The diploma thesis deals with the light permanency changes of some chosen tropical woods. Their trade names are garapa (Apuleia Leiocarpau), angelim (Hymenolobium Petraeum), meranti (Shorea spp), sapeli (Entandrophragma cylindricum), merbau (Intsia bijuga), massaranduba (Manikara), teak (Tectona grandis), iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis). The woods are surface modified by means of four different surface modifications both with and without a usage of an alcohol base. All samples were lighted up by artificial sunlight from the xenon lamp for 106 hours by lighting 209,7 KJ/m2. The colour changes were measured during the exposition according to the greyscale and spectrophotometer in the CIEL *a*b* color model. Then the individual woods' color changes depending on the surface modification were assessed by the color difference deltaE*.

The separation of industrially important gases into pure supplies that can be used for many practical applications is based mainly on energy intensive methods such as the cryogenic distillation which is costly and energy intensive. Therefore other routes have been introduced to industrial separation of gases such as the selective adsorption using porous solid materials. Zeolites and activated carbon are the most widely used recyclable energy-efficient porous solid materials for industrial gas separations, however the low uptake and selectivity hurdles their commercialization in some separation applications. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied as solid porous materials in term of gas separations nevertheless the future of MOFs for practical gas separations is considered to be vague and stringent due to their low stability, low capacity and selectivity especially at low partial pressures of the adsorbed gas, the competitive adsorption of the contaminants such as H2O, NOX and SOX, high cost of the organic ligands, besides the challenges of the formulation of MOFs which is very important in the MOFs marketing. In this context we present new porous materials based on inorganic linkers as well as the organic molecules, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials, which were found to conquer the current challenges for the exploitation of MOFs in practical gas separation such as separation of trace and low CO2 concentrations and Xe separation from Xe/Kr mixtures. The work presented herein encompasses the development of novel 48.67 topology metal organic material (MOM) platform of formula [M(bp)2(M'O4)] (M= Co or Ni; bpe= bipyridine-type linkers; M'= W, Mo or Cr) that have been assigned RCSR code mmo based upon pillaring of [M(bp)2] square grids by angular WO42-, MoO42- or CrO42- pillars. Such pillars are unexplored in MOMs. They represent ideal platforms to test the effect of pore size and chemistry upon gas sorption behavior since they are readily fine-tuned and can be varied at their 3-positions (metal, organic linker and the inorganic pillar) without changing the overall structure. Such an approach allows for systematic control of pore size to optimize interactions between the framework and the adsorbent in order to enhance selectivity and/or gas uptake. Interestingly, these nets showed a high chemical stability in air, water, boiling water and in a wide range of pH which is certainly a desirable property in industry and commercialization of MOMs. [Ni(bpe)2(MoO4)] (bpe= 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl) ethane), MOOFOUR-1-Ni, and its chromate analog, CROFOUR-1-Ni, exhibit remarkable CO2 affinity and selectivity, especially at low loading. This behavior can be attributed to exceptionally high isosteric heats of adsorption (Qst) of CO2 in MOOFOUR-1-Ni and CROFOUR-1-Ni of ~56 and ~50 kJ/mol, respectively, at zero loading. These results were validated by modeling which indicate that the electrostatics of such inorganic anions towards CO2 affords favourable attractions to CO2 that are comparable to the effect of unsaturated metal centres. The use of WO42- instead of CrO42- or MoO42- as an angular pillar in mmo topology nets has afforded two isostructural porous nets of formula [M(bpe)2WO4] (M = Co or Ni, bpe=1,2-(4-pyridyl)ethene). The Ni variant, WOFOUR-1-Ni, is highly selective towards CO2 thanks to its exceptionally high isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) of -65.5 kJ/mol at zero loading. The fine-tunability and the inherent modularity of this platform allow us exquisite design and control over the pore chemistry through the incorporation of different functionalities inside the channels of the networks which was then demonstrated as valuable strategy in terms of carbon dioxide capture at condition relevant to the direct CO2 capture from air. The exploitation of 4,4'-azopyridine in the design and synthesis of CROFOUR-2-Ni, an isostructure of CROFOUR-1-Ni, affords a paradigm shift in the CO2 adsorption properties as exemplified by the enhanced CO2 isosteric heat of adsorption at moderate and high loading in CROFOUR-2-Ni and the superior CO2 selectivity even for trace and low CO2 concentration. The two isostructures, CROFOUR-1-Ni and CROFOUR-2-Ni have been also investigated in term of Xe adsorption and separation from Xe/Kr mixtures. The two structures were found to exhibit the remarkable Xe affinity and selectivity which, together with high stability, good recyclability, low regeneration energy and low cost of the two materials could not only diminish the cost of the Xe and Kr production but also can potentially afford a high purity of the separated gases.

Sysmex XE-5000 är en automatiserad cellräknare som utför mätningar enligt olikamätprinciper, de två som tillämpats i projektet är RF/DC(Radio Frequency/DirectCurrent) samt Flödescytometri med halvledarlaser. RF/DC bygger på förändringari radiofrekventa resistansen och likspänningsresistansen. Förändringar i denradiofrekventa resistansen (RF) ger information om densiteten i cellernas inre(exempelvis kärnans storlek) och förändringar i likspänningsresistensen (DC) gerinformation om blodcellernas storlek. Flödescytometri definierar ett mått påcellers fysiologiska och kemiska egenskaper. Detektion av cellerna sker genom attde bestrålas med en laserstråle samtidigt som de passerar en och en i instrumentet.Informationen som fås ut från flödescytometri inkluderar spritt ljus ochfluorescens. Sysmex XE-5000 arbetar med flera olika felmeddelanden, så kalladelarm. Ett eller flera larm indikerar att det finns en ökad risk för förekomst avabnormala celler och kan enbart uteslutas genom en manuell differentialräkning. Istudien har tre larm, vilka indikerar närvaron av onormala leukocyter, undersökts:”Blasts?”, ”Atypical Lympho?” och ”Abn Lympho/L_Blasts?”. Syftet medprojektet är att jämföra nuvarande beräkningar med en ny mjukvara (eMM) förlarmen och utvärdera om de ger ett mindre antal falskt positiva larm frånhematologiinstrumentet Sysmex XE-5000. Prover med något av ovanstående larmvaldes ut och analyserades först med nuvarande inställningar på instrumentet ochdärefter med de nya beräkningarna för eMM. Resultatet visar på att antalet falsktpositiva prover minskar och även att antalet dubblettlarm minskar. / Sysmex XE-5000 is an automated cell counter that performs measurements withdifferent principles. The two applied in this project are RF/DC (RadioFrequency/Direct Current) and Flow cytometry with semiconductor laser. RF/DCis based on changes in radio frequency resistance and direct current voltage.Changes in RF provide information about the density of the cell’s internalstructure (e.g. the nucleus) and changes in DC provide information about the sizeof the blood cells. Flow Cytometry define as physiological and chemicalproperties of the cell. Detection of cells is achieved by the irradiation with a laserbeam while passing through one by one. The information obtained from flowcytometry includes scattered light and fluorescence. Sysmex XE-5000 works withseveral different error messages, so-called alarm. One or more alarm indicates thatthere is an increased risk for the presence of abnormal cells and this can only beruled out by a manual differential count. In this study three alarms, which indicatethe presence of abnormal white blood cells, were analyzed: “Blasts?”, AtypicalLympho?” and “Abn Lympho/L_Blasts?”. The project aims to compare thecurrent calculations with the new software (eMM) for the alarms and evaluate ifthey provide a smaller number of false positive alarms from the hematologyinstrument Sysmex XE-5000. Samples with one or two of the alarms wereselected and analyzed with the current settings and then with the new settings foreMM. The result showed that the number of false-positive samples was reducedand that the number of duplicate alarms decreased.

No description available.

Pepper and tomato, as two common, popular, and important vegetables grown worldwide, provide human beings with high quality fruit of flavor and aroma, and a high concentration of vitamins and antioxidants. Pepper and tomato production is frequently affected by various pathogens, including nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. Among those phytopathogens, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) causes a severe bacterial spot (BS) disease on pepper and tomato. The BS disease could cause a loss of approximately 10% of the total crop yield in the world. Breeding tomato and pepper cultivars with improved BS disease resistance is one of the most important breeding goals. A better understanding of the virulence mechanism of Xe could help breeders design new strategies for resistance breeding. In this dissertation, we characterized the virulence and avirulence functions of four Xe Type Three Secretion Effectors (T3Es): Xe-XopQ, Xe-XopX, Xe-XopN, and Xe-avrRxo1. Xe-XopQ is a Xe T3E that functions as a determinant of host specificity. Here, we further explored the virulent and avirulent functions of Xe-XopQ. We identified another T3E Xe-XopX that could interact with XopQ and subsequently elicit the hypersensitive response in N. benthamiana in the Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay and Xe-mediated disease assay. The interaction is confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation, co-immunoprecipitation and split luciferase assay. Intriguingly, we also revealed that XopX also interacts with multiple Xe T3Es including AvrBS2, XopN, XopB, and XopD in the co-IP assay. The virulent and avirulent functions of XopQ and AvrBS2 are compromised in the absence of Xe-XopX. Since XopX is conserved in diverse Xanthomonas spp., we speculate that Xe-XopX may have a general role required for the pathogenesis of Xe. Xe-XopN has been reported to be a T3E with virulence function via targeting host defense-related proteins, including atypical receptor-like kinase named TARK1 and a 14-3-3 protein to suppress the PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) triggered immunity upon Xe colonization of tomato. In this study, we revealed additional virulence mechanisms of Xe-XopN, where Xe-XopN, is required for triggering the water-soaking symptom on Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants infected with Xe. In addition, we identified that XopN interacts with a transcription factor, NbVOZ, and represses the expression of NPR1, a key component of the basal defense. Therefore, XopN has a role in maintaining a water-affluent environment for better replication of Xe, and it can also interact with NbVOZ1/2 to regulate plant immunity. AvrRxo1, a T3E of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), was previously identified to function as a NAD kinase. Here, we characterized a Xe T3E, Xe avrRxo1, that is a functional homologue of AvrRxo1, which is required for the full virulence of Xe to colonize the pepper and N. benthamiana plants. Overexpression of AvrRxo1 in bacterial or plant cells is toxic. Our group previously demonstrated AvrRxo1-ORF2 functions as an antitoxin that binds to AvrRxo1 to suppress its toxicity. In this study, we identified Xe4429 as the homologue of AvrRxo1-ORF2, which could interact with Xe-avrRxo1 to suppress its toxicity. We also revealed that Xe4429 could bind to the promoter of Xe-avrRxo1 and suppress its transcription. Therefore, we found Xe4429 encodes protein functions as an antitoxin and a transcription repressor in Xe bacterial cells. / Doctor of Philosophy / Peppers and tomatoes are two of the most important vegetables grown worldwide, providing humans with high quality of flavor and aroma, vitamins, and antioxidants. The pepper and tomato production is frequently threatened by various pathogens, including nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. Among those phytopathogens, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) causes a severe bacterial spot (BS) disease on peppers and tomatoes. The BS disease can be easily identified due to the appearance of the dark, irregular, water-soaked areas on the leaf, which can cause approximately 10% loss of the total yield of peppers and tomatoes. Breeding tomato and pepper cultivars with improved BS disease resistance is one of the most critical breeding goals. A better understanding of the virulence mechanism of Xe could help breeders to design new strategies for resistance breeding. In my seminar, I will discuss the virulence and avirulence functions of Xe type three secretion (T3S) effectors: Xe XopN, Xe XopQ, and Xe XopX. In my study, I identified Xe XopN is a key factor that regulates the development of the water-soaking symptom on pepper plants infected with Xe. In addition, we revealed Xe XopN interacts with a transcription factor NbVOZ to regulate the expression of NbNPR1 and PR1 genes expression, which may also contribute to the development of water-soaking phenotype. In addition, I identified that Xe XopN could interact with a transcription factor, NbVOZ, and represses the expression of NbNPR1, a key component of the basal defense, and the pathogenesis-related gene PR1. Therefore, Xe XopN has a role in regulating a water-affluent environment to promote bacterial proliferation in the infected plant tissue. Xe XopQ is a Xe T3S effector that functions as a determinant of host specificity. In my study, I identified another T3S effector Xe XopX that could interact with Xe XopQ to trigger the defense response in Nicotiana benthamiana. I also confirmed Xe XopQ physically interacts with Xe XopX inside of plant cells by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, co-immunoprecipitation and split luciferase assay. Intriguingly, Xe XopX could also interact with multiple Xe T3Es including AvrBS2 in a co-IP assay. The virulence and avirulent functions of Xe XopQ and AvrBS2 are compromised in the absence of Xe XopX.

Arbeitsplätze im Gartenbau sind trotz fortschreitender Mechanisierung durch einen hohen Anteil an Handarbeit gekennzeichnet. Die aktuellen Rahmenbedingungen im Gartenbau erfordern für die Zukunft einen effizienteren Einsatz des Faktors Arbeit in wirtschaftlichen und an Attraktivität gewinnenden Arbeitssystemen. Die Entwicklung solcher Systeme erfordert ein Verfahren zur objektiven Bewertung vorhandener und neuer Betriebs- und Arbeitsabläufe. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Weiterentwicklung eines auf der Verfolgung von Infrarot-Leuchtdioden basierenden 3-D-Bewegungsanalysesystems. Dazu wurde das Kamerasystem der Firma Wente/Thiedig um eine vom System unabhängige Software erweitert. Die für die Bewertung herangezogenen Indikatoren werden ausführlich beschrieben und im Ergebnisteil auf ihre Eignung überprüft. Aufgrund der digitalen Aufzeichnung der Bewegungen erhöht sich die Aussagekraft durch einen größeren Stichprobenumfang und eine höhere Messgenauigkeit erheblich. Um die Aussagekraft und den Erkenntnisgewinn aus den softwareseitig ermittelten Indikatoren zu überprüfen, wurden Anwendungsversuche mit verschiedenen Fragestellungen durchgeführt, die im zweiten Teil der Arbeit beschrieben werden. Am Beispiel der Produktauflage auf ein Förderband werden die Einflüsse spezifischer Gestaltungsparameter auf die Leistungsfähigkeit des Gesamtsystems verdeutlicht. Die Veränderung der Bandgeschwindigkeit wirkte sich stark auf die erzielten Leistungen aus. In einem weiteren Versuch werden zwei Sitzplätze auf Spargelerntehilfen über die Bewegungsanalyse miteinander verglichen. Mehrere Indikatoren belegen die Vorzüge des mit Kniepolstern ausgestatteten Sitzplatzes. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Versuche zeigen, dass es gelungen ist, zahlreiche relevante Indikatoren für den Vergleich der aufgezeichneten Bewegungen zu bilden. Der Nutzer gewinnt aus den Bewegungsdaten Informationen, die eine objektive Entscheidungsfindung ermöglichen. Als besonders wertvoll ist der Erkenntnisgewinn bezüglich einer menschengerechten Arbeitsplatzgestaltung zu bewerten, um für die Weiterentwicklung gartenbaulicher Arbeitssysteme neben der Wirtschaftlichkeit andere Entscheidungskriterien zu fördern. / Despite the fast technical progress modern horticultural work places still require a lot of manual work. The current development in the horticultural sector demands a more efficient implementation of manpower and an increasing attractiveness of simple manual tasks for the future. The design of such systems demands a method to objectively evaluate present and new work systems. This thesis describes a largely improved 3-D-motion analysis system based on the tracking of infrared light diodes. The camera system manufactured by Wente/Thiedig is extended by a newly developed independent software to evaluate the motion data. From the recorded motion data quantitative parameters and qualitative parameters are calculated. Several graphical functions within the new software facilitate the understanding of the motion data. The available objective measures of comparison are described in detail in chapter four. In the experiments they are reviewed for their suitability. The digital recording of the motion data allows a large sample size. Accuracy and explanatory power as well as the level of confidence are increased. To proof their suitability and the increase of information gained with the measures of comparison practical experiments were carried out. These are described in the fifth chapter of this thesis. A workstation for placing products on on a conveyor belt is varied to show the influence of design parameters on the operating efficiency. The speed of the conveyor movement strongly affected the output. In another experiment two seat constructions built for asparagus harvesting aids are compared by motion analysis. Several measures of comparison suggest to favor the seat with knee pads. The results from all practical experiments show that relevant measures of comparison were defined to successfully compare the motion data. The user of the newly developed analyzing program gains valuable information to make a truly impartial decision. The motion analysis systems enables scientists to gather a multitude of information out of one experiment, which formerly required a combination of several methods. A more of information to rate human factors is notedly valuable, encouraging the development of horticultural work systems towards incorporating economic and ergonomic criteria.

Le règne de Jayavarman IV est traditionnellement associé au site de Koh Ker dans l’histoire du Cambodge ancien. Ce souverain aurait abandonné la capitale angkorienne pour installer le siège de son pouvoir (921-941) à quelque cent vingt kilomètres plus à l’est, dans un lieu certainement peu peuplé – Chok Gargyar –, connu aujourd’hui sous le nom de Koh Ker. A sa mort, vers 944, son successeur Rājendravarman réinstalle la capitale à Angkor sans qu’on puisse vraiment expliquer ce retour : Koh Ker, dès lors abandonné par les rois, semblerait n’avoir pas survécu à cet abandon. Cependant, le nombre, l’importance et la diversité des monuments de la capitale de Jayavarman IV dépassent la période de règne et de construction de ce monarque. Il est donc permis d’admettre que l’abandon total – et immédiat – de Koh Ker par la population, après la disparition du roi, est peu vraisemblable. Son existence, au-delà des deux décennies de règne, semble confirmée par le témoignage de certains monuments dits du "style de Koh Ker", construits loin de l’éphémère capitale, tels le prasat Kravan à Angkor ou le prasat Neang Khmau dans la province de Takeo, pour ne citer que ces deux exemples. Notre travail s’est fixé comme but d’essayer d’étudier le plus de monuments possibles à partir des relevés anciens existants et de nos propres recherches : en effet, si les édifices du groupe de Koh Ker ont été répertoriés, ils n’ont jamais été véritablement analysés. En nous appuyant sur les vestiges, la statuaire et les inscriptions encore in situ nous avons essayé de faire une chronologie des bâtiments et de la statuaire, et d’en préciser le style. Une quarantaine d’inscriptions provenant de différents prasat – Thom, Krachap, Andong Kuk, Banteay Pir Choan, Chen, Damrei, Andong et Dan – renseigne sur les monuments de Koh Ker. Ces inscriptions sont écrites en deux langues – sanskrit et khmer –,évoquant les donations du roi et des dignitaires, l’érection des temples pour les dieux, la liste des esclaves, les noms des districts... Notre recherche, en quatre chapitres, porte donc sur le site de Koh Ker et de son roi Jayavarman IV, sur l’architecture, le décor et l’iconographie développés sous sa souveraineté. Il nous faut toutefois apporter une petite précision : si la zone monumentale de Koh Ker a été déminée en grande partie grâce à des crédits français, cette étude a dû tenir compte de la difficulté imposée par l’absence de chemins conduisant à certains sanctuaires dont la dépollution complète n’a pas pu être encore assurée. / The reign of Jayavarman IV (921-941) is traditionally associated with the site of Koh Ker in the history of ancient Cambodia. This sovereign had left the Angkorian capital to install the seat of his power to some one hundred and twenty kilometers to the east, probably in a sparsely populated place, Chok Gargyar, now known as Koh Ker. At his death, around 944, his successor Rajendravarman reinstalls the capital at Angkor. No one can really explain this return – Koh Ker, abandoned by the kings, seems not to have survived after this abandonment. However, the number, importance and diversity of the monuments of the capital of Jayavarman IV exceed the period of reign and the construction of this monarch. It is therefore permissible to assume that the immediate abandonment of Koh Ker by the people, after the death of the king, is hard to accept. Its existence, beyond the two-decade reign, seems confirmed by the testimony of some monuments so-called "style of Koh Ker" built away from the short-lived capital, such as Prasat Kravan at Angkor or Prasat Neang Khmau in Takeo province, to name just two examples. Our work’s goal is to study as many monuments as possible from existing old records and our own research: indeed, if the buildings of the group of Koh Ker have been identified, they never have been properly analyzed. Studying the remains, the statuary and the inscriptions still in situ we have tried to establish a chronology of the buildings and statuary, and specify the style. Forty inscriptions from different Prasats — Thom, Krachap, Andong Kuk, Banteay Pir Choan, Chen, Damrei, Andong and Dan — provide information on the monuments of Koh Ker. These inscriptions are written in two languages, Sanskrit and Khmer, and mention the donations of the King and various dignitaries, the erection of temples for the gods, a list of slaves and the names of the districts... Divided into four chapters, our research focuses on the site of Koh Ker and its king, Jayavarman IV. The architecture, decoration and iconography developed under his sovereignty are the main objectives of this study. However, we must make a clarification: if the monumental area of Koh Ker has been cleared in large part due to French credit, this study had to take into account the difficulty imposed by the absence of access to some monuments where a full clearance has not yet been secured.

In this Thesis experimental studies of nano-clusters using synchrotron radiation based photoelectron (UPS and XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) are presented. The investigations may be divided into two parts where the first reports on the structure of heterogeneous two component clusters, and the second concerns electronic decay processes. Using photoelectron spectroscopies as investigative tools the radial composition of heteroclusters of argon mixed with xenon, krypton or neon has been determined. Two methods of heterogeneous cluster production were employed: co-expansion and doping/pick-up. By analyzing the line shapes, energy positions, and widths of the spectral cluster features the radial composition of the clusters produced by co-expansion were found to form close-to-equilibrium structures, placing the component with larger cohesive energy in the cluster core while the second component was to varying degree segregated toward the surface. By instead using the doping/pick-up technique the opposite radial structures, i.e. far-from-equilibrium structures, may be formed. In the case of argon/krypton clusters a similar surface structure is formed regardless of production technique. The second part of the Thesis concerns post-ionization decay processes. Experimental evidence for the Interatomic Coulombic Decay process, a theoretically predicted decay channel, is presented in a study of homogeneous neon clusters. The time scale of the decay was determined to 6±1 fs for bulk atoms and >30 fs for surface atoms in the neon cluster, showing the connection between local geometry and dynamics of the decay. Another channel for electronic relaxation is Auger decay. This Thesis presents a method of disentangling the spectral surface and bulk responses from clusters in Auger spectra. Studies of argon clusters show that the AES technique is more surface sensitive than XPS, even at the same electron kinetic energy. Furthermore, the effect scattering of the photoelectron has on the Auger spectra was investigated. Special effort was put into explaining an experimentally observed photon energy dependent intensity appearing on the high-kinetic energy side on the Auger signal. We propose that this intensity is due to a solid state-specific photoelectron recapture process we name Pre-Auger Recapture (PAR), which affects the kinetic energy of the Auger electrons.

La présente étude s’inscrit dans le débat à propos d’une éventuelle « mutation féodale » autour de l’an mil. Il s’agit d’étudier l’aristocratie laïque durant les Xe et XIe siècles, en prêtant une égale attention aux ressorts matériels et idéologiques de sa domination sociale. La signification des transformations que connaît alors l’écriture diplomatique étant au cœur de la controverse, le choix a été fait de partir des sources hagiographiques originaires des abbayes d’Aurillac, Conques et Figeac. Mais le discours hagiographique présente ses propres biais. Afin de s’en prémunir au mieux, on a confronté autant que possible les affirmations des sources hagiographiques aux informations disponibles grâce à d’autres types de documents. La démonstration procède en deux étapes. En recourant aux méthodes de l’hagiologie, la première partie permet de contextualiser la production hagiographique et de s’interroger sur les conditions de sa réception : on s’aperçoit que si les textes latins sont d’abord destinés à être lus par des clercs, de multiples canaux de diffusion orale permettaient aux hagiographes de s’adresser également aux laïcs, en particulier à l’aristocratie. La seconde partie étudie l’évolution de la domination aristocratique à travers ce que permet d’en percevoir l’hagiographie. Elle montre qu’un certain nombre de transformations ont eu lieu dès le début du Xe siècle et permettent de parler d’une « mutation de l’an 900 » : l’émergence de la chevalerie, la mise en place de la féodalité, la montée en puissance des sires, l’importance des châteaux et des milites sont autant de phénomènes qui datent de cette époque. Toutefois, l’an mil connaît deux ajustements non négligeables : le redéploiement de l’identité aristocratique autour des châteaux et le passage d’une conception cognatique de la parenté noble à une autre d’avantage agnatique. / The present study falls within the scope of the debate about a possible “feudal mutation” around the year 1000. It is concerned with the study of lay aristocracy during the 10th and 11th centuries, by giving equal attention to ideological and material aspects of its social domination. Because the meaning of the transformations that affect diplomatic writing then is in the heart of the matter, we make the choice to work from the hagiographic narratives from the abbeys of Aurillac, Conques and Figeac. But there are also biases in the hagiographic discourse. In order to counterbalance their influence, we have compared as much as possible the data from hagiographic texts with the information available thanks to other types of documents. The demonstration is organized in two steps. Using the methods of hagiology, the first part contextualizes hagiographic production and questions the conditions of its reception: we are led to realize that, if the Latin texts are primaraly intented to be read by clerics, multiple oral channels allowed hagiographers to address also the laity, especially the aristocracy. The second part examines the evolution of aristocratic domination through what can be perceived in the hagiography. It shows that some transformations took place as early as the beginning of the 10th century and that we can therefore speak of “a mutation of the year 900”: the ermergence of chivalry, the establishment of feudalism, the rise of the lords, the importance of castles and milites are phenomena which date from this time. Howewer, there are two significant adjustments around the year 1000: aristocratic identity refocuses on castles and the the noble kinship moves from a cognatic conception to another more agnatic.

Der medizinische Fortschritt führte zu einer bis heute nicht abgeschlossenen Spezialisierung und Differenzierung medizinischer Fächer und hat zur Folge, daß der Arzt bei der Behandlung auf interärztliche Kooperation angewiesen ist. Der Patient kehrt jedoch häufig nach erfolgter fachärztlicher Behandlung nicht zum Hausarzt zurück, oder das Resultat wird nicht zurückgemeldet. Die Studie hatte die Aufgabe, diese Defizite in der ärztlichen Kooperation aufzudecken und die Effektivität interärztlicher Kooperationsbeziehungen zu untersuchen. Ziele waren die Beschreibung von Art und Umfang der außerhausärztlichen Behandlungen, die Untersuchung der Vollständigkeit von Überweisungsprozessen und die Analyse von Determinanten auf das Rückmeldeverhalten. In einer hausärztlich tätigen internistischen Praxis wurden die schriftlichen Mitteilungen und die Einträge über externe Behandlungen in der Befunddatei des Praxiscomputers aus einem Jahr erhoben. Zusätzlich standen aus einer Patientendatenbank retrospektiv die Daten aller Konsultationen in den letzten 3 Jahren für die Analyse zur Verfügung. Für über die Hälfte der Ein- und Überweisungen konnte keine Rückmeldung gefunden werden. Auf der anderen Seite hatten zwei Drittel der Mitteilungen keine Überweisung als Grundlage. Ein Fünftel der Informationen über externe Behandlungen, die den Hausarzt erreichten, resultierten aus Patienteninformationen während der Anamnese. Den größten Einfluß auf das Überweisungsgeschehen hatte die Häufigkeit des Hausarztbesuchs. Patienten mit häufigen Besuchen hatten öfter Überweisungen und Rückmeldungen und einen höheren Anteil vollständiger Überweisungsprozesse. / The medical progress led to an ongoing specialization and differentiation of medical specialities. As a result the physician depends on co-operation with colleagues. But the patient often doesn't return to the general practitioner after consultation of the consultant or the results are not reported back. The task of the study was to reveal deficits of physicians' co-operation and to examine the effectiveness of physicians' relationships. Aims were description of type and extent of consultants treatment, completeness of referrals and analysis of determinants for the feedback behaviour. Written reports and entries in the electronic patient-file about treatments of other physicians as the general practitioner were examined in a general practice during one year. In addition the data of a database, which contains all consultations in the last three years, were available for the analysis. More than half of the referrals didn't have a feedback. On the other hand two third of the feedback information don't base on a general practitioner's referral. One fifth of the information, which reaches the general practitioner, were information by patients during the anamnesis. The frequency of general practitioners consultations had highest influence on the referral process. Patients with frequent consultations had more often referrals, feedback information and a higher proportion of complete referral processes.