<p>Ledning är en av de sex militära grundförmågorna i vår doktrin, ledningens syfte är att inrikta en militär insats mot ett gemensamt militärt mål och att samordna de militära resurser som behövs för att lösa uppgiften. Vår doktrin har till uppgift att förmedla ett gemensamt förhållningssätt för att skapa ett gemensamt språk mellan staber, chefer och underlydande som underlättar ledning. Doktrinen till trots så finns en begreppsförvirring inom ledning där <em>att leda</em>, <em>ledning</em> och <em>ledarskap</em> inte särskiljs den här undersökningen studerar varför det råder en begreppsförvirring inom ledning.</p><p>Genom en jämförande studie mellan den svenska doktrinen och den brittiska motsvarigheten mäter undersökningen hur väl doktrinerna skildrar ett ledningssystem och förmedlar ett militärt ledarskap i förhållande till de två teorierna; <em>dynamiska OODA-loopen</em> och <em>utvecklande ledarskap.</em></p><p>Undersökningens resultat pekar på att den svenska doktrinen beskriver hur funktionen ledning ska genomföras för att befrämja uppdragstaktik. Begreppsförvirringen uppstår eftersom den svenska doktrinen beskriver ett hur men inte ett varför eller ett vad ledning ska göra, vilket ger olika beskrivningar av ledning på olika militära ledningsnivåer</p> / <p>Command is one of the six Functions in combat, the role of command is to direct a military action to a common effect by coordinating the military recourses at its disposal and solve a mission. The Swedish doctrine is to establish a framework of understanding in order to create a common language that will promote a mutual understanding. Despite our doctrine the conception of command is indistinct and the purpose of this study is to examine why.</p><p>The study will illustrate the differences by which the Swedish doctrine and its British counterpart portraits command. By comparing the differences to the theory of a <em>Decision-Action-Cycle</em> and the <em>transformational leadership</em> the common understanding will be measured.</p><p>The result indicates that command in the Swedish doctrine is not described as a functioning but as to promote <em>Mission</em><em> command</em>. By describing how command is to promote Mission command it is given several meanings pending on the level of command, thereby an indistinct conception of command</p>

Ledning är en av de sex militära grundförmågorna i vår doktrin, ledningens syfte är att inrikta en militär insats mot ett gemensamt militärt mål och att samordna de militära resurser som behövs för att lösa uppgiften. Vår doktrin har till uppgift att förmedla ett gemensamt förhållningssätt för att skapa ett gemensamt språk mellan staber, chefer och underlydande som underlättar ledning. Doktrinen till trots så finns en begreppsförvirring inom ledning där att leda, ledning och ledarskap inte särskiljs den här undersökningen studerar varför det råder en begreppsförvirring inom ledning. Genom en jämförande studie mellan den svenska doktrinen och den brittiska motsvarigheten mäter undersökningen hur väl doktrinerna skildrar ett ledningssystem och förmedlar ett militärt ledarskap i förhållande till de två teorierna; dynamiska OODA-loopen och utvecklande ledarskap. Undersökningens resultat pekar på att den svenska doktrinen beskriver hur funktionen ledning ska genomföras för att befrämja uppdragstaktik. Begreppsförvirringen uppstår eftersom den svenska doktrinen beskriver ett hur men inte ett varför eller ett vad ledning ska göra, vilket ger olika beskrivningar av ledning på olika militära ledningsnivåer / Command is one of the six Functions in combat, the role of command is to direct a military action to a common effect by coordinating the military recourses at its disposal and solve a mission. The Swedish doctrine is to establish a framework of understanding in order to create a common language that will promote a mutual understanding. Despite our doctrine the conception of command is indistinct and the purpose of this study is to examine why. The study will illustrate the differences by which the Swedish doctrine and its British counterpart portraits command. By comparing the differences to the theory of a Decision-Action-Cycle and the transformational leadership the common understanding will be measured. The result indicates that command in the Swedish doctrine is not described as a functioning but as to promote Mission command. By describing how command is to promote Mission command it is given several meanings pending on the level of command, thereby an indistinct conception of command

1 The Role of Constitutional Organs in Ensuring the State Security Abstract This diploma thesis deals with question, what role are constitutional organs, such as President of the Republic, Government, Parliament and Security Council of the State, playing in the security system of the Czech Republic. For this purpose, the thesis shows the constitutional system of the Czech Republic on the example of position of President of the Republic. Main part of the thesis is based on analysis of President's status as Commander in Chief of armed forces because of the lack of complex attention of Czech constitutional doctrine. According to that, the thesis describes Czechoslovak constitutional development in the first place and compares it with present legal framework. The thesis uses all methods of legal interpretation from the constitutional point of view as well as knowledges of other academic disciplines and interprets the constitutional terms "armed forces" and "Commander in Chief". This interpretation is followed by the criticism of statutory regulation and assess the content of Commander in Chief`s authority. The thesis express other presidential activities with security dimension, too. The thesis especially justifies presidential rights and competencies in connection with intelligence agencies. In other part, the...

This dissertation examines the role of military officers as policy implementers by investigating the discretion of Swedish force commanders in the multinational military campaign in Afghanistan between 2006 and 2013. By developing an analytical framework that takes both an outside-in and an inside-out perspective, and that encompasses both the objective implications that structural factors project on force commanders as well as their subjective perceptions of those structural factors, and applying that framework to a range of official documents as well as unique interview data, the thesis describes the discretion that force commanders have had in interpreting, choosing and shaping their mission and concept of operations. The findings show that Swedish force commanders in the Afghanistan campaign have had considerable discretion in interpreting and framing the principal’s overarching mission, the mission of their own force, as well as their force’s concept of operations. Their discretion can be understood as a combination of structurally induced freedom to make choices, the force commanders’ perceptions of that freedom and their inclination to use it. Circumstances regarding structural factors such as duality of command, passive authority of superiors, non-specific tasks and ambiguous implications of allocated resources has created this discretion and rendered force commanders disproportionately influential in the policy implementation process. Although this influence can be regarded as a manifestation of modern management ideals such as Auftragstaktik and mission command in the military, or management by objectives in government and business, it can also be regarded as a downwards passing of the buck where strategic implementation decisions trickle down to the level of force commanders in the field, making them “strategic colonels”.

What meanings have formerly engaged (radicalized) Salafists ascribed to their disengagement and how have they become embedded in their everyday lives? There are two narratives that can explain this question. On the one hand, there is a central inclusive narrative that suggest the institutionalization of the religious terrain in Morocco through the Institution of the Commander of the Faithful (mou’assassat imarat al mou’minine) or ICF, which allows the Monarchy to play the king-religious role as the guarantor of religion and other faiths. On the other hand, Salafi Jihadists represent the second exclusive narrative through a religious concept that has taken a violent understanding called “loyalty and disavowal” (Al Wal’a wal Bar’a) or WB. The power of this narrative lies in the ability to divide society into a near and far enemy. Put it another way, to ask how those very meanings affect their everyday lives, a change in Salafi worldview for example allows them to live lives that seemed not possible before far from violence. As a result, there is no one picture of disengagement. Disengagement happens very differently in each case. Specifically, we argue that Salafi Jihadists’ disengagement has been informed, and shaped, by the meanings they attribute to their experiences in the everyday life. As such, this thesis is not about process, or pathways, or models of engagement and disengagement it is about meanings each one assigns to his or her experience. In addition to advancing theories of violent radicalization and disengagement from violence, this thesis makes a methodological contribution to the study of the meanings of disengagement through an ethnographic fieldwork in Morocco and Jordan.

Historians of the founding years of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) acknowledge General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s role as the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), yet they ignore the effect Eisenhower’s rhetoric had in the creation of a sense of unity among Western European nations. Rhetorical analysis of Eisenhower’s time as SACEUR offers scholars a unique look into the founding years of NATO and the beginning of European unification. Using Kenneth Burke’s theory of the four master tropes, I analyze how Eisenhower’s role in the development of NATO was important to the eventual development of a unified Europe.

The northern fur seal (NFS) population on the Pribilof Islands (PI) is currently declining while the population on the Commander Islands (CI which includes Bering and Medny Islands) is stable. The reasons for the different population trajectories remain unknown. Comparing differences in behavioral ecology and predation pressure between these two populations could provide an explanation. This study examined lactating NFS female behavior to determine: 1) summer foraging patterns (trip duration, trip direction, dive depth) of animals from two nearby rookeries on Bering Island, 2) winter migration from Medny and Bering Islands relative to patterns of ocean productivity, and 3) the potential impact of killer whale predation on population dynamics. Data were collected from 2003 to 2010 using visual observations and telemetry. Twenty-one satellite transmitters, 29 time-depth recorders and 17 geolocation recorders were deployed. Shore-based observations of killer whale predation and photo-identification were conducted near the CI rookeries in 19992010. During lactation, both mean foraging trip duration and mean maximum diving depth (3.4 plus/minus 1.3 days and 17.7 plus/minus 6.8 m, respectively) for NFS adult females (n = 28) did not significantly change among years. Although foraging areas of NFS from the two rookeries on Bering Island overlapped, the mean direction of travel from Severo-Zapadnoe rookery was significantly (p<0.01) different compared with Severnoe rookery. The foraging patterns suggested that these females had a reliable food source that did not change despite potential environmental changes or the effects of fisheries. During their winter migration, NFS females from the CI traveled to the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (32° N-42° N) in the North Pacific Ocean. Their winter migration routes and the location of overwinter foraging areas were positively correlated with high ocean productivity (near surface chlorophyll a concentration). Over 82 percent (n=17) of these females spent 38 months near the eastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan and followed the coastal high productivity areas on their way back to the CI. Transient killer whales in groups of 2-12 individuals were repeatedly observed preying mostly on NFS males during the summer. The simulation model showed little impact on population dynamics as long as male fur seals were the primary prey. However, if the number of killer whales increased or they changed their diet to include females and pups, then the NFS population on the CI could decline. The winter migration of NFS from CI and PI are similar. Lactating NFS from the PI exhibit greater summer foraging effort (longer average trip duration and bout duration; greater number of deep dives) compared with females from the CI.

No description available.

The purpose of this paper is to study how the attitude of giving women increased opportunities to get employment as a commander in the Swedish Armed Forces changed during the period 1972-1981. The aim is to show which arguments that dominated the debate in the political parties and in government investigations that affected the outcome of the decisions that were taken in 1978 and 1981 regarding women’s increased opportunities within the Armed Forces. The following three defence branches: the air force, the army and the navy are investigated. A combination of a qualitative and a quantitative method are used with the source material in the form of political decisions and government investigations to answer this study’s questions. The result of this paper shows that the main argument that motivated the change towards giving women increased opportunities to get employment as a commander in the different branches of defence was equality. The second argument is that other western countries have given women better opportunities and increased their possibilities to get employment within the Armed Forces. The third argument is that by giving women increased opportunities to get employment as a commander within the three defence branches could lead to a domino effect and spread equality in other working areas that still are closed for women. The fourth argument is that this may result in loosening up the traditional gender division of labour. The decisions taken in 1978 and 1981 shows that there was a consensus among the parties and there was not any difference in voting when it comes to gender.

Efter en traumatisk händelse är det viktigt att kunna ta hand om dem som påverkas av situationen, både fysiskt och psykiskt. Detta förutsätter att det finns en fungerande stödorganisation, med chefer som vet vad deras uppgift är i efterarbetet. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att ta reda på hur det akutpsykologiska stödet är utformat inom den svenska Försvarsmakten och hur det har tillämpats under FS19, samt vilken roll plutonchefen har i den. Vidare har studien fokuserat på vilken utbildning plutonchefen har och bör ha. Studien har skett genom kvalitativ textanalys och genom intervjuer. De viktigaste slutsatserna som kan dras av resultaten, är att synen på hur det akutpsykologiska stödet ska bedrivas varierar. Studien har också visat att tillämpningen av det akutpsykologiska stödet har skiljt sig mellan enheterna och att utbildningsnivån inom akutpsykologiskt stöd, varie-rade mellan plutoncheferna. / After a traumatic incident, it is important to be able to care for those who are affected by the situation,both physically and mentally. This requires that you have a working support organization,whose chiefs know what to do. The aim of this essay has been to find out how the immediate psychological assistance works inthe Swedish Armed Forces in international missions, after an incident and what role the platooncommander have in it. Furthermore the study focused on the education that the platoon commandershave in immediate psychological assistance and what training they would need. The study wasconducted through qualitative text analysis and interviews with personnel in Försvarspsykiatrinand with soldiers and officers from FS19. Data processing of the results has been based ongrounded theory. The main conclusions that can be drawn from the results, is that there are currentlyno unified visions of how the acute psychological support should be conducted. The oldtheories, that a person who have been involved in a traumatic event, should undergo support in theform of a relief call or debriefing, is now considered to be incorrect by some of the interviewed. The study has further shown that the practice of the acute psychological assistance has been dividedbetween the units and the educational level of acute psychological assistance, which isvaried between the platoon commanders The study has also revealed several factors that affecthow the aid is being carried out and what effect it creates in the unit.