Propósito: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade primária com análise de freqüência de ressonância e a resposta óssea por histomorfometria em implantes sob tratamento com carga imediata e carga precoce. Material e método: Foram colocados três implantes Replace Select (Nobel Biocare, Suécia) em cada lado da mandíbula de 8 cães, totalizando 48 implantes no estudo. Um par de implantes foi selecionado para o protocolo de carga imediata (CI). Após sete dias, o segundo par de implantes recebeu as próteses para o protocolo de carga precoce (CP). Catorze dias após a colocação dos implantes, o terceiro par de implantes recebeu as próteses para o protocolo de carga precoce tardia (CPT). Em cada período foi medida a estabilidade dos implantes por freqüência de ressonância. Após o período total de doze semanas da colocação das próteses os animais foram sacrificados e os espécimes foram preparados para análise histomorfométrica. As diferenças entre os tempos de carregamento para os seguintes parâmetros: estabilidade, contato ossoimplante (COI), densidade óssea (DO) e perda da crista óssea (PCO) foram avaliadas usando ANOVA. Resultados: Os valores iniciais de estabilidade (ISQ) dos implantes foram: 77,88 ± 4,61 para CI, 79,73 ± 3,55 para CP e 79,64 ± 3,00 para CPT, sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,30). Os valores finais de estabilidade foram 80,46 ± 4,23 para CI, 81,88 ± 3,55 para CP e 81,88 ± 3,42 para CPT, também sem diferença estatística (p=0,47). Para avaliar a estabilidade dos implantes em função do tempo, foi realizada ANOVA para amostras repetidas e para cada grupo foi detectado aumento significativo da estabilidade ao final do experimento (p=0,003). A interação método de carregamento versus tempo não foi significativa (p=0,97). A porcentagem de COI para CI foi 77,9 ± 1,71%, para CP foi 79,25 ± 2,11% e para CPT foi 79,42 ± 1,49%. A porcentagem de DO para CI foi 69,97 ± 3,81%, para CP foi 69,23 ± 5,68% e para CPT foi 69,19 ± 2,90%. A PCO para CI foi 1,57 ± 0,22 mm, para CP foi 1,23 ± 0,19 mm e para CPT foi 1,17 ± 0,32 mm. Não foi observada diferença estatística para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados (p>0,05). Conclusão: Considerando a estabilidade primária, contato osso-implante, densidade óssea ao redor do implante e perda da crista óssea em cães, conclui-se que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes num prazo de até 12 semanas para implantes submetidos à ativação imediata, em 7 dias ou 14 dias após a cirurgia. / Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the implant stability through frequency resonance analysis and the effect that different loading time will have on the bone response around implants through a histomorphometric analysis. Material and Methods: Three Replace Select implants were placed on each side of the mandible in 8 dogs totaling 48 implants in the study. One pair of implants was selected for immediate loading protocol (IL). After seven days the second pair of implants received the prostheses for the early loading protocol (EL). In each period, the implant stability measurements were performed by means of resonance frequency. After 12 weeks, a new reading of the implant stability was performed. Fourteen days after the implant placement the third pair of implants received the prostheses for the advanced early loading (AEL). Following a period totaling twelve weeks of prosthetics, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were prepared for histomorphometric analysis. The differences between loading time in the following parameters: bone-to-implant contact (BIC), bone density (BD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were evaluated through ANOVA. Results: The mean values of initial stability (ISQ) in different loading times were 77.88 ± 4.61 (IL), 79.73 ± 3.55 (EL) and 79.64 ± 3.00 (AEL). The data were subject to ANOVA and a significant difference was not detected (p = 0.30). The mean values of final stability in different loading times were 80.46 ± 4.23 (IL), 81.88 ± 3.55 (EL) and 81.88 ± 3.42 (AEL). The data were subject to ANOVA and a significant difference was not detected (p = 0.47). To evaluate the implant stability in function of time, a variance analysis for repeated samples was performed, and there was significant difference (p = 0.003), indicating, for each group, a significant increase in stability at the end of the experiment. The time versus method interaction did not show significant difference (p = 0.97), indicating that the variations are similar in the studied groups. The percentage of BIC for IL was 77.9 ± 1.71%, for EL was 79.25 ± 2.11% and for AEL was 79.42 ± 1.49%. The percentage of BD for IL was 69.97 ± 3.81%, for EL was 69.23 ± 5.68% and for AEL was 69.19 ± 2.90%. The CBL for IL was 1.57 ± 0.22mm, for EL was 1.23 ± 0.19mm and for AEL was 1.17 ± 0.32mm. There was no statistical difference for any of the parameters evaluated (p>0.05). Conclusion: Considering primary stability, bone-to-implant contact, bone density around the implants and crestal bone loss, there are no significant differences until 12 weeks after surgery for the stability of immediate, 7 or 14 days after placement activated implants.

This thesis starts from the proposition that the ethical meat discourse that is, the discourse recognizing that factory farming is unacceptable while maintaining that it is possible to produce meat in an acceptable way — has not been thoroughly analyzed. Indeed, both the partisans of this idea and the animal rights literature provide oversimplified analyses of this relatively new phenomenon. Considering its explosion in popularity since Michael Pollan published the essay “An Animal's Place” in The New York Times Magazine in 2002, this lack of research is particularly problematic for the animal rights movement as this new discourse directly counters its objectives. As such, this thesis uses Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution to develop a richer analysis of the apparent marginalizing effect that this discourse has on the animal rights movement. More precisely, the thesis addresses the question: “If the emergence of the ethical meat discourse is understood as part of a passive revolution, what can the specific process of passive revolution tell us about the impacts of the ethical meat discourse on the animal rights movement?” It argues that the passive revolution operates on two levels: (1) it depoliticizes the issue of meat consumption by presenting it as irrelevant and reducing it to technical details and (2) it absorbs the moderate elements of the animal rights movement by proposing an attractive alternative. Both of these processes lead to the marginalization of the few animal advocacy organizations still criticizing ethical meat. The analysis is divided in three parts. The first and second analyze respectively the content of the discourse and internal dynamics of the coalition formed around it using Maarten Hajer’s concept of discourse-coalition. Building on this comprehensive understanding of the ethical meat discourse, the actual process of passive revolution is analyzed by looking at the way the meat industry, environmental organizations and animal advocacy organizations engage with it.

In this study, the effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, are examined through the Proboscis Extension Response (PER) in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PER is a form of classical conditioning applied to honey bees through scent and reward association which quantifies learning rates. Results between groups treated with thiamethoxam did not differ significantly from untreated control groups. Potential reasons for these results are discussed. The method and experimental apparatus for testing the PER assay are also discussed.

Large carnivores in human care have been reported to engage in stereotypic behaviors. Such behavior is thought to be correlated with high stress levels, in part, due to captive environments limiting opportunities for functional consequences and environmental stimuli. Moreover, there are several arguments stating that stereotypic behaviors can be indicative of poor welfare, as they can often have severe negative emotional and physical effects on the animal. The first portion of this study included a five-phase treatment analysis which evaluated whether environmental manipulations decrease the frequency of stereotypic behaviors including pacing, over-grooming and tail-sucking exhibited by a single male jaguar housed at Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible environmental variables that were reported by staff as likely variables maintaining or promoting stereotypic behavior. Data collection occurred during a 10-week evaluation and followed an ABCAD reversal design. Both behavioral data and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels were analyzed. The second portion of this analysis included a multi-institutional survey to assess the prevalence of the stereotypic behaviors exhibited by zoo-housed jaguars in North American AZA-accredited institutions. Results from the behavioral assessment revealed a decrease in stereotypic behaviors with the implementation of treatment conditions. Hormone analyses revealed that stereotypic pacing is not presently correlated with higher stress levels for this animal. Finally, survey results revealed that a significant portion of the North American jaguar population engages in stereotypic behaviors. Further analyses are necessary to identify potential patterns or environmental predictors for the development of stereotypic behaviors.

This thesis examines philosophical controversies surrounding the evaluation of medical treatments, with a focus on the evidential roles of randomised trials and mechanisms in Evidence-Based Medicine. Current 'best practice' usually involves excluding non-randomised trial evidence from systematic reviews in cases where randomised trials are available for inclusion in the reviews. The first paper challenges this practice and evaluates whether adding of evidence from non-randomised trials might improve the quality and precision of some systematic reviews. The second paper compares the alleged methodological benefits of randomised trials over observational studies for investigating treatment benefits. It suggests that claims about the superiority of well-conducted randomised controlled trials over well-conducted observational studies are justified, especially when results from the two methods are contradictory. The third paper argues that postulating the unpredictability paradox in systematic reviews when no detectable empirical differences can be found requires further justification. The fourth paper examines the problem of absence causation in the context of explaining causal mechanisms and argues that a recent solution (Barros 2013) is incomplete and requires further justification. Solving the problem by describing absences as causes of 'mechanism failure' fails to take into account the effects of absences that lead to vacillating levels of mechanism functionality (i.e. differences in effectiveness or efficiency). The fifth paper criticises literature that has emphasised functioning versus 'broken' or 'non-functioning' mechanisms emphasising that many diseases result from increased or decreased mechanism function, rather than complete loss of function. Mechanistic explanations must account for differences in the effectiveness of performed functions, yet current philosophical mechanistic explanations do not achieve this. The last paper argues that the standard of evidence embodied in the ICE theory of technological function (i.e. testimonial evidence and evidence of mechanisms) is too permissive for evaluating whether the proposed functions of medical technologies have been adequately assessed and correctly ascribed. It argues that high-quality evidence from clinical studies is necessary to justify functional ascriptions to health care technologies. / <p>QC 20150312</p>

Informada pelos pressupostos da área interdisciplinar conhecida como estudos animais, esta tese propõe uma leitura a contrapelo das figuras animais na literatura, na qual elas não são entendidas apenas como metáforas de certos aspectos da vida humana, mas como presenças textuais com um estatuto de personagens e, nessa condição, são interrogadas em sua alteridade. A questão central em pauta é: o que a metáfora diz sobre os animais e sobre a relação entre os animais e os seres humanos e o que significa des-figurar a metáfora e explorar a possibilidade de re-significar, a partir da textualidade ficcional, a relação humano-animal. Para tanto, desenho um panorama dos estudos animais, abordando o estado da arte no Brasil, inserindo tais estudos nas possibilidades de inovação no campo da literatura comparada. A seguir, elaboro um aporte teórico a partir da filosofia animal de Jacques Derrida, ao qual incorporo e coloco em discussão posicionamentos teóricos de Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) e Naas (2010) sobre a questão em pauta. Por fim, realizo leituras comparadas entre A metamorfose (1915), de Franz Kafka, e Porcarias (1996), de Marie Darrieussecq, ambos sobre o tornar-se animal, e entre Flush (1933), de Virginia Woolf, e Timbuktu (1999), de Paul Auster, ambos sobre a domesticação de animais. / Following the tenets of the interdisciplinary area of animal studies, this dissertation presents a reading of animal figures in literature against the grain, which means that they are not taken only as metaphors of certain aspects of human life but as textual presences with a status assigned to characters and, in this condition, are interrogated in their alterity. The central question to be explored is: what the animal metaphor says about animals and the relation of animal and human beings and what it means to de-figure the metaphor in order to explore the possibility of re-signifying, in ficcional textualities, the human/animal relation. In order to address these issues, I draw a panorama of animal studies, including the state of the art in Brazil, to contend that this area adds to the possibilities of innovation in the field of comparative literature. Then, I consider a theoretical framework of Jacques Derrida’s animal philosophy, also discussing theoretical positions of Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) and Naas (2010) on this topic. Finally, I propose comparative readings of Franz Kafka’s The metamorphosis (1915) and Marie Darrieussecq’s Pig tales (1996), from the perspective of becoming animal, and of Virginia Woolf’s Flush (1933) and Paul Auster’s Timbuktu (1999), both on domesticating animals.

Informada pelos pressupostos da área interdisciplinar conhecida como estudos animais, esta tese propõe uma leitura a contrapelo das figuras animais na literatura, na qual elas não são entendidas apenas como metáforas de certos aspectos da vida humana, mas como presenças textuais com um estatuto de personagens e, nessa condição, são interrogadas em sua alteridade. A questão central em pauta é: o que a metáfora diz sobre os animais e sobre a relação entre os animais e os seres humanos e o que significa des-figurar a metáfora e explorar a possibilidade de re-significar, a partir da textualidade ficcional, a relação humano-animal. Para tanto, desenho um panorama dos estudos animais, abordando o estado da arte no Brasil, inserindo tais estudos nas possibilidades de inovação no campo da literatura comparada. A seguir, elaboro um aporte teórico a partir da filosofia animal de Jacques Derrida, ao qual incorporo e coloco em discussão posicionamentos teóricos de Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) e Naas (2010) sobre a questão em pauta. Por fim, realizo leituras comparadas entre A metamorfose (1915), de Franz Kafka, e Porcarias (1996), de Marie Darrieussecq, ambos sobre o tornar-se animal, e entre Flush (1933), de Virginia Woolf, e Timbuktu (1999), de Paul Auster, ambos sobre a domesticação de animais. / Following the tenets of the interdisciplinary area of animal studies, this dissertation presents a reading of animal figures in literature against the grain, which means that they are not taken only as metaphors of certain aspects of human life but as textual presences with a status assigned to characters and, in this condition, are interrogated in their alterity. The central question to be explored is: what the animal metaphor says about animals and the relation of animal and human beings and what it means to de-figure the metaphor in order to explore the possibility of re-signifying, in ficcional textualities, the human/animal relation. In order to address these issues, I draw a panorama of animal studies, including the state of the art in Brazil, to contend that this area adds to the possibilities of innovation in the field of comparative literature. Then, I consider a theoretical framework of Jacques Derrida’s animal philosophy, also discussing theoretical positions of Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) and Naas (2010) on this topic. Finally, I propose comparative readings of Franz Kafka’s The metamorphosis (1915) and Marie Darrieussecq’s Pig tales (1996), from the perspective of becoming animal, and of Virginia Woolf’s Flush (1933) and Paul Auster’s Timbuktu (1999), both on domesticating animals.

Propósito: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade primária com análise de freqüência de ressonância e a resposta óssea por histomorfometria em implantes sob tratamento com carga imediata e carga precoce. Material e método: Foram colocados três implantes Replace Select (Nobel Biocare, Suécia) em cada lado da mandíbula de 8 cães, totalizando 48 implantes no estudo. Um par de implantes foi selecionado para o protocolo de carga imediata (CI). Após sete dias, o segundo par de implantes recebeu as próteses para o protocolo de carga precoce (CP). Catorze dias após a colocação dos implantes, o terceiro par de implantes recebeu as próteses para o protocolo de carga precoce tardia (CPT). Em cada período foi medida a estabilidade dos implantes por freqüência de ressonância. Após o período total de doze semanas da colocação das próteses os animais foram sacrificados e os espécimes foram preparados para análise histomorfométrica. As diferenças entre os tempos de carregamento para os seguintes parâmetros: estabilidade, contato ossoimplante (COI), densidade óssea (DO) e perda da crista óssea (PCO) foram avaliadas usando ANOVA. Resultados: Os valores iniciais de estabilidade (ISQ) dos implantes foram: 77,88 ± 4,61 para CI, 79,73 ± 3,55 para CP e 79,64 ± 3,00 para CPT, sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,30). Os valores finais de estabilidade foram 80,46 ± 4,23 para CI, 81,88 ± 3,55 para CP e 81,88 ± 3,42 para CPT, também sem diferença estatística (p=0,47). Para avaliar a estabilidade dos implantes em função do tempo, foi realizada ANOVA para amostras repetidas e para cada grupo foi detectado aumento significativo da estabilidade ao final do experimento (p=0,003). A interação método de carregamento versus tempo não foi significativa (p=0,97). A porcentagem de COI para CI foi 77,9 ± 1,71%, para CP foi 79,25 ± 2,11% e para CPT foi 79,42 ± 1,49%. A porcentagem de DO para CI foi 69,97 ± 3,81%, para CP foi 69,23 ± 5,68% e para CPT foi 69,19 ± 2,90%. A PCO para CI foi 1,57 ± 0,22 mm, para CP foi 1,23 ± 0,19 mm e para CPT foi 1,17 ± 0,32 mm. Não foi observada diferença estatística para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados (p>0,05). Conclusão: Considerando a estabilidade primária, contato osso-implante, densidade óssea ao redor do implante e perda da crista óssea em cães, conclui-se que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes num prazo de até 12 semanas para implantes submetidos à ativação imediata, em 7 dias ou 14 dias após a cirurgia. / Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the implant stability through frequency resonance analysis and the effect that different loading time will have on the bone response around implants through a histomorphometric analysis. Material and Methods: Three Replace Select implants were placed on each side of the mandible in 8 dogs totaling 48 implants in the study. One pair of implants was selected for immediate loading protocol (IL). After seven days the second pair of implants received the prostheses for the early loading protocol (EL). In each period, the implant stability measurements were performed by means of resonance frequency. After 12 weeks, a new reading of the implant stability was performed. Fourteen days after the implant placement the third pair of implants received the prostheses for the advanced early loading (AEL). Following a period totaling twelve weeks of prosthetics, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were prepared for histomorphometric analysis. The differences between loading time in the following parameters: bone-to-implant contact (BIC), bone density (BD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were evaluated through ANOVA. Results: The mean values of initial stability (ISQ) in different loading times were 77.88 ± 4.61 (IL), 79.73 ± 3.55 (EL) and 79.64 ± 3.00 (AEL). The data were subject to ANOVA and a significant difference was not detected (p = 0.30). The mean values of final stability in different loading times were 80.46 ± 4.23 (IL), 81.88 ± 3.55 (EL) and 81.88 ± 3.42 (AEL). The data were subject to ANOVA and a significant difference was not detected (p = 0.47). To evaluate the implant stability in function of time, a variance analysis for repeated samples was performed, and there was significant difference (p = 0.003), indicating, for each group, a significant increase in stability at the end of the experiment. The time versus method interaction did not show significant difference (p = 0.97), indicating that the variations are similar in the studied groups. The percentage of BIC for IL was 77.9 ± 1.71%, for EL was 79.25 ± 2.11% and for AEL was 79.42 ± 1.49%. The percentage of BD for IL was 69.97 ± 3.81%, for EL was 69.23 ± 5.68% and for AEL was 69.19 ± 2.90%. The CBL for IL was 1.57 ± 0.22mm, for EL was 1.23 ± 0.19mm and for AEL was 1.17 ± 0.32mm. There was no statistical difference for any of the parameters evaluated (p>0.05). Conclusion: Considering primary stability, bone-to-implant contact, bone density around the implants and crestal bone loss, there are no significant differences until 12 weeks after surgery for the stability of immediate, 7 or 14 days after placement activated implants.

Informada pelos pressupostos da área interdisciplinar conhecida como estudos animais, esta tese propõe uma leitura a contrapelo das figuras animais na literatura, na qual elas não são entendidas apenas como metáforas de certos aspectos da vida humana, mas como presenças textuais com um estatuto de personagens e, nessa condição, são interrogadas em sua alteridade. A questão central em pauta é: o que a metáfora diz sobre os animais e sobre a relação entre os animais e os seres humanos e o que significa des-figurar a metáfora e explorar a possibilidade de re-significar, a partir da textualidade ficcional, a relação humano-animal. Para tanto, desenho um panorama dos estudos animais, abordando o estado da arte no Brasil, inserindo tais estudos nas possibilidades de inovação no campo da literatura comparada. A seguir, elaboro um aporte teórico a partir da filosofia animal de Jacques Derrida, ao qual incorporo e coloco em discussão posicionamentos teóricos de Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) e Naas (2010) sobre a questão em pauta. Por fim, realizo leituras comparadas entre A metamorfose (1915), de Franz Kafka, e Porcarias (1996), de Marie Darrieussecq, ambos sobre o tornar-se animal, e entre Flush (1933), de Virginia Woolf, e Timbuktu (1999), de Paul Auster, ambos sobre a domesticação de animais. / Following the tenets of the interdisciplinary area of animal studies, this dissertation presents a reading of animal figures in literature against the grain, which means that they are not taken only as metaphors of certain aspects of human life but as textual presences with a status assigned to characters and, in this condition, are interrogated in their alterity. The central question to be explored is: what the animal metaphor says about animals and the relation of animal and human beings and what it means to de-figure the metaphor in order to explore the possibility of re-signifying, in ficcional textualities, the human/animal relation. In order to address these issues, I draw a panorama of animal studies, including the state of the art in Brazil, to contend that this area adds to the possibilities of innovation in the field of comparative literature. Then, I consider a theoretical framework of Jacques Derrida’s animal philosophy, also discussing theoretical positions of Calarco (2008), Krell (2013), Lawlor (2007) and Naas (2010) on this topic. Finally, I propose comparative readings of Franz Kafka’s The metamorphosis (1915) and Marie Darrieussecq’s Pig tales (1996), from the perspective of becoming animal, and of Virginia Woolf’s Flush (1933) and Paul Auster’s Timbuktu (1999), both on domesticating animals.

Using an exploratory approach, this master thesis aims to provide an understanding of the issues around wildlife films as possible study objects. In the first part, this is made by examining some perspectives of the recent field of the Human-Animal Studies (HAS), which seeks to provide an interdisciplinary look at the several issues affecting the vast range of ethical, emotional, symbolic interactions between humans and nonhuman animals. The research also tries to enumerate some of the main theoretical, formal and historiographical questions on this matter with an analysis of the documentary film and wildlife film genres. In its final part, this master thesis embarks on an examination of Jacques Perrin´s Winged Migration (2001) and Luc Jacquet s March of the Penguins (2005) with the assumption that they can serve to demonstrate the importance and the complexity of animal representation in film. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer, a partir de uma perspectiva principalmente exploratória e bibliográfica, um olhar para os chamados wildlife films, ou filmes de vida selvagem, enquanto objetos de pesquisa. Esse esforço é realizado em um primeiro momento com o auxílio do recente campo de pesquisa dos Human-Animal Studies, que buscam compreender de maneira interdisciplinar as diversas problemáticas que afetam a imensa gama de interações éticas, afetivas, simbólicas entre os humanos e os animais não humanos. A pesquisa também empreende, nesse bojo, um estudo do documentário e do subgênero em questão em uma análise teórica e na descrição de um breve trajeto historiográfico. Em seguida, em um segundo momento, é realizada uma análise, ainda dentro da proposta exploratória do estudo, dos filmes Migração Alada (2001), de Jacques Perrin, e A Marcha dos Pinguins (2005), de Luc Jacquet.