Thesis (doctoral)--Aarhus universitet, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [377]-390) and index.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Institute of Social Studies (Netherlands), 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 337-364).

Thesis (Ph . D.)--Andhra University, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

This diploma thesis deals with issues relating to land-use rights. The most frequently used institutes of these rights are lease and tenure, which therefore logically constitute the main points of this work. Subsequently other forms of use rights, such as precarium, loan, personal easements and also the right to manage state property and regional self-governing units, are briefly addressed. This work is based on effective legal regulation and also strives for a comparison with preceding legislation, mainly with regards to recodification of private law. Within the chapter on the right to manage state property, this work also familiarizes the reader with public-law regulations.

The problem of this study arose out of the need of farm operators to adjust their resources as needed over a period of time. / Master of Science

This dissertation explores, both theoretically and empirically, the role of strange farmers in the Gambia's mono-cash crop economy and analyzes the structure of strange farmer contracts within the context of rural production relations; ie. the relations of economic agents to resources of production in terms of their use and ownership rights and the relations between economic agents as principals (ie. landlords) and agents (ie. workers; strange farmers). Strange farmers, the migrant laborers who come from the West African hinterland to farm in the coastal areas of the Senegambia region due to certain transaction cost advantages, constitute a dynamic population adjustment to West Africa's spatial, unequal spread of resources. It is argued in this study that the reason "strange farming" has continued to persist is because it is flexible and adaptable to the prevailing agroclimatic conditions and endowments of the West Africa region, and to the economic changes induced by the interplay of internal (the government; technology) and external (e.g., world primary commodity markets) institutional and market forces. Detailed analysis of the strange farmer contract (a contract of "input sharing"), as contrasted with wage, fixed-rent, and sharecropping, is presented; and emphasis is placed on the "strangeness" of the strange farmers (the fact that they are non-residents of their farming areas) as the distinguishing feature of the contract. Our analysis considers how environmental and idiosyncratic factors such as information, risk, and incentive constraints impinge on agents in this environment and how alternative models of the strange farmer system explain how such problems are circumvented. The study concludes by examining the efficiency and (briefly) the equity implications of strange farming, and argues that strange farming performs the vital economic role of providing otherwise labor deficient landlords with a steady and timely supply of labor throughout the farming season and indeed circumvents the contract enforcement and shirking problems posed by a second-best environment. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

1942 infördes i svenskt rätt den första typen av besittningsskydd för bostadshyresgäster. Efter det har besittningsskyddet stärkts allt mer till förmån för hyresgästen. Idag är besittningsskyddet mycket starkt och en diskussion som väckts är huruvida man ska prioritera den enskilda äganderätten eller hyresgästens rätt till egen bostad. Som fastighetsägare idag finns både hyresregleringar samt ett starkt besittningsskydd vilket gör det svårare för fastighetsägare att fritt kunna förfoga över sin fastighet. En fråga kring ämnet som uppkommer är hur starkt besittningsskyddet faktiskt är och hur det påverkar hyresvärdens möjligheter att säga upp en hyresgäst som inte är skötsam.  Syftet med uppsatsen är att redovisa och analysera punkt 1 och 2 i 12 kap. 46 § JB och förutsättningarna för de besittningsbrytande grunderna samt tillämpningen av dessa. För att kunna besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar har en rättsdogmatisk metod tillämpats. Som slutsats konstateras att för fall gällande betalningsförsummelser, störningar och vanvård skiljer sig hyresvärdens möjlighet att säga upp en hyresgäst. Av arbetet framgår att för mål rörande betalningsförsummelser är domstolen relativt öppensinnad och tillåter förhållandevis omfattande försummelser. Vilket blir till fördel för hyresgästen. Vid bedömning av mål gällande störningar samt vanvård visar domsluten istället på en mer restriktiv bedömning där hyresgästens vårdslöshet accepteras i mindre grad. För mål gällande vanvård finns tydligare regler och mer distinkta riktlinjer för domstolen att bedöma utifrån. Detta i jämförelse med de andra två typerna där bedömningen blir mer diffus. Tillsist kan konstateras att fastighetsägare vissa gånger tvingas lida förlust till förmån för att trygga misskötsamma hyresgästers rätt till sitt hem. / In 1942, Swedish law introduced the first type of tenure protection for residential tenants. Since then, the protection of possession has been strengthened more and more in favor of the tenant. Today, the tenure protection is very strong and one discussion that has been raised is whether to prioritize the individual right of ownership or the tenant's right to their home.  As a property owner today, there are both rent controls and a strong tenure protection, which makes it more difficult for property owners to be able to freely dispose of their property. One question arises is how strong the tenure protection actually is and how it affects the property owners ability to terminate a tenant who has misbehaved. The purpose of the thesis is to present and analyze point 1 and 2 of Chapter 12. 46 § JB and the conditions for the possession breaking grounds and finally the application thereof. In order to answer the questions of the essay, a legal dogmatic method has been applied. In conclusion, it is found that in cases of default, disturbance and neglect, the landlord's ability to terminate a tenant differs. The essay shows that for cases concerning defaults on payment, the court is relatively open-minded and allows for relatively extensive omissions. Which will be to the great benefit of the tenant. When assessing cases concerning disturbances and neglect, the rulings instead show a more restrictive assessment where the tenant's negligence is accepted to a lesser extent. For cases concerning neglect, there are clearer rules and more distinct guidelines helping the court in their judgment. This is in comparison to the other two types where the assessment becomes more diffuse. Finally, it can be stated that property owners are sometimes forced to suffer losses in favor of misbehaving tenants.

Vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform var frågan som ställdes inför detta examensarbete. Bostadsmarknaden är en komplex marknad då särdragen med just bostadsmarknaden inte finns inom någon annan marknad. Ett exempel är att en bostad inte lätt kan ersättas mot någon likvärdig bostad. På den svenska bostadsmarknaden finns det fyra upplåtelseformer som är vanliga när det gäller lägenheter. Dessa är bostadsrätter, hyresrätter, kooperativa hyresrätter och ägarlägenheter. Denna undersökning bygger på att studera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform ur ett lägenhetsperspektiv. Faktorerna som har undersökts är vilka olika ekonomiska och juridiska omständigheter som kan påverka valet. Studien avgränsas till lägenheter och till statistisk inom Gävleborgs län. En kvalitativ metod har använts, där intervjuerna har genomförts per telefon och genom fysiska möten. De som har intervjuats har varit olika aktörer inom bostadsmarknaden såsom byggherrar och mäklare. Intervjuerna användes för att ta reda på aktörernas syn på bostadsmarknaden och dess olika upplåtelseformer. Statistik har även tagits fram för att kunna undersöka utbudet av de olika upplåtelseformerna inom Gävleborgs län. De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån resultatet om vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av upplåtelseform är att ägarlägenheter väljs i första hand då det är ett direkt ägande, vilket leder till en friare boendeform. Ägarlägenheter väljs även för att det är ett självständigt boende då ägaren inte är bunden till en förening eller liknande. Andra faktorer som påverkar att ägarlägenheter väljs är också att det anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Utbudet av ägarlägenheter är dock litet. Bostadsrätters faktorer är att det är ett fritt ägande. Bostadsrättsföreningen är förvaltningsskyldig, vilket medför att föreningen sköter de stora ingreppen, till exempel fönster- och dörrbyten. Bostadsrätter kan också anses som en investeringsmöjlighet. Det finns ett relativt stort utbud av bostadsrätter. Kooperativa hyresrätters faktorer är liknade hyresrätternas, dock med en insats. Denna skiljer sig dock från bostadsrätters insats, då kapitalinsatsen här bara fungerar som pant och återbetalas vid en eventuell utflyttning. Hyresrätters faktorer är att de har en begränsad användning (renoveringsmöjligheter) och att hyresvärden förvaltar och underhåller lägenheten. Något startkapital behövs inte för att ”köpa” jämfört med övriga upplåtelseformer. / Which factors influence the choice of living is the question we asked ourselves before this paper. The housing market is a complex market, since the characteristics of said market are not found in others. An example being that a home is not easily replaced with another. Sweden has four different forms of tenure for apartments: condominiums with a unitary system, condominiums with a dualistic system, right of tenancy and cooperative tenancies. This paper is based on examining the factors that influence which form of tenure an individual might choose. The factors that has been investigated are defined as various economical or legal circumstances or the like that may influence said choice. The study is limited to only contain apartments and geographically limited to Gävleborg County, specifically statistically. A qualitative method was used with interviews that were conducted over telephone and in-person meetings. The interviewees have been various players active in the housing market, such as builders and real estate brokers. These were chosen to find out their views on the housing market and the different forms of tenure since they work with such matters on a daily basis. The conclusions that was drawn from the results is that: Condominiums with dualistic systems are chosen for the right of ownership, and the fact that it’s a more independent sort of living since the owner is not bound to a housing association. A factor that’s also been acknowledged is the possibility of the apartment being an investment. This form of tenure has a low supply. Condominiums with unitary systems are chosen because it’s a relatively free and independent sort of ownership, but still somewhat bound to a housing association which has to manage all the major interventions on the property. These can also be seen as an investment opportunity. This form of tenure has a high supply. Cooperative tenancies are very similar to rights of tenancy, however with the addition of a lump sum paid to the association on contract agreement of the apartment. Right of tenancy is chosen mostly for the fact that there isn’t a start-up capital to get one and it’s easy to move since there’s no transactions involved. Also, there’s the fact that their use is quite limited and the landlord is the one who has to manage and maintain both the apartment and property.

This thesis explores the arguments and evidence for reform of commercial property leases through legislative intervention. It identifies and explains the causes of landlord and tenant disputes arising mainly from poorly drafted commercial leases. It investigates the relevant codes for leasing business premises, the Law Society business lease, the regulatory reform of part II of the 1954 Act, the British Property Federation lease, and various other attempts at reform of commercial property leases. This research also investigates the potential need for ethnic minorities in commercial property to have the key legal terms of commercial property leases made available in both English and other languages. There is little previous academic research on reform of commercial property leases through legislative intervention (other than Crosby Reading reports). This research aims to contributute towards filling the gap that exists in the literature by investigating reform through legislation. This research involved semi-structured interviews with participants from five groups: lawyers, surveyors/agents, landlords, tenants and business owners. Most interviewed supported reform of commercial property leases through legislative intervention, and better guidance explaining the meaning of key legal terms of commercial property leases, especially from ethnic minority businesses.

Thesis advisor: Arthur Lewbel / The thesis includes two essays. The first essay, Inequality Moments in Estimation of Discrete Games with Incomplete Information and Multiple Equilibria, develops a method for estimation of static discrete games with incomplete information, which delivers consistent estimates of parameters even when games have multiple equilibria. Every Bayes-Nash equilibrium in a discrete game of incomplete information is associated with a set of choice probabilities. I use maximum and minimum equilibrium choice probabilities as upper and lower bounds on empirical choice probabilities to construct moment inequalities. In general, estimation with moment inequalities results in partial identification. I show that point identification is achievable if the payoffs are functions of a sufficient number of explanatory variables with a real line domain and outcome-specific coefficients associated with them. The second essay, Tenancy Rent Control and Credible Commitment in Maintenance, co-authored with Richard Arnott, investigates the effect of tenancy rent control on maintenance and welfare. Under tenancy rent control, rents are regulated within a tenancy but not between tenancies. The essay analyzes the effects of tenancy rent control on housing quality, maintenance, and rehabilitation. Since the discounted revenue received over a fixed-duration tenancy depends only on the starting rent, intuitively the landlord has an incentive to spruce up the unit between tenancies in order to show it well, but little incentive to maintain the unit well during the tenancy. The essay formalizes this intuition, and presents numerical examples illustrating the efficiency loss from this effect. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.