Pour évaluer les performances des systèmes de communications sans fil, un simulateur matériel de canal MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) est réalisé pour les nouveaux systèmes de communication. Il fournit la vitesse de traitement nécessaire et permet d’évaluer les performances en temps réel. Il permet de comparer les différents systèmes dans les mêmes conditions souhaitées. Les objectifs de ce travail concernent principalement les modèles de canal MIMO et l'architecture de bloc numérique du simulateur matériel.Le simulateur matériel conçu peut être configuré avec les nouveaux réseaux radio-mobiles (LTE) et les réseaux locaux sans fil (WLAN 802.11ac). Il utilise des modèles de canaux standardisés, comme le TGn IEEE 802.11n et le 3GPP-LTE, ou des résultats de mesures effectuées avec un sondeur de canalMIMO conçu et réalisé dans notre laboratoire. Récemment, le sondeur de canal a été utilisé au cours de campagnes de mesure pour des environnements à bord d’un navire et de l’extérieur-vers-l’intérieur (outdoor-to-indoor). Un algorithme est proposé pour que les réponses impulsionnelles mesurées soient compatibles avec la bande des signaux LTE. En outre, le modèle de Kronecker avec des évanouissements de Rayleigh est utilisé pour obtenir un canal variant dans le temps.Le simulateur doit être capable de reproduire différents types d'environnement. Dans ce contexte, de nombreux scénarios ont été proposés. Ils considèrent le mouvement à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur pour des environnements et des réseaux hétérogènes. Un algorithme est proposé et analysé pour basculer entre les environnements d’une manière continue. Ces réseaux offrent des services à travers un réseau cellulaire à l'aide du LTE et sont capables de maintenir le service lors du passage à un réseau local sans fil WLAN 802.11ac.Deux architectures pour le bloc numérique du simulateur matériel sont proposées. La première opère dans le domaine fréquentiel en utilisant des modules de transformée de Fourier rapide (FFT/IFFT). Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle architecture fréquentielle améliorée qui fonctionne avec des signaux d'entrée de longue durée est proposée. La seconde opère dans le domaine temporel en utilisant des filtres à Réponse Impulsionnelle Finie (FIR).Les architectures ont été implémentées sur des circuits programmables (FPGA : Field Programmable Gate Array) Virtex-IV de Xilinx. Leurs occupations sur FPGA, la précision des signaux de sortie et leur latence sont analysées et comparées. De plus, une solution basée sur un facteur d’échelle automatique (ASF: Auto-Scale Factor) est introduite pour augmenter la précision des signaux de sortie. / To evaluate the performance of the emerging mobile and wireless communication systems, a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel hardware simulator is designed and implemented using the recent communication standards. It provides the processing speed required to the real-time performance evaluation and allows comparing various systems in the same test conditions. The objectives of this work mainly concern the MIMO channel models and the digital block architecture of the hardware simulator. The hardware simulator can be configured with Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 802.11ac signals. It uses standard channel models, as 3GPP LTE and TGn IEEE 802.11n. It also allows replaying measurement results obtained with the MIMO channel sounder designed and realized at our laboratory. In fact, data obtained during measurement campaigns onboard a ship and for outdoor-to-indoor environments were used. The measured impulse responses are pre-processed in order to make them compatible with LTE or 802.11ac signals. Moreover, timevarying channel models are obtained using Kronecker model with Rayleigh fading.The simulator must be able to reproduce different types of environment. In this context, many scenarios considering realistic people movements have been proposed. They involve movements in outdoor, indoor, outdoor-to-indoor or heterogeneous environments. An algorithm is proposed and described to switch between the environments in a continuous manner. Heterogeneous wireless communication systems are also considered. These systems provide service through a cellular network using LTE standard and are able to maintain the service when switching to a WLAN 802.11ac, for example.Two architectures for the digital block of the hardware simulator are proposed. The first operates in the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT/IFFT) modules. A new improved frequency architecture that works for streaming mode input signals is proposed. The second operates in time domain using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters.The architectures of the digital block of the hardware simulator are implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Virtex-IV from Xilinx. Their occupation on the FPGA, the accuracy of the output signals and their latency are analyzed and compared. Moreover, a new algorithm, based on an Auto-Scale Factor (ASF), is added for the time domain architecture. This algorithm improves the precision of the output signals.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-08-04T11:41:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseHandoverUso.pdf: 2133192 bytes, checksum: ae58db52bf0b0c0d78cf1ef4fb5195c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-04T14:45:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseHandoverUso.pdf: 2133192 bytes, checksum: ae58db52bf0b0c0d78cf1ef4fb5195c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-04T14:45:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseHandoverUso.pdf: 2133192 bytes, checksum: ae58db52bf0b0c0d78cf1ef4fb5195c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O volume de tráfego de dados em redes celulares está crescendo exponencialmente. A explosão do uso de dispositivos e aplicações móveis nos últimos anos, tem levado a uma sobrecarga da infraestrutura da rede responsável pelo escoamento desse tráfego, afetando tanto o desempenho da rede quanto a experiência do usuário. Um dos elementos-chave nas redes LTE (Long Term Evolution) é a possibilidade de implantação de múltiplas femtocells para a melhoria de cobertura e taxa de dados. No entanto, as sobreposições arbitrárias na cobertura dessas células tornam a gestão do mecanismo de handover complexo e desafiador. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia para o estudo do impacto do handover em redes LTE com femtocells. A partir de uma abordagem de simulação discreta, os efeitos da implantação de femtocells foram avaliados. Objetivou-se com isso, mensurar os impactos e a correlação do uso de femtocell nos parâmetros de QoS (Quality of Service) e indicadores de desempenho de handover. / The volume of data traffic in mobile networks is growing exponentially. The explosion of mobile devices and applications in recent years has led to an overload of the network infrastructure responsible for disposing of this traffic, thus affecting the performance of the network as the user experience. One of the key elements in the networks (LTE) Long Term Evolution is the possibility of deploying multiple femtocells for the improvement of coverage and data rate. However, arbitrary overlapping coverage of these cells makes the handover mechanism complex and challenging. Thus, this dissertation proposes a methodology to study the impact of handover in LTE networks with femtocells. From a discrete simulation approach, the effects of the deployment of femtocells were evaluated. This study aimed to measure the impact and correlation of the use of femtocell parameters of QoS (Quality of Service) and performance indicators handover.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-30T16:45:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoInterferenciaSistemas.pdf: 1536813 bytes, checksum: e74f58ecc4d3a3178cd03951da93253f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-06T15:17:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoInterferenciaSistemas.pdf: 1536813 bytes, checksum: e74f58ecc4d3a3178cd03951da93253f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-06T15:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoInterferenciaSistemas.pdf: 1536813 bytes, checksum: e74f58ecc4d3a3178cd03951da93253f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / MCT/Moçambique - Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o impacto da interferência mútua entre os sistemas de Televisão Digital (DTV) e Long Term Evolution (LTE) em canal adjacente na faixa dos 700 MHz. Durante a análise, são determinadas mínimas distâncias de separação e bandas de guarda adequadas para garantir a coexistência dos sistemas nesta faixa de frequências. O impacto da interferência é avaliado em um cenário onde a Televisão digital e o LTE operam nos canais 51 e 52 respetivamente. Para obtenção dos resultados, este trabalho foi feito através de simulações de Monte Carlo. Quatro classes de Televisão Digital foram consideradas durante as simulações: classe Especial, classe A, classe B e classe C. Os resultados mostram que, as classes Especial, A e B causam interferência no LTE e que o impacto desta interferência depende da banda de guarda e também da distância de separação entre os dois sistemas. Além disso, os resultados mostram também que o aumento da largura de banda do sistema LTE só tem maior impacto se o LTE for o sistema interferido. Entretanto, os resultados mostraram que é possível a coexistência dos sistemas LTE e TVD nesta faixa desde que distâncias de isolamento e bandas de guarda adequadas sejam respeitadas. / This work aims to analyze the impact of mutual interference between digital television (DTV) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems in adjacent channels in the 700 MHz band. During the analysis, minimum separation distances and adequate guard bands between the systems are determined to ensure their coexistence in this band. The interference impact is evaluated in a scenario where the DTV and LTE operate on channels 51 and 52 respectively. In order to obtain the results, this study was made through Monte Carlo simulations. Four classes of Digital Television were considered during the simulations: Special class, class A, class B and class C. The results show that the classes Special, A and B cause interference with the LTE, and the impact of such interference depends on the guard band and also the separation distance between the systems. Furthermore, the results also show that increasing the LTE bandwidth only has a greater impact if the LTE is the victim system. However, the coexistence of LTE and DTV systems in this band is possible once isolation distances and adequate guard bands respected.

Abstract The demand in mobile broadband communications is increasing dramatically. It is expected that 1000 times more mobile-network capacity will be needed within 10 years. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configuration and spatial multiplexing are among the essential techniques for reaching the targets. This creates motivation for study of advanced receivers for combating inter-antenna interference (IAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). While various receiver structures have been extensively considered for MIMO receivers, the emphasis has been on those operating in downlink orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDM) systems, wherein ISI is not a problem. Advanced receiver structures for single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink systems were studied and analysed. Various receivers were compared via MATLAB simulations, with the objective being to gain solid understanding of how they perform in different channel environments. An efficient combination of IAI and ISI equalisation for SC-FDMA receivers is proposed. The proposed receiver architecture is shown to be a considerable improvement over the conventional linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver. Several MIMO detector algorithms and their performance–complexity characteristics are presented. The K-best algorithm with a list size of 8 is shown to be the best option for practical MIMO detector implementation of this receiver in the 4x4 MIMO 64-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scenario. The second objective involved examining the implementation aspects of the 8-best receiver to achieve good understanding of the complexity of various implementation architectures. It emerged that avoiding the sorting operation in the 8-best list sphere detector (LSD) tree-search algorithm implementation is not recommendable in the 4x4 MIMO 64-QAM scenario. Several field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations were carried out, with a range of high-level synthesis (HLS) tools. It is shown that HLS tools have improved significantly and are especially favourable for prototyping of large designs. Additionally, the importance of FPGA technology selection is addressed. Smaller silicon technology should be exploited if base-station baseband processing power consumption is to be minimised. The potential performance or complexity-related gain with the latest FPGAs should be taken into account in comparison of the performance–complexity characteristics of the algorithms. Differences of a few tens of per cent in estimated complexity or performance between two algorithms are often below the threshold of what can be gained or lost in the practical implementation process. / Tiivistelmä Tiheään asuttujen kaupunkien uudet langattomat palvelut tarvitsevat tietoliikenneverkkoja, jotka mahdollistavat suuremman tiedonsiirtonopeuden ja kapasiteetin kuin sen, jonka nykyiset mobiiliverkot voivat tarjota. On arveltu, että mobiiliverkkojen kapasiteetin tarve tuhatkertaistuu seuraavan kymmenen vuoden aikana. Tuhatkertainen kapasiteetti on arvioitu saavutettavan kasvattamalla kolmea eri osa-aluetta kymmenkertaiseksi: taajuusspektrin määrä, spektrin käytön tehokkuus sekä tukiasematiheys. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy spektrin käytön tehokkuuden kasvattamiseen. Moniantennitoteutus (multiple-input multiple-output, MIMO) on siinä välttämätön. MIMO-tekniikkaa hyödyntävien solukkojärjestelmien tukiasemavastaanottimissa tarvitaan melko monimutkainen kanavakorjain sekä ilmaisin, joiden algoritmien optimointi ja toteutus ymmärretään vielä sangen puutteellisesti. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen päätavoitteena on tutkia edistyksellisiä vastaanotinrakenteita, joilla saavutetaan LTE-A-standardin tavoitetiedonsiirtonopeus kohtuullisella kompleksisuudella. Työssä keskitytään ns. nousevaan siirtosuuntaan (uplink) eli päätelaitteesta tukiasemaan tapahtuvaan tiedonsiirtoon, jossa käytetään yhden kantoaallon taajuusjakomonikäyttötekniikkaa (single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access, SC-FDMA) ortognaalisen taajuusjakomonikäytön (orthogonal frequency division multiple access, OFDMA) sijaan. Eri vastaanotinrakenteita ja näiden ilmaisinalgoritmeja vertaillaan tietokonesimuloinnein MATLAB-ympäristössä. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan kaksiosaista vastaanotinrakennetta, jossa antennien välinen keskinäishäiriö (inter antenna interference, IAI) ja symbolien välinen keskinäisvaikutus (intersymbol interference, ISI) poistetaan kahdessa eri vaiheessa. Tietokoneimulaatiot osoittavat ko. rakenteen parantavan suorituskykyä huomattavasti perinteiseen lineaariseen keskineliövirheen minimoivaan (linear minimum mean square error, LMMSE) vastaanottimeen verrattuna. Nk. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin listan koolla kahdeksan todetaan tarjoavan 4x4 MIMO 64-tasoisen kvadratuuriamplitudimodulaation (quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM) ympäristössä parhaan kompromissin suorituskyvyn ja kompleksisuuden suhteen. Käytännön toteutettavuuden kannalta keskitytään ohjelmoitavaan digitaalipiiritoteutukseen (field-programmable gate array, FGPA) ja ns. korkean tason synteesi (high-level synthesis, HLS) -työkalujen käyttöön vastaanottimen suunnittelussa. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin arkkitehtuurivertailut osoittavat, että sinänsä vaativaa lajittelualgoritmia ei aina kannata yrittää välttää kirjallisuudessa aikaisemmin ehdotetulla ratkaisulla. Useita eri HLS työkaluja käytetään FPGA toteutuksissa ja todetaan että työkalut ovat kehittyneet huomattavasti viimeisen kahdeksan vuoden aikana. Lisäksi todetaan, että 16 nm viivanleveyden piireillä voidaan saavuttaa noin 15 % suurempi ilmaisunopeus ja 60 % pienempi tehonkulutus verrattuna 28 nm viivanleveyttä käyttäviin piireihin. Erityisesti potentiaali tehonkulutuksen minimoiseksi kannattaa hyödyntää, mikäli signaalinkäsittely näyttelee merkittävää roolia vastaanottimen kokonaistehonkulutuksessa. Kokonaisuutena todetaan, että toteutukseen liittyvät valinnat sekä vaikutus lopputulokseen, tulisi ottaa huomioon jo algoritmien valinnassa. Pieni ero kahden eri algoritmin suorituskyvyn välillä häviää helposti toteutusvaiheen ratkaisujen vaikutusten alle.

As wireless communications is becoming an increasingly important part of ourevery day lives, the amount of transmitted data is constantly growing, creating ademand for ever-increasing data rates. One of the technologies used for boostingdata rates is carrier aggregation, which allows for wireless units to combine multipleconnections to the cellular network. However, there is a limited number ofpossible combinations defined, meaning that there is a need to search for the bestcombination in any given setup. This thesis introduces software capable of organizingthe defined combinations into tree structures, simplifying the search foroptimal combinations as well as allowing for visualizations of the connectionspossible. In the thesis, a proposed method of creating these trees is presented,together with suggestions on how to visualize important combination characteristics.Studies has also been made on different tree traversal algorithms, showingthat there is little need for searching through all possible combinations, but thata greedy approach has a high performance while substantially limiting the searchcomplexity. / I samband med att trådlösa kommunikationssystem blir en allt större del av våraliv och mängden data som skickas fortsätter att stiga, skapas en efterfrågan förökade datatakter. En av teknologierna som används för att skapa högre datatakterär bäraraggregering (carrier aggregation), som möjliggör för trådlösa enheteratt kombinera flertalet uppkopplingar mot det mobila nätverket. Det finns dockbara ett begränsat antal kombinationer definierade, vilket skapar ett behov av attsöka upp den bästa kombinationen i varje givet tillfälle. Detta arbete introducerarmjukvara som organiserar dessa kombinationer i trädstrukturer, vilket förenklarsökning efter optimala kombinationer tillsammans med möjligheten att visualiserade potentiella uppkopplingarna. I arbetet presenteras en föreslagen metodför att skapa dessa träd, tillsammans med uppslag på hur viktiga egenskaperhos kombinationerna kan visualiseras. Olika trädsökningsalgoritmer har ocksåundersökts, och det visas att det inte är nödvändigt att söka igenom hela träd.Istället visar sig giriga algoritmer ha hög prestanda, samtidigt som sökstorlekenkan hållas kraftigt begränsad.

行動寬頻技術在21世紀這個人手一機的今日，為一非常重要且背後蘊藏龐大商業利益的產業。正因此等商機，使得行動寬頻技術標準，自2G、3G直到今日即將進入4G以來，始終存在複雜的授權糾紛，包括關鍵技術的認定、合理權利金費率的訂定，以至可能引發之競爭法規範問題，在在都顯示出此產業對人類社會的影響，以及業者、國家對此領域所投注之高度關注。 本論文以2G以來，各個通訊世代所生之授權紛爭為例，分析通訊標準制訂過程將會面臨的問題。並在最後檢視我國通訊產業之結構，就此特性來分析我國通訊業者之優勢與列勢。在行動通訊產業這種具有高度「贏者全拿（Winner takes all）」的領域中，我國業者究竟應如何在此種高度競爭的領域中生存，進而與國際接軌，當為我國政府與通訊業者須認真思考之議題。

<p><p>In order to keep up with the increasing demand on speed and reliability in modern wireless systems, new standards have to be introduced. By using Multiple Input Multiple Output technology (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technologies the performance can be increased dramatically. Forthcoming standards such as WLAN 802.11n, WiMax and 3GPP LTE are all taking advantage of MIMO technology. To perform realistic tests with these standards it is often not enough to run software simulations in for example Matlab. Instead, as many real world parameters as possible need to be included. This can be done using a testbed, like the LiUMIMO, that actually transmits and receives data through the air.</p><p>The LiUMIMO is designed as a Software Defined Radio (SDR), only the RF front end and the data log are implemented in hardware, while all signal processing will be performed in Matlab.</p></p>

<p>3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a project of the Third Generation Partnership Project to improve the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions. Two duplex schemes FDD and TDD are investigated in this thesis. Several computational intensive components of the baseband processing for LTE uplink such as synchronization, channel estimation, equalization, soft demapping, turbo decoding is analyzed. Cost analysis is hardware independent so that only computational complexity is considered in this thesis. Hardware dependent discussion for LTE baseband SDR platform is given according the analysis results.</p>

<p>The use of relays is seen as a promising way to extend cell coverage and increase rates in LTE Advanced networks. Instead of increasing the number of base stations (BS), relays with lower cost could provide similar gains. A relay will have a wireless link to the closest BS as only connection to the core network and will cover areas close to the cell edge or other areas with limited rates.</p><p>Performing transmissions in several hops (BS-relay & relay-user) requires more radio resources than using direct transmission. This thesis studies how the available radio resources should be allocated between relays and users in order to maximize throughput and/or fairness. Time and frequency multiplexed backhaul is investigated under a full buffer traffic assumption. It is shown that the system will be backhaul limited and that the two ways of multiplexing will perform equally when maximising throughput and/or fairness. The analysis results in a set of throughput/fairness suboptimal solutions, dependant on how many relays are used per cell. The results are verified by simulations, which also show the limiting effects on throughput caused by interference between relays.</p><p>It is also analysed how the resource allocation should be done given non-fullbuffer traffic. A resource allocation that minimises packet delay given a certain number of relays per cell is presented. The analysis is based on queuing theory.</p><p>Finally some different schedulers and their suitability for relay networks are discussed. Simulation results are shown, comparing the throughput and fairness of Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin, Proportional Fairness and Weighted Proportional Fairness schemes. It is shown that allocating the resource among the relays according to the number of users served by the relays improves the fairness.</p>

<p>The new mobile standard Long Term Evolution delivers high data rates, small delay and a more efficiently utilized RF spectrum. A solution to maintain this performance in user dense areas or areas with bad reception is the deployment of so-called femtocells. Femtocells are small base stations that are deployed indoors and share the RF spectrum with the whole mobile network. The idea is that femtocells will increase mobile operators network coverage and capacity while it at the same time increase users data throughput. There are several challenges with femtocells, both technical and economical ones. The most debated issues is how femtocells should schedule users while operating in an environment where other femtocells and base stations are interfering. In this work we developed a simulation tool to simulate the scheduling interaction between femtocells and base stationsin order to show the performance of radio resource schedulers. This rapport also aims to evaluate an approach to a femtocell scheduler to solve this issue in a satisfying way. The report gives a description of the structure of the implemented simulation tool together with some reflections on how future designs of similar or more complex simulation environments could be done.</p>