradually when consumption stopped. Subjects with detectable L. reuteri had slower regrowth of MS compared to non-carriers. Pyrosequencing yielded a total of 812,547 high-quality sequencing reads. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria were the major bacterial phyla recovered. Exposure to L. reuteri strains did not affect overall phylotype abundance, but multivariate modeling clustered 12-week-treated test subjects separately from those who received placebo. Exposure to the test strains was strongly associated with presence and increased levels of F. nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. In conclusion, the oral microbiota differed by feeding mode in infants. One third of breastfed infants had lactobacilli in the mouth, while only single formula-fed infant had it. L. gasseri, predominant in infants, displayed probiotic characteristics in vitro. Retention of probiotic L. reuteri was a prerequisite for delay of MS regrowth after disinfection. However, probiotic bacteria may not be beneficial for all, since L. reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289 were retained in only 2 of 3 consumers. Finally, the altered microbiota after 12 weeks consumption of L. reuteri indicates that intake of probiotic bacteria, or at least L reuteri, has an impact on oral ecology. However, this finding needs further investigation. / Vår kropp består av fler mikroorganismer än egna celler.  De miljontals bakterier som finns på ut - och insidan av kroppen är som regel harmlösa och vissa är till och med till nytta för oss. Magtarmkanalen, som startar med munnen, är den kroppsdel som härbärgerar flest bakterier. Till exempel har man bara i munnen identifierat totalt mer än 700 olika arter. En av dessa är Lactobacillus, en bakterieart som finns i normalfloran och som har probiotiska egenskaper. Hos spädbarn anses bröstmjölk vara en källa för Lactobacillus i tarmen, men hur amning påverkar laktobacillförekomst i munnen är oklart. Den första delen i denna avhandling syftar till att jämföra mikrofloran i munnen hos spädbarn som ammas kontra de som får ersättning, att karakterisera vilka laktobaciller som finns i munnen hos respektive grupp och undersöka om dessa har probiotiska egenskaper. Totalt studerades saliv och prov från munslemhinnan från 340 friska 3-4 månader gamla spädbarn. Proven karakteriserades med odling, sekvensering, kvantitativ PCR och en microarraymetod (Human Microbe Identification Microarray, HOMIM), och isolerade laktobacillers effekt på växt och vidhäftning av andra munbakterier studerades. Ammade barn hade en mer hälsoassocierad mikroflora i munnen. Laktobaciller fanns bara hos ammade barn, men bara hos vart 3:e ammat barn. Av totalt sex identifierade laktobacillarter var Lactobacillus gasseri den i särklass mest förekommande arten. L. gasseri isolerade från spädbarnen band till salivproteinerna gp-340 och MUC7 samt till orala epitelceller. L. gasseri kunde även förhindra adhesion av Streptococcus mutans till konstgjord tandemalj och hämma växt av S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans och Fusobacterium nucleatum. Laktobaciller förekommer i många hälsoprodukter med påstådd probiotisk effekt. Andra delen av denna avhandling syftade till att bedöma om intag av tabletter med den probiotiska arten Lactobacillus reuteri påverkar ekologin i mikrofloran i munnen, om arten etablerar sig hos alla vid exponering, och om etablering är nödvändig för probiotisk effekt (mätt som hämmad återväxt av kariesassocierade mutansstreptokocker efter antimikrobiell behandling). Två stammar L. reuteri (DSM 17938 and PTA 5289) användes i två dubbelblinda, randomiserade studier. I båda studierna intog deltagarna i testgruppen tabletter med L. reuteri-stammarna och de i kontrollgruppen identiska tabletter utan bakterier. I den första studien deltog 62 deltagare (32 test, 30 kontroll) i 6 veckor och i den andra 44 personer (22 test, 22 placebo) under 12 veckor. Saliv och biofilmsprover samlades in vid studiestart, under och upp till 6 månader efter avslutad testperiod. Proverna analyserades med odling, PCR och 454-pyrosekvensering. L. reuteri etablerade sig hos 2/3 av testpersonerna under testperioden men mängden minskade gradvis efter avslutat intag. Bland de som fick L. reuteri hade deltagarna med påvisbara teststammar fördröjd återväxt av mutansstreptokocker jämfört med de som inte hade det. Pyrosekvensering visade att totalantalet phylotyper inte skiljde sig mellan de som fick aktiva kontra placebotabletter, men att ekologin i bakteriefilmerna hos de som ätit de aktiva tabletterna ändrades. Att exponeras för L. reuteri var starkt associerat med förhöjda nivåer av F. nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. Sammanfattningsvis visar dessa studier att amning är associerad med att ha probiotiska laktobaciller i munnen men bara vissa etablerar arten i munnen. Hos vuxna försenade L. reuteri återkolonisation av mutansstreptokocker efter antibakteriell behandling, och påverkade ekologin i bakteriefilmerna i munnen. Även hos vuxna ledde exponering till etablering bara hos vissa individer.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James M. Lattimer / Eight cecally cannulated horses were used in a replicated, 4 x 4 Latin square design conducted in 4, 14-d periods to determine effects of sodium caseinate on equine hindgut fermentation and fiber digestion. Horses were maintained on an ad libitum diet of Smooth Bromegrass hay and treatments consisted of cecal infusions of water (CON), 0.125 g sodium caseinate/kg BW (LOW), 0.25 g sodium caseinate/kg BW (MED), and 0.50 g sodium caseinate/kg BW (HI). Cecal NH3 concentrations increased (P < 0.01) as casein increased. Horses on the CON and MED treatments had greater cecal pH (P < 0.01) than horses on the LOW and HI treatments; however, there was no effect of treatment of fecal pH. Dry matter, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.10). There were no differences in dry matter intake (DMI), regardless of treatment. There was no treatment effect on cecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, total VFA concentration or acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio. Inter-horse variability and a small sample size may contribute to the lack of statistical differences amongst treatments. Results from this study may imply that medium quality, roughage based protein supplies an adequate level of nitrogen to the microflora of the hindgut. A performance study was conducted to evaluate the effect of strain and method of administration of Megasphaera elsdenii on growth performance in broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments: 0.2 mL oral gavage containing 1.97 x 10⁹ CFU/mL of M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 (Lactipro, MS-Biotec, Wamego, KS; O-L), 0.2 mL of fresh culture containing 0 CFU/mL of M. elsdenii strain KS 249 (O-KS; Attempts to grow this strain were unsuccessful), 0.2 mL of a fresh culture containing 1.06 x 10⁹ CFU/mL of M. elsdenii strain B52-2083 (O-B52), aerosolized mist at rate of 15 mL per pen containing 1.97 x109 CFU/mL of M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 (~1.88 mL/bird; MS-Biotec, Wamego, KS; OM), topdressing (mixture of diet and freeze dried M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125; TD) containing 1.18 x 10⁷ CFU/g of M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 at a rate of a quarter teaspoon per bird, or negative control that had no contact with the probiotic product. Broilers across all treatment groups showed similar ADFI (P = 0.82), ADG (P = 0.89), gain:feed (P = 0.93), and mortality rates (P = 0.54). In Experiment 2, chicks were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments consisting of lyophilized M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 in the form of a topdressing (TD) or a negative control that had no contact with the probiotic product (C). Average daily gain (P = 0.02) and gain:feed (P = 0.04) were both greater in birds receiving the TD when compared to the C birds. Feed intake (P = 0.70) and mortality rates (P = 0.31) were not different between treatments. Administration of lyophilized M. elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 may be an effective means to improve growth rate and feed efficiency of broiler chicks.

Orientador: João Batista Alves / Banca: Dora Ines Kozusny Andreani / Banca: João Francisco Pereira Bastos / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o efeito do fornecimento de probióticos comerciais e Lactobacilus acidophillus isolado in vitro de fezes, sobre o desempenho de bezerros provenientes de rebanhos leiteiros da região de Fernandópolis-SP, desde o nascimento até 42 dias de idade. Vinte e quatro bezerros machos, recém-nascidos,foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisados, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1- testemunha; T2- probiótico comercial1â ;T3-probiótico comercial2â ;T4- concentrado de células vivas de Lactobacilus acidophillus. Os probióticos foram fornecidos. Os animais foram inicialmente alimentados com 4 litros de leite por dia e a partir da segunda semana de idade, com concentrado e feno de grama estrela Cynodon dactylon,os quais foram fornecidos à vontade. Não houve diferenças entre tratamentos no consumo de concentrado, no ganho de peso, na incidência de diarréia e no período em que os animais estiveram com diarréia. Os tratamentos que receberam probiótico comercial e concentrado de células vivas de Lactobacilus acidophillus tiveram uma menor incidência de óbitos, assim como animais em estado crítico de saúde, que o grupo testemunha. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to verify the effect of commercial probiotic supplies and Lactobacillus acidophilllus isolated in vitro of feces about the performance of calves from dairy cattle of the region of Fernandópolis, SP, since their birth up to they were 42 days of age. Twenty-four newborn male calves were distributed in delineation totally at random according to the following treatments (T): T1 - the control; T2 - commercial probiotic1â; T3 - probiotic commercial2â, T4-Lactobacillus acidophilllus viable-cell concentration. The probiotics were supplied. Firstly the animals were fed with 4 (four) litters of milk a day. After they were two-weeks old they were given concentration and star grass hay Cynodon dactylon - both supplied freely. There were no differences among the treatments in the consumption of the concentration above, in the weight gain, in the incidence of diarrhea as well as the days they had diarrhea. The treatments, which were fed with commercial probiotic and the Lactobacillus acidophilllus viable-cell concentration, had a minor incidence of the death tolls as well as unhealthy animals than the control. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-09-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cafarofilho_h_me_ilha.pdf: 77933 bytes, checksum: 4bc6831793a9e9fe4ad8af59cd990d46 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o efeito do fornecimento de probióticos comerciais e Lactobacilus acidophillus isolado in vitro de fezes, sobre o desempenho de bezerros provenientes de rebanhos leiteiros da região de Fernandópolis-SP, desde o nascimento até 42 dias de idade. Vinte e quatro bezerros machos, recém-nascidos,foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisados, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1- testemunha; T2- probiótico comercial1â ;T3-probiótico comercial2â ;T4- concentrado de células vivas de Lactobacilus acidophillus. Os probióticos foram fornecidos. Os animais foram inicialmente alimentados com 4 litros de leite por dia e a partir da segunda semana de idade, com concentrado e feno de grama estrela Cynodon dactylon,os quais foram fornecidos à vontade. Não houve diferenças entre tratamentos no consumo de concentrado, no ganho de peso, na incidência de diarréia e no período em que os animais estiveram com diarréia. Os tratamentos que receberam probiótico comercial e concentrado de células vivas de Lactobacilus acidophillus tiveram uma menor incidência de óbitos, assim como animais em estado crítico de saúde, que o grupo testemunha. / The aim of this study was to verify the effect of commercial probiotic supplies and Lactobacillus acidophilllus isolated in vitro of feces about the performance of calves from dairy cattle of the region of Fernandópolis, SP, since their birth up to they were 42 days of age. Twenty-four newborn male calves were distributed in delineation totally at random according to the following treatments (T): T1 - the control; T2 - commercial probiotic1â; T3 - probiotic commercial2â, T4-Lactobacillus acidophilllus viable-cell concentration. The probiotics were supplied. Firstly the animals were fed with 4 (four) litters of milk a day. After they were two-weeks old they were given concentration and star grass hay Cynodon dactylon - both supplied freely. There were no differences among the treatments in the consumption of the concentration above, in the weight gain, in the incidence of diarrhea as well as the days they had diarrhea. The treatments, which were fed with commercial probiotic and the Lactobacillus acidophilllus viable-cell concentration, had a minor incidence of the death tolls as well as unhealthy animals than the control.

Submitted by RAFAELLA BRAGA SANTOS null (rafinha_braga@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-04-05T13:48:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Rafaella Braga Santos 05-04-2018.pdf: 1418361 bytes, checksum: 246a611d76714b96078f039fcebfa018 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-04-16T15:49:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rb_dr_sjc.pdf: 1418361 bytes, checksum: 246a611d76714b96078f039fcebfa018 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T15:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rb_dr_sjc.pdf: 1418361 bytes, checksum: 246a611d76714b96078f039fcebfa018 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido ao aumento das infecções causadas por Candida albicans e espécies não-albicans, surge a necessidade de novas estratégias terapêuticas, como a identificação de cepas bacterianas com características probióticas. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana de cepas clínicas de Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus fermentum e Lactobacillus rhamnosus sobre diferentes espécies de Candida (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei e C. tropicalis). Foram utilizadas cepas de Lactobacillus isoladas da cavidade bucal de indivíduos livres de cárie e cepas de Candida isoladas de lesões de candidose orofaríngea obtidas em estudos anteriores. Para estudo in vitro, foram formados biofilmes monoespécies de Candida (Grupo controle) e biofilmes mistos de Candida e Lactobacillus, nos quais os lactobacilos foram acrescentados antes da cepa de Candida (Grupo Profilático), após a cepa de Candida (Grupo Terapêutico) ou ao mesmo tempo da cepa de Candida (Grupo Simultâneo). Após 48 h de incubação, foi realizada a contagem do número de células viáveis de Candida (UFC/mL). Para estudo in vivo, os micro-organismos foram inoculados em larvas de G. mellonella e o desenvolvimento da candidose foi monitorado pela curva de sobrevivência, estudando-se os grupos experimentais descritos acima. Nos resultados in vitro, foi verificado que os efeitos inibitórios mais significativos de Lactobacillus sobre Candida ocorreram nos grupos profiláticos. As cepas de C. tropicalis e C. krusei foram mais sensíveis a ação de Lactobacillus do que C. albicans e C. glabrata. Além disso, foi verificado que as três espécies de Lactobacillus estudadas (L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus e L. fermentum) tiveram ação inibitória sobre Candida. Em relação ao estudo in vivo, também foi verificado que os grupos profiláticos tiveram maiores efeitos inibitórios sobre a candidose experimental em relação aos grupos terapêuticos, levando a um aumento significativo nas taxas de sobrevivência das larvas. Em relação as cepas estudadas, os efeitos profiláticos de Lactobacillus sobre a candidose, foram encontrados, de forma semelhante, para todas as cepas de Candida e Lactobacillus estudadas. Assim, concluiu-se que as cepas clínicas de L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2 e L. fermentum 20.4 foram capazes de inibir a formação de biofilme e desenvolvimento de candidose causados por C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis e C. glabrata, principalmente quando Lactobacillus foi administrado de forma profilática. / Due to the increase of infections caused by Candida albicans and non-albicans species, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies, such as the identification of bacterial strains with probiotic characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on different Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis). We used Lactobacillus strains isolated from the oral cavity of caries-free and Candida strains isolated from lesions of oropharyngeal candidiasis. For in vitro study, monospecies of Candida (Control Group) and mixed biofilms of Candida and Lactobacillus were prepared, in which the lactobacillus were attached before the Candida strain (Profile Group), after a Candida (Therapeutic Group) strain or same time as the Candida strain (Simultaneous Group). After 48 h of incubation, we counting the number of viable Candida cells (CFU/mL). For in vivo study, we inoculate the microorganisms in larvae of G. mellonella and the development of the application for monitoring by survival curve, studying the experimental groups described above. In the in vitro results, we find that the most significant inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus on Candida occurred in the prophylactic groups. The strains of C. tropicalis and C. krusei were more sensitive to the action of Lactobacillus than C. albicans and C. glabrata. In addition, it we verified that the three species of Lactobacillus studied (L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum) had an inhibitory action on Candida. In relation to the in vivo study, we verified that the prophylactic groups had more inhibitory effects on an experimental candidose in relation to the therapeutic groups, leading to a significant increase in the survival rates of the larvae. In relation to the studied strains, the prophylactic effects of Lactobacillus on candidiasis were similarly for all Candida and Lactobacillus strains studied. Thus, it concluded that the clinical strains of L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2 and L. fermentum 20.4 were able to inhibit a biofilm formation and development of Candida caused by C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata, especially when Lactobacillus was given prophylactically. Keywords:

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a suplementação de um probiótico composto por cepas de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis, fornecidos via sucedâneo lácteo, no que se refere ao escore e pH fecal, contagem de microrganismos intestinais, parâmetros sanguíneos e desempenho geral dos animais. Foram utilizados 24 animais da raça Holandês que receberam 4L/dia de sucedâneo comercial (15PB:15EE), além de livre acesso a água e concentrado inicial. O desaleitamento ocorreu na 8ª semana de vida. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em dois tratamentos: 1) Controle - sem a suplementação de probiótico; 2) Suplementação de 2g/d (1,6 x 109 UFC) de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis via sucedâneo lácteo. Semanalmente foram realizadas pesagens e aferições de medidas corporais (altura de cernelha, perímetro torácico e largura de garupa); e colheitas de sangue para determinação de glicose, proteína total, ureia e albumina, além de determinação de hematócrito. Foram colhidas amostras semanalmente para contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e enterobactérias e determinação de pH fecal. O monitoramento do consumo de concentrado e do escore fecal foi realizado diariamente. O peso corporal, o ganho de peso médio diário e as medidas corporais não foram alteradas (P>0,05) pela suplementação do probiótico contendo Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis; muito embora tenham apresentado efeito significativo de idade dos animais (P<0,001). O escore fecal, pH fecal e consumo de concentrado diário também não foram afetados pela suplementação com probiótico. No entanto, o consumo de concentrado e o pH fecal sofreram influência da idade em resposta ao crescimento natural dos bezerros. A contagem de bactérias ácido láticas foi maior que número de enterobactérias durante todo o período (P<0,05). Apenas as enterobactérias sofreram efeito da idade (P<0,05), enquanto as bactérias ácido láticas permaneceram variando, porém dentro de um padrão constante. Os parâmetros sanguíneos também não foram afetados pela suplementação com probiótico (P>0,05) mas todos, com a exceção da albumina, tiveram influência da idade (P<0,001). A suplementação com o probiótico contendo Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis via sucedâneo não apresentou benefícios no desempenho ou no metabolismo de bezerros leiteiros, bem como não reduziu a ocorrência de casos de diarreia. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of a probiotic containing strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, supplied via milk replacer, with regard to fecal score and pH, intestinal microorganisms count, blood parameters and overall performance of the animals. Twenty-four Holstein calves were utilized and received 4L/d of liquid diet consisting of commercial milk replacer (20CP:15EE), and had free access to water and starter concentrate. Weaning occurred at the 8th week of age. Animals were distributed in a randomized block design, in the following treatments: 1) Control - without supplementation with probiotic, 2) Supplementation: 2g/d of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (1.6 x 109 CFU), via milk replacer. Every week calves were weighted and body measurements were taken (hip width, withers height and heart girth). Blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of hematocrit, glucose, total protein, urea and albumin. Fecal samples were weekly collected for lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteria couting and fecal pH determination. Concentrate starter intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Body weight, average daily gain, and corporal measurements were not affected (P>0,05) by the supplementation of probiotic; however, presented a significant age effect (P<0,001). The fecal score, fecal pH and starter intake were not affected by probiotic supplementation (P>0.05). However, starter intake and fecal pH were affected by age due to calves\' natural growth. The acid lactic bacteria count was higher than the count of enterobacteria during the whole evaluation period. Only enterobacteria were affected by the age of animals, while acid lactic bacteria remained constant despite little variations. Blood parameters were also not affect by supplementation of probiotic (P>0.05), but all of them, except albumin concentrations, were influenced by age (P<0,001). The supplementation with probiotic containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis via milk replacer presented no benefits in dairy calves performance or metabolism and did not reduced the occurrence of diarrhea.