This study is a first of its kind for New Zealand journalism education, following 20 students at two different schools throughout a year-long training programme. It used two methods to gain a deeper understanding: a discourse analysis of their news stories written at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the year, and retrospective protocol analysis, to provide insight into their thinking processes, through their taped reflections. The research found that journalism education controlled by the New Zealand Journalists Training Organisation still resembles that of 20 years ago, despite increasing numbers of students learning journalism as part of degree programmes. Students are trained for the media industry through learning by doing. They receive basic instruction and then are expected to perfect their skills by practising their writing and to learn the conventions and routines of the media industry through socialisation and work experience. In the first half of the year, the students developed some skills in writing the traditional inverted-pyramid news stories. However, by the end of the year, their news writing showed technical signs of regression. Firstly, they were not writing in a succinct, clear fashion, emphasising news values. Secondly, they had been inadequately trained to write outside of the inverted-pyramid news story or to use popular “soft” lead sentences, so that their writing tended towards being promotional. Thirdly, journalism institutions strongly favour subediting by tutors and this detracted from the students gaining understanding of their own writing and being able to self-monitor and evaluate it. Lastly, they failed to show the critical thinking skills and independence necessary for a professional journalist so that they could research thoroughly, reflect deeply and write entertaining, informative and important news stories with flair. Their reflections confirmed these findings, suggesting some stress and disillusionment. The students could “declare” what they knew about writing a news story but could not put it into practice. They blamed their failure to write high quality news stories on the pressures of the course, the deadlines and high volumes of stories. The gaps in their journalism education were also revealed through what was not mentioned in their taped reflections: in particular, they failed to mention the importance of news values in making their stories more appealing. The major influence at first was the students’ tutors, followed by work experience and the “real world” of the media industry. The concentration on job skills and gaining a job coupled with a lack of knowledge and discussion provided the students with an incomplete understanding of the pressures of the media industry they were entering. The study recommends more debate about journalism education and more research, as well as a change away from “learning by doing” to a more critical, reflective approach.

<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur elever och deras lärare uppfattar kemi-laborationer. Genom litteraturstudier har jag sökt vad som ligger till grund för det laborativa arbetssättet. Jag har därefter använt mig av en kvalitativ metod och intervjuat sju elever samt deras klasslärare, i år fyra och fem, om hur de upplevt ett antal kemilaborationer och vad de lärt sig genom att utföra dessa. De flesta elever tyckte att det var roligt att laborera. De kom ihåg vad de hade gjort, men visste oftast inte varför resultatet blev som det blev. Deras egen uppfattning av vad de själva lärt sig var ofta inte kopplat till laborationerna, utan till lärarens teorigenomgångar. Läraren var positiv till arbetssättet och såg framförallt en fördel med att det förde med sig andra sidoeffekter än att just förstå kemin, t.ex. samarbetsträning och övning i själva utförandet.</p>

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur elever och deras lärare uppfattar kemi-laborationer. Genom litteraturstudier har jag sökt vad som ligger till grund för det laborativa arbetssättet. Jag har därefter använt mig av en kvalitativ metod och intervjuat sju elever samt deras klasslärare, i år fyra och fem, om hur de upplevt ett antal kemilaborationer och vad de lärt sig genom att utföra dessa. De flesta elever tyckte att det var roligt att laborera. De kom ihåg vad de hade gjort, men visste oftast inte varför resultatet blev som det blev. Deras egen uppfattning av vad de själva lärt sig var ofta inte kopplat till laborationerna, utan till lärarens teorigenomgångar. Läraren var positiv till arbetssättet och såg framförallt en fördel med att det förde med sig andra sidoeffekter än att just förstå kemin, t.ex. samarbetsträning och övning i själva utförandet.

Learning-by-doing learning environments support a wealth of physical engagement in activities. However, there is also a lot of variability in what participants learn in each enactment of these types of environments. Therefore, it is not always clear how participants are learning in these environments. In order to design technologies to support learning in these environments, we must have a greater understanding of how participants engage in learning activities, their goals for their engagement, and the types of help they need to cognitively engage in learning activities. To gain a greater understanding of participant engagement and factors and circumstances that promote and inhibit engagement, this dissertation explores and answers several questions: What are the types of interactions and experiences that promote and /or inhibit learning and engagement in learning-by-doing learning environments? What are the types of configurations that afford or inhibit these interactions and experiences in learning-by-doing learning environments? I explore answers to these questions through the context of two enactments of Kitchen Science Investigators (KSI), a learning-by-doing learning environment where middle-school aged children learn science through cooking from customizing recipes to their own taste and texture preferences. In small groups, they investigate effects of ingredients through the design of cooking and science experiments, through which they experience and learn about chemical, biological, and physical science phenomena and concepts (Clegg, Gardner, Williams,&Kolodner, 2006). The research reported in this dissertation sheds light on the different ways participant engagement promotes and/or inhibits cognitive engagement in by learning-by-doing learning environments through two case studies. It also provides detailed descriptions of the circumstances (social, material, and physical configurations) that promote and/or inhibit participant engagement in these learning environments through cross-case analyses of these cases. Finally, it offers suggestions about structuring activities, selecting materials and resources, and designing facilitation and software-realized scaffolding in the design of these types of learning environments. These design implications focus on affording participant engagement in science content and practices learning. Overall, the case studies, cross-case analyses, and empirically-based design implications begin to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the design and implementation of these learning environments. This is demonstrated by providing detailed and explanatory examples and factors that affect how participants take up the affordances of the learning opportunities designed into these learning environments.

The purpose of this development project is to create a model for working with a high school project in Electrical and Energy Program. It should be conducted in a form like companies do according to the goals from The Swedish National Agency for Education. In order to fully perform this we use the concept of Young Entrepreneurship.   The model is created according to the new conditions from The National Electrical Safety Board. There is now an exception saying that a student during education is released from the demand of employment that is the normal procedure where you are under supervision from a certified electrician. During the project there has been theoretical and practical examinations in order to clear out the advantages and disadvantages using this model, but also to examine whether it is useful in the future and to what extent it can be used.   The result indicates that the model is useful and fulfills the goals from The Swedish National Agency for Education but that the model has its limitations and difficulties. In a future implementation of the model it should be conducted in a small scale with a few students. The result also shows that a project according to this model set high demands on the tutor (supervisor) that the students need from the branch. Voices from the teachers and the principal during the evaluation say that "the model is exciting and very good since it is for real".

This study is a first of its kind for New Zealand journalism education, following 20 students at two different schools throughout a year-long training programme. It used two methods to gain a deeper understanding: a discourse analysis of their news stories written at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the year, and retrospective protocol analysis, to provide insight into their thinking processes, through their taped reflections. The research found that journalism education controlled by the New Zealand Journalists Training Organisation still resembles that of 20 years ago, despite increasing numbers of students learning journalism as part of degree programmes. Students are trained for the media industry through learning by doing. They receive basic instruction and then are expected to perfect their skills by practising their writing and to learn the conventions and routines of the media industry through socialisation and work experience. In the first half of the year, the students developed some skills in writing the traditional inverted-pyramid news stories. However, by the end of the year, their news writing showed technical signs of regression. Firstly, they were not writing in a succinct, clear fashion, emphasising news values. Secondly, they had been inadequately trained to write outside of the inverted-pyramid news story or to use popular “soft” lead sentences, so that their writing tended towards being promotional. Thirdly, journalism institutions strongly favour subediting by tutors and this detracted from the students gaining understanding of their own writing and being able to self-monitor and evaluate it. Lastly, they failed to show the critical thinking skills and independence necessary for a professional journalist so that they could research thoroughly, reflect deeply and write entertaining, informative and important news stories with flair. Their reflections confirmed these findings, suggesting some stress and disillusionment. The students could “declare” what they knew about writing a news story but could not put it into practice. They blamed their failure to write high quality news stories on the pressures of the course, the deadlines and high volumes of stories. The gaps in their journalism education were also revealed through what was not mentioned in their taped reflections: in particular, they failed to mention the importance of news values in making their stories more appealing. The major influence at first was the students’ tutors, followed by work experience and the “real world” of the media industry. The concentration on job skills and gaining a job coupled with a lack of knowledge and discussion provided the students with an incomplete understanding of the pressures of the media industry they were entering. The study recommends more debate about journalism education and more research, as well as a change away from “learning by doing” to a more critical, reflective approach.

abstract: This paper presents a two-period general equilibrium model that incorporates the firm's learning-by-doing under the green subsidies. I use a dynamic version of the Dixit-Stiglitz monopolistic competition model to analyze the impact of the introduction of green subsidies in the presence of pre-existing effluent taxes. I first show that the introduction of green subsidies promotes the demand for green goods, and consumers are better off each period. I then show that even when the green subsidies directly accrue to consumers, firms in the green sector also benefit via boosted demand for green goods. The learning-by-doing effect accelerates the speed of expansion of the green sector in the face of green subsidies. On the other hand, even when the demand for the green goods increases, and greater pollution may result from meeting the increased demand as a whole, environmental quality may still improve if the technology is good enough to sufficiently boost the net positive impact of green consumption on the environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Economics 2013

För att barn ska kunna utveckla en språklig förmåga krävs det att läraren förser eleverna med en undervisning där tillvägagångssättet innefattar de rätta verktygen. Ett av undervisningssättet är att tillämpa TPR- metoden. TPR, står för Total Physical Response och är en metod som bygger på att läraren förmedlar instruktioner på engelska och eleverna visar förståelse genom att använda kroppsspråket i form av gester, miner och andra rörelser. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att undersöka vad det finns för tidigare forskning hur TPR, total physical response, kan länkas ihop med språkinlärning, lärares attityd till att använda TPR- metoden samt hur metoden kan stödja elever i lärandet i engelska som andraspråk inom årskurs F-3. Resultatet i litteraturstudien har skett systematiskt vilket innebär en tolkning av vad tidigare forskare har kommit fram till. Det som upptäckts genom analysen är indikationer om positiv effekt av tillämpning av TPR-metoden och att metoden nyttjas bäst när fler kombinationer av aktiviteter som berör TPR får utövas samtidigt. Med hänsyn till examensarbetets resultat kan förslag över vidare forskning handla om elevers reaktioner om tillämpning av TPR- metoden i engelskundervisningen. / <p>Engelska</p>

Detta examensarbete undersöker hur nyexaminerade socionomer upplever att utbildningen förberett dem inför yrkeslivet efter examen från Malmö universitet. I studien undersöks också hur socionomerna resonerar kring utbildningens innehåll samt utformning. Studiens resultat visar tydligt att nyexaminerade socionomer vid Malmö universitet inte känner sig redo för sin professionella roll i yrkeslivet. Studien visar att en av de främsta kunskaperna socionomerna upplever sig sakna är samtalsmetodik och även är något som enligt resultatet behöver förändras samt förbättras i utbildningen. Studien visar även att socionomerna önskar en tydligare koppling mellan de teoretiska delarna av utbildningen och den praktiska verkligheten. Socionomernas upplevelse är att mer tid i utbildningen behöver innefatta praktiskt lärande, då det teoretiska upplevs ta allt för stor plats av studierna. / This study examines the experience of newly examined social workers at Malmö University. In particular, it examines to what extent their education has prepared them for the work that awaits them after graduating and their opinion of the educational content. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that students, when graduating from Malmö University, do not feel prepared to address people in the role of a professional social worker. It shows that one of the most important skills this group experience to be lacking is how to conduct a professional conversation with people in need, and that they would like the education to better prepare them in methods of communication. Moreover, the study shows that the newly examined social workers would like the theoretical content of the education to better linked with the practical reality. On this topic, their experience is that theory comprises too much of the educational content, and that more time should be dedicated to practical learning.

Denna studie belyser vilka olika aspekter som påverkar varför eller varför inte lärare väljer att använda sig av utomhuspedagogik i biologiundervisningen. Bakgrunden till arbetet kommer från att det enligt forskning stärker elevernas lärande att använda sig av utomhuspedagogik samt att det finns hälsofördelar med att vistas utomhus. Trots detta är det inte självklart att alla lärare väljer denna arbetsmetod i undervisningen. Syftet med detta arbete har därför varit att ta reda på vad som påverkar lärare att göra valet att använda sig av utomhuspedagogik i biologi. Den huvudsakliga aspekten var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning olika ämnesinnehåll i biologi påverkar om utomhuspedagogik används eller inte. Datainsamlingen har gjorts genom en enkätundersökning via internet som besvarats av lärare. Frågorna i enkäten har varit av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa slag för att öka trovärdigheten av insamlade data som gjorts. Det resultatet visar är att det främst är det egna intresset hos läraren som spelar roll för användandet av undervisning utomhus. Värt att nämna är dock att få personer har deltagit i eller fullföljt hela enkäten vilket påverkat möjligheten att generalisera resultaten.