Ce travail traite de la fiabilité des composants électroniques de puissance comme les MOSFET et les IGBT affectés par l'Environnement Radiatif Naturel dans lequel ils évoluent. Cette problématique fait, de nos jours, partie intégrante de la fiabilité des composants. Alors qu'elle concernait initialement les composants destinés à travailler en environnement radiatif sévère du type spatial ou aéronautique, l'évolution et la complexité de l'électronique embarquée, qui peut interagir avec ce type d'environnement et avoir des effets potentiellement dommageables, nous amène à prendre en compte ces contraintes radiatives comme le cas d'ion lourd. C'est dans ce cadre que nous avons effectué les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire. Des simulations utilisant les outils Synopsys TCAD ont été menées afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de défaillances comme le Single Event Burn-out (SEB) et le Single Event Latch-up (SEL) ainsi que la définition de critères de déclenchement, de comportement et de la sensibilité de différents composants (VDMOS, SJ-MOSFET, IGBT planar et IGBT trench). Ces études nous ont permis de proposer et d'évaluer des solutions de durcissement au niveau de design permettant la désensibilisation contre les phénomènes de déclenchement liés aux structures parasites.

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L’instabilité des cavités souterraines (mines, carrières, tunnels,…) peut induire les mouvements de terrains d’amplitude suffisante pour endommager les bâtiments et les infrastructures en surface. Les méthodes traditionnelles, utilisées dans les pratiques d’ingénieur pour prévoir les déformations dans les structures, sont basées sur les caractéristiques des mouvements de terrain en condition de terrain vierge sans prendre en compte l’effet de la présence des structures en surface. L’objectif de cette thèse est de prédire les déformations des ouvrages en tenant compte de l’influence de l’interaction sol-structure, d’une part ; et d’évaluer la performance d’une solution de protection (tranchée périphérique), d’autre part. Cela a été achevé par la réalisation d’études paramétriques utilisant deux approches complémentaires : une approche expérimentale à l’aide d’un modèle réduit physique 3D sous gravité normale et une modélisation numérique 3D par la méthode des éléments finis. En particulier l’effet d’un certain nombre de paramètres géométriques et mécaniques a pu être investigué dans l’étude de l’interaction sol-structure : la position de la structure par rapport à la cuvette d’affaissement, le poids de la structure et la raideur relative entre le sol et la structure. Concernant l’étude de l’efficacité de tranchées périphériques, l’effet de la position de la structure, de la position de la tranchée vis-à-vis de la structure et de la rigidité de la tranchée a été analysé. Les résultats obtenus ont abouti à une meilleure compréhension du problème d’interaction sol-structure et ont montré l’importance de cet effet qui doit être pris en compte dans l’évaluation de la vulnérabilité du bâti. Le transfert des mouvements du sol à la structure est faible (moins de 2,5%), dans le cas modélisé : structure rigide et interface glissante. Les différents résultats ont permis par ailleurs de mettre en évidence l’efficacité de la tranchée périphérique pour réduire les sollicitations affectant les structures. La tranchée doit être remplie avec un matériau très déformable et surtout placée à une distance de l’ordre d’un mètre de la structure. / The instability of underground cavities due to mining or tunneling activities can induce surface ground movements which damage overlying buildings and infrastructures. The conventional design methods, used in engineering practices to assess the structure’s deformations, are based on greendfield ground movements without taking into account the effect of the surface structure. The objective of this thesis is to predict the building deformations by taking the in-fluence of the soil-structure interaction into consideration, and to evaluate the performance of a mitigation technique (peripheral trench). This has been achieved by performing parametric studies using both the experimental approach by means of a 3D small-scale physical model under earth gravity condition and the 3D finite element numerical modeling. In particular the effect of building position, building weight, and relative stiffness of building and underlying soil has been investigated in the soil-structure interaction study. Concerning the trench effectiveness analysis, the effect of building position, trench position relatively to the building, and the trench stiffness has been investigated. The results of these investigations have led to a better understanding of the soil-structure interaction problem and have pointed out the importance of this effect which should be taken into account for building damage assessment. The transfer of ground movements to the buildings is low (less than 2.5%) for the modeled case: stiff structure and sliding contact. In addition, the results have proved the effectiveness of the peripheral trench to reduce the ground movements affecting the buildings. The trench should be filled with a very deformable material and located at a distance of around one meter from the building.

The slip behaviour of subduction faults and the viscoelastic rheology of Earth’s mantle govern crustal deformation throughout the subduction earthquake cycle. This Ph.D. dissertation presents research results on two topics: (1) coseismic and postseismic slip of the shallowest segment of subduction faults and (2) postseismic deformation following great subduction earthquakes controlled by mantle viscoelasticity. Topic 1: Slip behaviour of the shallowest subduction faults. By modelling high-resolution cross-trench bathymetry surveys before and after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake, we determine the magnitude and distribution of coseismic slip over the most near-trench 40 km of the Japan Trench megathrust. The inferred > 60 m average slip and a gentle increase by 5 m towards the trench over this distance indicate moderate degree of net coseismic weakening of the shallow fault. Using near-trench seafloor and sub-seafloor fluid pressure variations as strain indicators in conjunction with land-based geodetic measurements, we determine coseismic-slip and afterslip distributions of the 2012 Mw 7.6 Costa Rica earthquake. Here, trench-breaching slip similar to the Tohoku-oki rupture did not occur during the earthquake, but afterslip extended to the trench axis and reached ~0.7 m over 1.3 years after the earthquake, exhibiting a velocity-strengthening behaviour. These two contrasting examples bracket a possibly wide range of slip behaviour of the shallow megathrust. They help us understand why large tsunamis are generated by some but not all subduction earthquakes. Topic 2: Postseismic deformation following great subduction earthquakes. Due to the asymmetry of megathrust rupture, with the upper plate undergoing greater coseismic tension than the incoming plate, viscoelastic stress relaxation causes the trench and land areas to move in opposite, opposing directions immediately after the earthquake. Seafloor geodetic measurements following the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, modelled in this work, provided the first direct observational evidence for this effect. Systematic modelling studies in this work suggest that such viscoelastic opposing motion should be common to all Mw ≥ 8 subduction earthquakes. As the effect of viscoelastic relaxation decays with time and the effect of fault relocking becomes increasingly dominant, the dividing boundary of the opposing motion continues to migrate away from the rupture area. Comparative studies of ten 8 ≤ Mw ≤ 9.5 subduction earthquakes in this dissertation quantifies the primary role of earthquake size in controlling the “speed” of the evolution of this deformation. Larger earthquakes are followed by longer-lived opposing motion that affects a broader region of the upper plate. / Graduate

Cette thèse est une étude sur la caractérisation, la modélisation et l’optimisation des effets substrat dans les circuits intégrés, dédies à des applications WLAN.L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie d’extraction qui prenne en compte tous les parasites ; à savoir les modèles RLCK distribués, les effets électromagnétiques, ainsi que le couplage substrat.Les effets substrat ont été optimisés grâce au développement de nouvelles structures d’isolation utilisant des tranches profondes d’isolation (DTI).La prédictibilité des simulations circuits a été améliorée grace à l’introduction d’une nouvelle méthodologie d’extraction, basée sur une approche quasi-statique prenant en compte avec précision la description exacte et complète du procédé BiCMOS ainsi que les pertes dans le substrat, aussi bien diélectriques que résistives.La validité de cette méthodologie a été évaluée en comparant les résultats de simulation avec les mesures sur silicium. La bonne corrélation des résultats démontre la pertinence de cette nouvelle méthodologie. Cette méthode permet de plus, de réduire le « time to maket » grâce à l’optimisation des temps de simulations. / This thesis is about characterization, modelling and optimization of substrate effects in integrated circuits, dedicated to WLAN applications.The objective of this thesis is to develop a new extraction methodology that takes into account all parasites; distributed RLCK models, electromagnetic effects, as well as substrate coupling.Substrate effects have been optimized through the development of a new insulation strategies using deep isolation isolation (DTIs).The circuit predictability has been improved thanks to the development of a new extraction methodology, based on a quasi-static approach taking into account the complete description of the BiCMOS process as well as the substrate loss, both capacitive and resistive effects.The validation of this methodology was evaluated by comparing simulation results with silicon measurements. The good correlation of the obtained results demonstrates the accuracy of this new methodology. This method also makes it possible to reduce the time to market thanks to the optimization of the simulation times.

Herstellung anwendungsbezogener SiO2- Grabenstrukturen im sub-μm-Bereich durch RIE und ICP-Prozesse.

The steep forearc slope along the northern sector of the obliquely convergent Hikurangi subduction zone is characteristic of non-accretionary and tectonically eroding continental margins, with reduced sediment supply in the trench relative to further south, and the presence of seamount relief on the Hikurangi Plateau. These seamounts influence the subduction process and the structurally-driven geomorphic development of the over-riding margin of the Australian Plate frontal wedge. The Poverty Indentation represents an unusual, especially challenging and therefore exciting location to investigate the tectonic and eustatic effects on this sedimentary system because of: (i) the geometry and obliquity of the subducting seamounts; (ii) the influence of multiple repeated seamount impacts; (iii) the effects of structurally-driven over-steeping and associated widespread occurrence of gravitational collapse and mass movements; and (iv) the development of a large canyon system down the axis of the indentation. High quality bathymetric and backscatter images of the Poverty Indentation submarine re-entrant across the northern part of the Hikurangi margin were obtained by scientists from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) (Lewis, 2001) using a SIMRAD EM300 multibeam swath-mapping system, hull-mounted on NIWA’s research vessel Tangaroa. The entire accretionary slope of the re-entrant was mapped, at depths ranging from 100 to 3500 metres. The level of seafloor morphologic resolution is comparable with some of the most detailed Digital Elevation Maps (DEM) onshore. The detailed digital swath images are complemented by the availability of excellent high-quality processed multi-channel seismic reflection data, single channel high-resolution 3.5 kHz seismic reflection data, as well as core samples. Combined, these data support this study of the complex interactions of tectonic deformation with slope sedimentary processes and slope submarine geomorphic evolution at a convergent margin. The origin of the Poverty Indentation, on the inboard trench-slope at the transition from the northern to central sectors of the Hikurangi margin, is attributed to multiple seamount impacts over the last c. 2 Myr period. This has been accompanied by canyon incision, thrust fault propagation into the trench fill, and numerous large-scale gravitational collapse structures with multiple debris flow and avalanche deposits ranging in down-slope length from a few hundred metres to more than 40 km. The indentation is directly offshore of the Waipaoa River which is currently estimated to have a high sediment yield into the marine system. The indentation is recognised as the “Sink” for sediments derived from the Waipaoa River catchment, one of two target river systems chosen for the US National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded MARGINS “Source-to-Sink” initiative. The Poverty Canyon stretches 70 km from the continental shelf edge directly offshore from the Waipaoa to the trench floor, incising into the axis of the indentation. The sediment delivered to the margin from the Waipaoa catchment and elsewhere during sea-level high-stands, including the Holocene, has remained largely trapped in a large depocentre on the Poverty shelf, while during low-stand cycles, sediment bypassed the shelf to develop a prograding clinoform sequence out onto the upper slope. The formation of the indentation and the development of the upper branches of the Poverty Canyon system have led to the progressive removal of a substantial part of this prograding wedge by mass movements and gully incision. Sediment has also accumulated in the head of the Poverty Canyon and episodic mass flows contribute significantly to continued modification of the indentation by driving canyon incision and triggering instability in the adjacent slopes. Prograding clinoforms lying seaward of active faults beneath the shelf, and overlying a buried inactive thrust system beneath the upper slope, reveal a history of deformation accompanied by the creation of accommodation space. There is some more recent activity on shelf faults (i.e. Lachlan Fault) and at the transition into the lower margin, but reduced (~2 %) or no evidence of recent deformation for the majority of the upper to mid-slope. This is in contrast to current activity (approximately 24 to 47% shortening) across the lower slope and frontal wedge regions of the indentation. The middle to lower Poverty Canyon represents a structural transition zone within the indentation coincident with the indentation axis. The lower to mid-slope south of the canyon conforms more closely to a classic accretionary slope deformation style with a series of east-facing thrust-propagated asymmetric anticlines separated by early-stage slope basins. North of the canyon system, sediment starvation and seamount impact has resulted in frontal tectonic erosion associated with the development of an over-steepened lower to mid-slope margin, fault reactivation and structural inversion and over-printing. Evidence points to at least three main seamount subduction events within the Poverty Indentation, each with different margin responses: i) older substantial seamount impact that drove the first-order perturbation in the margin, since approximately ~1-2 Ma ii) subducted seamount(s) now beneath Pantin and Paritu Ridge complexes, initially impacting on the margin approximately ~0.5 Ma, and iii) incipient seamount subduction of the Puke Seamount at the current deformation front. The overall geometry and geomorphology of the wider indentation appears to conform to the geometry accompanying the structure observed in sandbox models after the seamount has passed completely through the deformation front. The main morphological features correlating with sandbox models include: i) the axial re-entrant down which the Poverty Canyon now incises; ii) the re-establishment of an accretionary wedge to the south of the indentation axis, accompanied by out-stepping, deformation front propagation into the trench fill sequence, particularly towards the mouth of the canyon; iii) the linear north margin of the indentation with respect to the more arcuate shape of the southern accretionary wedge; and, iv) the set of faults cutting obliquely across the deformation front near the mouth of the canyon. Many of the observed structural and geomorphic features of the Poverty Indentation also correlate well both with other sediment-rich convergent margins where seamount subduction is prevalent particularly the Nankai and Sumatra margins, and the sediment-starved Costa Rican margin. While submarine canyon systems are certainly present on other convergent margins undergoing seamount subduction there appears to be no other documented shelf to trench extending canyon system developing in the axis of such a re-entrant, as is dominating the Poverty Indentation. Ongoing modification of the Indentation appears to be driven by: i) continued smaller seamount impacts at the deformation front, and currently subducting beneath the mid-lower slope, ii) low and high sea-level stands accompanied by variations on sediment flux from the continental shelf, iii) over-steepening of the deformation front and mass movement, particularly from the shelf edge and upper slope.

This thesis studies the clash between the hero and the First World War in the works of Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen. It explores the impact on their poetry and attitude towards the concept of the hero as it applied to them as people and poets. The study shows that over prolonged contact with the horrors of the First World War, it is evident in both literary sources and their poetry that both Sassoon and Owen changed their attitudes negatively towards both the idea of heroes and heroism, as well as the War as a just and glorious cause.  However, the myth of the hero was still a core belief of their society, and in order to not be branded cowards and discarded along with their warnings, they had to become heroes in the eyes of their society, to openly attack the concept and the war it fueled. This thesis then studies how and why First World War poetry and literature should be utilized within the subject of English in the Swedish School System, as a means to provide a multicultural and critical education.