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亞太經濟合作與我國的角色陳昭如, CHEN, ZHAO-RU Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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亞太區域整合之研究-亞太經濟合作會議二十週年的回顧與展望陳良沛 Unknown Date (has links)
成立於1989年的亞太經合會是亞太區域唯一的官方區域整合機制,其「開放性區域主義」的特質,是過去區域整合機制所未曾提出與採用。惟亞太經合會特殊的組織架構與運作程序是否能夠提供會員國進一步合作的機制與意願,經常受到挑戰與考驗。今年適逢亞太經合會成立廿週年,正可用以作為研究亞太區域整合的典型案例,以對亞太地區整合的過去、現在與將來可能之發展有一綜合性的探究。
本論文在結構上設定基本前提為:亞太區域面臨歐盟、北美自由貿易區的區域整合所帶來的壓力,使得各國致力內部調整及經濟發展,藉由經貿相互往來的活動增進彼此間之依存度,而衍生希望藉由亞太經合會這一亞太區域最大的區域組織,來尋求區域整合,以形成競爭優勢;並冀藉國際關係區域整合相關理論與經驗,探討以下兩個問題:
一、以亞太經合會為例,析論亞太區域現有整合機制,面臨之問題及解決之途徑為何?
二、從亞太經合會未來定位發展,預測亞太區域整合可能途徑與方式?
本論文研究發現亞太區域未來仍舊繼續朝向多邊整合機制發展,仍難以出現一個類似北美、或歐盟的整合機制。而亞太區域整合未來發展趨勢為:(一)在區域經濟整合的建構過程中呈現多頭馬車角逐競爭的現象;(二)亞洲化與次區域間雙邊化的發展趨勢;(三)多組區域貿易安排同時發展、相互交錯的趨勢;(四)從認同的角度觀之,當今亞太區域經濟整合的過程亦呈現亞洲主義與亞太主義競合的趨勢;(五)美國的立場對亞太區域整合發展扮演關鍵性角色;(六)市場驅動為主導結合政府區域合作政策亦將決定亞太區域整合發展的路徑。上述的發展趨勢亦成為亞太經合會在未來進行亞太區域整合、推動亞太自由貿易區將面臨的整合問題,如何在諸整合機制的競合關係中,繼續推動整合進程,考驗亞太經合會各經濟體的智慧。
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亞太經濟合作(APEC)架構下推動區域經濟整合途徑之研究 / A Study of the Ways Toward Regional Economic Integration in APEC Architecture陳郁淇, CHEN, Yu Chi Unknown Date (has links)
素有經貿聯合國之稱的世界貿易組織自2001年起推動的杜哈回合談判,歷經13年的談判僅於2013年12月達成小部分的早期收穫,如此緩速的進展,使得各國紛紛轉向較小規模,較快完成的區域貿易協定,亞太地區國家也積極的參與其中。亞太經濟合作(APEC)為亞太地區唯一的經貿相關跨政府論壇,亦關注到此發展趨勢。自2004年起經由企業家代表組成的企業諮詢委員會提案成立亞太自由貿易區,至2007年正式進入APEC的議程,但推動的過程並不順遂,美國遂轉向發展太平洋夥伴協定,東協國家專注於區域全面經濟夥伴協定,拉美會員體形成太平洋聯盟,APEC則發展出區域經濟整合議程並同時推動著亞太自由貿易區,後者雖然推動力道薄弱,但卻未消失在議程中。直至2010年及2014年在日本及中國大陸的主辦優勢下,將亞太自由貿易區定調為全面高品質的自由貿易協定,為APEC達成茂物目標的主要工具之一,而達成的途徑則是以現有的區域間發展的經濟整合機制為主,另外區域經濟整合議程採取部門別議題別的方式進行,也是朝著茂物目標邁進。
本研究從APEC的本質、原則及精神逐步探討至亞太自由貿易區及區域經濟整合議程兩個途徑的可能走向及發展限制等。對於採取條約式具約束性的亞太自由貿易區而言,獨自進行談判的機率極低,最可能透過太平洋夥伴協定擴大而成。而區域經濟整合議程則是便捷化的成果大於自由化,透過降低供應鏈障礙或通關經商便捷措施,亦可節省交易成本,應加以廣化及深化。我國在兩個途徑的參與上,在亞太自由貿易區的成型過程應完全參與,以避免我國被排除在外的可能性,至於區域經濟整合議程,則應加強在會務運作及貿易暨投資委員會及所屬次級論壇的力道,方能妥善運用我國少數擁有正式會籍的國際經貿組織為我國融入區域經濟創造有利的條件。 / The Doha Development Agenda (DDA) gained little progress by the WTO since 2001. Many countries including those in the Asia Pacific area changed their policy and decided to join themselves in free trade agreements (agreements which were smaller scale and faster to complete) in comparison with the DDA. Upon noticing this trend by APEC, the establishment of Free Trade Area of Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) was proposed in 2004 by the APEC Business Advisory Council. It became one of the topics in the APEC agenda in 2007. However, the progress of FTAAP was not as expected, members in APEC had their own focus thereafter. The United States focused on the Tras-Pacific Partership (TPP), ASEAN members developed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and members in Latin America targeted on Pacific Alliance. Within APEC, the discussion of FTAAP till now has reached a consensus on the definition as a high quality and comprehensive trade agreement, that builds on the sub-regional trade agreement. Besides, there is another topic as regional economic integration agenda (REI agenda) which is subject oriented and non-binding to APEC members. Both FTAAP and REI agenda are ways for the realization of Bogor Goals.
This study starts from the APEC content, principles and visions to the possible directions and restrictions of the development of the FTAAP and REI agenda. With regard to FTAAP, it's rule-based and it has little possibility to launch negotiations in a short term, and it could be accomplished by the expansion of TPP. In regard to the REI agenda, the accomplishment of facilitation is more important than liberalization. It should deepen and broaden the trade facilitation measures, such as supply-chain connectivity, customs procedures, transparency...etc.
Finally the suggestions for Taiwan's participation in those two areas are as follows. To participate fully in the activity and the realization of FTAAP, this will avoid the possibility to be excluded from the FTAAP. Taiwan should invest a bigger effort in the Committee of Trade and Investment, its sub-flora and the meeting operation. We should make good use of APEC considering is one of the few international organizations Taiwan possesses full membership of to create a positive environment that will enable us in the economic integration.
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銀行國際傳輸客戶資料保護規範--以英國法為中心 / The study of the regulations on the protection of international data transfers in U.K. banks林詩韻, Lin, Shih Yun Unknown Date (has links)
隨著資訊技術之快速發展及受到金融交易全球化之影響,在營運模式及法令遵循之需求下,使得銀行業將客戶個人資料跨境傳輸至其他國家之公務或非公務機關所產生之資料保護或對資訊隱私權衝擊等議題漸增。為調和不同國家間對於個人資料保護文化及規範程度之差異,各國及各國際組織間均致力於如何在不影響商業交易需要、個人資料隱私安全及資訊自由流通之前提下,經由適當法律規範對於資料管理者國際傳輸個人資料之行為,予以適當控管。
隱私權之概念雖起源於美國,惟現行各國對於個人資料國際傳輸保護規範仍以歐盟委員會於1995年發布之個人資料隱私保護指令(Directive 95/46/EC)最為重要且影響層面較大。在歐盟指令仍須各會員國將其轉化為國內法,始得有效執行之前提下,本研究以金融服務產業發展較為領先之國家—英國,以英國銀行業適用之個人資料國際傳輸保護規範為研究主題,所涉法規包括:歐盟指令、英國1998年資料保護法(Data Protection Act, DPA)及英國金融服務業適用之相關規範等。
研究結果發現,英國1998年資料保護法在參照歐盟指令之相關規範下,對於資料管理者將個人資料國際傳輸已訂有相關限制規定及如何符合相關豁免規定之作業流程及評估程序,英國專責資料保護之監理機關(資訊自由及保護委員會),並已依據歐盟指令,發布規定授權英國企業得採用標準契約範本及經其個案核准採用共同約束條款,顯示英國對於國際傳輸之個人資料已有一定程度之保障。惟如同歐盟委員會之研究報告所述,英國相對於歐盟其他會員國,並未將國際傳輸規範明訂於資料保護法之本文,對於當事人資訊隱私權保護之法律位階,仍有待加強。
不同於我國係於銀行法明定銀行對客戶資料之保密義務,英國法院認為銀行對於客戶資料之保密責任,原始存在於銀行與客戶間之契約。惟英國與我國相同於金融相關法令中僅針對銀行境外委外所涉之國際傳輸訂有相關監理規範(包括境外委外事先申請核准、申請程序及應檢附之文件),以透過銀行與委外服務供應商之委外契約,確保金融監理機關能跨國有效行使其監理權限,保護當事人之權益,至於銀行因非委外事項,將客戶資料跨境傳輸至其他國家時,仍應回歸適用資料保護法有關國際傳輸之相關規定。
本研究最後就我國與英國對於個人資料國際傳輸相關保護規範之比較結果發現,我國個人資料保護法雖已於99年修正發布(新個資法),但對於國際傳輸之限制規定,修法後雖已明定國際傳輸之定義及加重非公務機關違反國際傳輸規定之罰則,惟未修正其實質規範內容,仍僅授權中央目的事業主管機關於非公務機關有第21條所列四項情形之一時,得限制其進行國際傳輸。在新個資法下,非公務機關對於個人資料之國際傳輸,已無須取得目的事業主管機關登記,並取得執照,雖有利於資料之國際流通,惟為保護當事人個人資料於傳輸後之安全,我國是否尚須其他配套措施,以落實個人資料於國際傳輸層面之保障,值得深思。
本研究對於我國銀行業國際傳輸個人資料保護規範之主要建議,包括(1)宜透過各中央目的事業主管機關對被監理機構之監理及其與相關公益團體間之合作,以強化各界對於個人資料保護之重視,(2)國際傳輸之限制規定應予細緻化,並透過產業自治逐步達成個人資料保護之目的,(3)金融監理機關宜配合個人資料保護法之修正,訂定銀行業國際傳輸之作業規範,(4)宜透過租稅合作協定,在不違反我國個人資料保護法及銀行法之原則下,協助我國金融機構解決美國「外國帳戶稅收遵從法」之實施,衍生對於個人財務資訊隱私權及跨境傳輸個人資料保護之問題。
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國際競爭法的調和 / The Harmonization of International Competition Law謝孟珊, Meng-Shan Hsieh Unknown Date (has links)
不論是反全球化或是支持全球化,我們都無法否認,全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制,市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念,而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而,全球化和市場經濟體制的發達,貿易壁壘的消除,也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展,反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題,而是國際問題。
國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種,一是阻礙國際貿易的發展,二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況:1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉; 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力,影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉;3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況:1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本,不利國際合併之進行,並造成國際緊張;2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。
面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題,各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲,此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響,以保護本國利益,國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用(extraterritorial application)」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題,反而還帶來了新的問題,並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法,不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件,各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次,避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度,似乎也有需要。
本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代,貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。
全文一共分為六章,第一章為緒論,為本論文做出開端,闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題,並提出研究範圍與目的。
第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約,著眼於美國和歐盟,澳洲和紐西蘭,以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容,其具體成效,成功失敗之因素,以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討,和未來走向之研究。
第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織,研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和,屬於競爭政策的宣導;NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範;歐盟不但具有實體規範,並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。
第四章為國際組織,將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織,但是對於競爭議題也相當重視;WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展,並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性;OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視,本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。
第五章為全球性的競爭法規範,討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則(Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices)」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範,雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法,但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現,因此在某一角度而言,「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗,然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一,唯最後這樣的理想並未實現,因此我們有必要去問,DIAC的失敗因素為何?是基於其實體內容的設計問題,或是制度面的設計問題?或者是因為其他的外在因素?
最後,在第六章的結論,本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失,並且提出建議。 / Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays.
International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries.
Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed.
The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade.
This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay.
The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is.
The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world.
The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues.
The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors?
At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.
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