Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-30T11:52:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagoduartepimentel.pdf: 2965915 bytes, checksum: d808d5a25c89ee6e7ed300ca03480290 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-05T16:50:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagoduartepimentel.pdf: 2965915 bytes, checksum: d808d5a25c89ee6e7ed300ca03480290 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T16:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagoduartepimentel.pdf: 2965915 bytes, checksum: d808d5a25c89ee6e7ed300ca03480290 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / Esta tese se insere, ontológica e epistemologicamente, na perspectiva do realismo crítico. Nela propõe-se a reafirmação da dimensão ontológica da realidade (a qual Bhaskar chamou de intransitiva), bem como seus rebatimentos na dimensão epistemológica (ou transitiva da realidade) que trata da possibilidade do conhecimento e das condições para sua ocorrência. Este enquadramento fornece, no âmbito da teoria social, uma forma de tratar da ontologia social e a natureza das relações entre agência e estrutura, que situa a discussão sobre o processo de estruturação da ação coletiva e seu resultado, em termos de elaboração de uma “entidade” socialmente real. Partindo do estado da arte dos estudos sobre as organizações, bem como a teorização acerca da categoria “coletivos” dentro da literatura da teoria social realista, identificou-se uma dupla lacuna: (1) nos estudos sobre as organizações, verifica-se a ausência de coerência e cumulatividade dos conhecimentos do campo, que é marcado por uma profunda dispersão de teorias e correntes orientadas por distintas tradições de pesquisa, todas, porém, tendo em comum sua filiação ao paradigma filosófico científico do positivismo e (2) nem a teoria social em geral e nem a teoria social realista elaboraram um relato que fosse capaz de dar conta e integrar, coerente e adequadamente, a categoria organização à sua proposta de teorização da realidade, restando por se fazer um relato específico que buscasse atacar o problema da organização (grupos sociais estruturados), como sugere Elder-Vass (2010). Visando endereçar esforços para a melhor compreensão desta questão, o objetivo, então, desta tese foi identificar as estruturas gerativas e suas tendências (poderes causais), bem como as circunstâncias em que elas são ativadas (mecanismos causais), que permitem a existência e a emergência das organizações como entidades coletivas reais. Para a realização deste estudo, recorreu-se, metodologicamente, a uma pesquisa teórica (ECO, 2001, p.11), amparada por procedimentos analíticos de coleta e tratamento dos dados de caráter hermenêutico. Como resultados, identificou-se a existência de três estruturas gerativas – o espaço, a identidade e o poder –, envolvendo diferentes componentes que se manifestam sob diferentes modos de realidade (material, ideal e social, respectivamente), cujos processos de enquadramento e fixação, de identificação e diferenciação, e de delegação e representação (respectivamente) conduzem às interações entre os indivíduos e à aquisição de padrões específicos bem como à mudança estrutural, morfológica e causal, atribuindo diferentes poderes causais a cada um desses estágios: aproximação e agregação, no momento 1 (M1); criação de uma unidade (exterior e irredutível ao indivíduo) e coesão diferentes de outras entidades, no momento 2 (M2) e, por fim, a instauração de uma ordem e capacidade de intervenção deliberada na realidade social, em âmbito institucional, no momento 3 (M3). Os três momentos sintetizados estão relacionados por meio da proposição de um modelo teórico de análise morfogenética da estruturação da ação coletiva. Apesar de este modelo se aplicar especificamente à análise da ação coletiva e de não ter sido validado empiricamente, sua contribuição original reside no fato de fornecer a elaboração de um quadro teórico suficientemente amplo e, ao mesmo tempo, específico para a análise das organizações, em particular, e da ação coletiva, em geral, em especial quando acrescentamos sua interface com a orientação ontológica e epistemológica do realismo crítico. Empiricamente, esta proposta traz um relato preciso de integração dos níveis micro e macro da realidade, por meio da atuação específica das organizações e instituições no nível mesossocial, que poderá ser aplicado para intervenção na realidade. / This thesis falls, ontologically and epistemologically, in the perspective of critical realism. The later proposes the reclaiming of (the ontological dimension of) reality (which Bhaskar called intransitive one) and its repercussions on the epistemological dimension (or transitive one) of reality, which deals with the possibility of knowledge and the conditions for its occurrence. This framework provides, in social theory, one way to address the social ontology and the nature of the relationship between agency and structure, which places the discussion of the structuring process of collective action and its outcome in terms of developing an "entity" socially real. Based on the state of the art of studies on organizations as well as theories about the category "collectives" in the literature of social theory, and in particular in the realist social theory, we identified a double gap: (1) studies on organizations there is a lack of coherence and cumulative knowledge of the field, which is marked by a deep scattering theories and currents driven by distinct research traditions. Nevertheless, all these traditions have in common their affiliation to the philosophical paradigm of scientific positivism; (2) neither social theory in general nor realist social theory produced an integrative and coherent report to the organization category. Thus, it remains to be done a specific report that called for attacking the problem of organization (structured social groups), as suggested by Elder-Vass (2010). Aiming to address efforts to better understand this issue, then, the objective this thesis was to identify the generative structures and its trends (causal powers), as well as the circumstances under which they are activated (causal mechanisms) that enable the existence and emergence of organizations as real collective entities. Methodologically this study was conducted in a form of a theoretical research (ECO, 2001, p.11), which was supported by analytical procedures for the collection and processing of data hermeneutic character. As a result, we identified the existence of three generative structures: space, identity and power. These structures involves different components that are manifested in specific modes of reality (material, social and ideal, respectively), whose the process of framing and mounting, identification and differentiation, and delegation and representation (respectively) lead to interactions among individuals purchasing patterns and structural change, morphological and causal, assigning different causal powers of each of these stages: approximation and aggregation, which was called “moment 1” (M1); the creating an unit (exterior and irreducible to the individual) and cohesion of different entities, called “moment 2” (M2); and, finally, the establishment of a command and ability to deliberate intervention in social reality, at institutional, called “moment 3” (M3). The three summarized moments are related each one by proposing a theoretical framework of the structure of collective action in a morphogenetic way. Although this model applies specifically to the analysis of collective action and has not been empirically validated, its original contribution lies in the fact provide the development of a theoretical framework sufficiently broad and simultaneously specific for the analysis of organizations, in particular, and collective action, in general. This is true especially when we add its interface with the ontological and epistemological orientation of critical realism. Empirically, this proposal provides an accurate account of the integration of micro and macro levels of reality, through the realization of specific organizations and institutions in mesossocial level. The correct knowledge of this level can be applied to intervention in reality.

This thesis concerns the relationship between research in experimental archaeology and the intangible of the past. Only a quarter of technological experiments in a sample of 100 studies addresses the intangible of technological practice, and this project sets out to explore if there are conceptual or practical obstacles for this low rate. The thesis begins with an in-depth examination of experimental archaeology and the criteria, paradigms and theories that determine its practice. Through this study, elements of the dichotomy positivism/postmodernism are uncovered and discussed. To resolve this dualism, a third paradigm – philosophical pragmatism – is introduced as an alternative. This conceptual debate represents Part I, and is subsequently collated into a methodological framework for the creation of a typified experiment. Part II consists of the experimental segment of this study, in search for practical obstacles for the exploration of the intangible. Through experimenting with Iron Age Bucket-shaped pots, Mesolithic faceted pebbles and Middle Palaeolithic birch bark tar production, different components of an experiment are highlighted for investigation. An element that comes forward as problematic is the relationship between experimental archaeologists and science ideals that is underscored by experimental tradition. Conclusively, the final discussion leaves the conceptual and practical barriers that may prevent archaeologists from studying the intangible aspects of technology overturned. In sum, this may enable experimental archaeologists to take a fuller view of their own practice and that of the people of the past.

Integration of knowledge has become a contentious issue in an age where increasing specialisation creates boundaries and division. Yet, there is an identifiable need for integration across social, ecological and economic understandings if we are to address ever more threatening crises and alarming potential scenarios. This paper relates to the work of K. William Kapp and in so doing raises questions about how integration might be achieved. A core idea that arises is the role of common denominator concepts. (author's abstract) / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

I defend three general claims concerning inter-theoretic reduction in physics. First, the popular notion that a superseded theory in physics is generally a simple limit of the theory that supersedes it paints an oversimplified picture of reductive relations in physics. Second, where reduction specifically between two dynamical systems models of a single system is concerned, reduction requires the existence of a particular sort of function from the state space of the low-level (purportedly more accurate and encompassing) model to that of the high-level (purportedly less accurate and encompassing) model that approximately commutes, in a specific sense, with the rules of dynamical evolution prescribed by the models. The third point addresses a tension between, on the one hand, the frequent need to take into account system-specific details in providing a full derivation of the high-level theory’s success in a particular context, and, on the other hand, a desire to understand the general mechanisms and results that under- write reduction between two theories across a wide and disparate range of different systems; I suggest a reconciliation based on the use of partial proofs of reduction, designed to reveal these general mechanisms of reduction at work across a range of systems, while leaving certain gaps to be filled in on the basis of system-specific details. After discussing these points of general methodology, I go on to demonstrate their application to a number of particular inter-theory reductions in physics involving quantum theory. I consider three reductions: first, connecting classical mechanics and non-relativistic quantum mechanics; second,connecting classical electrodynamics and quantum electrodynamics; and third, connecting non-relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. I approach these reductions from a realist perspective, and for this reason consider two realist interpretations of quantum theory - the Everett and Bohm theories - as potential bases for these reductions. Nevertheless, many of the technical results concerning these reductions pertain also more generally to the bare, uninterpreted formalism of quantum theory. Throughout my analysis, I make the application of the general methodological claims of the thesis explicit, so as to provide concrete illustration of their validity.

This dissertation is original in using the contrasting ideas of two leading 20th century philosophers of science, Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn, to provide a philosophical understanding, firstly, of the shift from traditional software methodologies to the so-called Agile methodologies, and, secondly, of the values, principles and practices underlying the most prominent of the Agile methodologies, Extreme Programming (XP). This dissertation will take a revisionist approach, following Fuller—the founder of social epistemology—in reading Popper against Kuhn's epistemological hegemony. The investigations in this dissertation relate to two main branches of philosophy— epistemology and ethics. The epistemological part of this dissertation compares both Kuhn and Popper's alternative ideas of the development of scientific knowledge to the Agile methodologists' ideas of the development of software, in order to assess the extent to which Agile software development resembles a scientific discipline. The investigations relating to ethics in this dissertation transfer concepts from social engineering—in particular, Popper's distinction between piecemeal and utopian social engineering—to software engineering, in order to assess both the democratic and authoritarian aspects of Agile software development and management. The use of Kuhn's ideas of scientific revolutions and paradigm shift by several leading figures of the Agile software methodologies—most notably, Kent Beck, the leader of the most prominent Agile software methodology, Extreme Programming (XP)—to predict a fundamental shift from traditional to Agile software methodologies, is critically assessed in this dissertation. A systematic investigation into whether Kuhn's theory as a whole, can provide an adequate account of the day-to-day practice of Agile software development is also provided. As an alternative to the use of Kuhn's ideas, the critical rationalist philosophy of Karl Popper is investigated. On the one hand, this dissertation assesses whether the epistemological aspects of Popper's philosophy—especially his notions of falsificationism, evolutionary epistemology, and three worlds metaphysics—provide a suitable framework for understanding the philosophical basis of everyday Agile software development. On the other hand, the aspects of Popper's philosophy relating to ethics, which provide an ideal for scientific practice in an open society, are investigated in order to determine whether they coincide with the avowedly democratic values of Agile software methodologies. The investigations in this dissertation led to the following conclusions. Firstly, Kuhn's ideas are useful in predicting the effects of the full-scale adoption of Agile methodologies, and they describe the way in which several leaders of the Agile methodologies promote their methodologies; they do not, however, account for the detailed methodological practice of Agile software development. Secondly, several aspects of Popper's philosophy, were found to be aligned with several aspects of Agile software development. In relation to epistemology, Popper's principle of falsificationism provides a criterion for understanding the rational and scientific basis of several Agile principles and practices, his evolutionary epistemology resembles the iterative-incremental design approach of Agile methodologies, and his three worlds metaphysical model provides an understanding of both the nature of software, and the approach advocated by the Agile methodologists' of creating and sharing knowledge. In relation to ethics, Popper's notion of an open society provides an understanding of the rational and ethical basis of the values underlying Agile software development and management, as well as the piecemeal adoption of Agile software methodologies. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Computer Science / unrestricted

Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gandolfi_HairaEmanuela_M.pdf: 2906092 bytes, checksum: 291cbe98bc5eb359c2e1637177e18534 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Em virtude do desafio atual de tornar o Ensino de Ciências interessante, abrangente e formador de cidadãos críticos, a presente investigação busca realizar uma reflexão a respeito da inserção da História e da Filosofia da Ciência (HFC) em atividades de Ensino de Química. Pretende-se discutir, a partir do ponto de vista do ensino da Natureza da Ciência (NOS), as potencialidades do estudo da História e da Filosofia da Ciência para o Ensino de Química, essencialmente relevantes para a elucidação de como se dá a gênese e o desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos e das práticas químicas. Com o objetivo de divulgar as possibilidades do trabalho, em sala de aula, com aspectos da Natureza da Química, essa investigação explorou, a partir de uma Pesquisa Histórica, e analisou, dentro do referencial do Ensino de Ciências e da HFC, diferentes fontes históricas primárias, produzidas no contexto da exploração mineral no período colonial brasileiro. Buscou-se apresentar e estimular a leitura, interpretação e análise de textos histórico-científicos, sob a luz da HFC e da NOS, visando um maior contato de professores e estudantes com aspectos e características do mundo científico e das práticas e conhecimentos químicos em um contexto brasileiro, através do estudo de uma das mais importantes atividades de exploração natural desenvolvida ao longo da História do Brasil / Abstract: Due to the present challenge to transform Science Education into an interesting, comprehensive and capable of forming critical citizens process, this research aims to reflect about the insertion of History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) into Chemistry Teaching activities. The intention here is to discuss, from the teaching of the Nature of Science (NOS) perspective, the potential of History and Philosophy of Science for Chemistry Teaching, as these topics are essentially relevant to the elucidation of the genesis and the development of knowledge and practices related to Chemistry. In order to disseminate the possibilities of classroom practices related to the Nature of Chemistry, this research explored, by undertaking a Historical Research, and analyzed, within the framework of Science Teaching and HPS, several primary historical sources, produced in the context of mineral exploitation during the Brazilian colonial period. The objective here was to introduce and encourage reading, interpretation and analysis of historical-scientific texts, under the light of the HPS and the NOS, looking forward to approximate teachers and students to aspects and features of the scientific world and of chemical practices and knowledge in a Brazilian context, through the study of one of the most important natural exploitation activities developed throughout the Brazilian History / Mestrado / Ensino de Ciencias e Matematica / Mestra em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática

This work offers a framework for researchers by linking service-dominant (S-D) logic to an intersubjective stream of philosophy of science. Service-dominant logic has resonated in marketing, but no existing research has attempted to link S-D logic with basic meta-theory to provide a framework. Since the range of philosophies of science (isms) referred to in the marketing literature is broad, varying from ‘realism’ to ‘relativism’, from ‘positivism’ to ‘constructivism’ and from ‘structuralism’ to ‘post-structuralism/postmodernism’, first the different isms are grouped into four main groups/streams and then S-D logic is analyzed and classified according to these streams. The four streams are: object-orientation (realism, positivism, empiricism, and so on); subject orientation (constructivism, interpretivism, and so forth); intersubjective orientation (social constructionism, pancritical rationalism, methodological constructivism, and so on); and sign orientation (post-structuralism, postmodernism, and variations). S-D logic is mainly underpinned by an intersubjective orientation and has a huge potential for further development both in and for marketing if seen from a sign-orientated, post-structural perspective and linked to the theory of practices.

The Second Joint Research Conference of the Universities of Gloucestershire and Chemnitz took place at the Chemnitz University of Technology from 09th to 11th of September 2009. There were presenters from seven different nations in the lecture theatre. The very close partnership of the two institutions is characterised by a very active student exchange programme, joint teaching modules and some collaborative research which has been extended after the conference as well as several extracurricular guest lectures. In 2007 our friends from Gloucester invited us to our first joint conference and set the standard. The topics of the 2009 Conference were Public health and Sports with three main areas of interest: 1. Physiology and Biomechanics, 2. Philosophy and Social Science, 3. Prevention, Rehabilitation and Health Promotion. Many interesting and inspiring presentations were given by colleagues, PhD students and research students. One example of inspiration was the Clem Burke Drumming Project (S. Draper and M. Smith), which we were kindly invited to join. This is an example par excellence on how to conduct international research by simply using existing resources and talking to each other. It caused huge interest among colleagues across the whole university that Chemnitz did not only follow the example of our colleagues in Gloucester, but also widened the research interest into the application of different types of drumming as a means of therapy. This was the beginning of the DRUM BEAT Project (P. Wright of the Chair of Sports Medicine). Furthermore, both universities - Chemnitz and Gloucester - are trying to establish outreaching programmes with local communities which have practical implications of research in the context of public health and/or health promotion. One of the presentations for instance referred to a concept called the Healthy Town Project Tewkesbury, a similar project is planned for Chemnitz called Healthy Community. These two outreaching programmes and other research synergies could be part of an attempt of both universities to establish stronger international research links and in this context also submitting joint proposals to funding agencies, i.e. the EU. Since this conference a joint EU research proposal was submitted by colleagues in Gloucester. Also, talks were held on the topic of establishing a joint international degree. Understandably a project of this scale will take more than a couple of conferences and work on both sides is necessary and last but not least is also depending on the political and funding situation. However, first small step was taken after the conference by conducting a joint teaching module in the Ore Mountains /Saxony. Students from both institutions and colleagues conducted a research project comparing physiological and cognitive parameters of cross-country skiing and running. Social and intercultural processes were just as important during this winter camp. Some of the data is presented in this book. I trust that the colleagues of both universities do agree that this is an outstanding and very productive partnership with a lot of potential for future development and I am looking forward to many more joint schemes, projects and conferences to come - perhaps even an international degree. Prof. Dr. Henry Schulz

The topic of this diploma thesis is the position of scientific realism presented in the framework of naturalized philosophy of science. The aim is to clarify this position and to show that if one denies realism, scientific practice does not make sense. For this purpose main focus is first devoted to the key parts (metaphysical realism, semantic realism, and epistemological realism) which constitute the scientific realism. Next, a detailed analysis of the arguments against and in favor of realism is offered, and concrete examples taken from the sciences are used to illustrate key points. Space is also devoted to the analysis of a physical theory of heat of the 18th and 19th centuries in connection with an antirealist argument directed at the history of science. Also, one of the few fully elaborated antirealist positions, constructive empiricism, is presented and critically evaluated. In a similar fashion, this thesis pays attention to a specific form of realism, called entity realism. Though the resulting image is a thoroughly realist position, this position strives to accurately capture the numerous nuances of the scientific practice, offering a fresh perspective on some of the traditional views.

This diploma thesis is focused on David Hume's analysis of causality. The two major philosophical works about this topic are A Treatise of Human Nature and Enquiries concerning Human Understanding. The first chapter is about intellectual background which Hume came from when he is dealing with cause-effect problem. At that time there were two main epistemological theories: rationalism and empirism. Both will be discuss there. The next chapter is about Hume's way of thinking about human understanding. This chapter is important for us beacuse there are many terms which will be useful for understanding causality. Crucial role plays The Theory of Ideas, according to each content of a mind has a source in experience. The first perceptions are called impresions and their copies are called ideas. Ideas are processed by memory and imagination. There are two categories of contents of human understanding: relations of ideas and matters of facts. We will focus on matters of facts because they are based on causality. Hume as a empirist is searching for a source of idea of causality in our experience. He finds out that we cant find it in objects of our minds themselves, but is based on relations among them. These relations are: contiguity, constant conjunction, priority of time in the cause before the effect and...