過去政府的保育政策多施行於國有地上，盡量避免限制私有土地上的經濟活動，卻也造成保護區周邊私有土地利用上，與保育目的不相容的情形，致使共享性資源（common pool resources, CPRs）走向悲劇一途。本文以宜蘭雙連埤濕地作為個案，從深度訪談瞭解該地私有地保育的困境，並從「協力治理」（collaborative governance）的角度分析，發現政府單方面的保育政策，難以達到良好的私地保育效果。本研究透過深度訪談追蹤雙連埤的保育努力過程，發現最後能夠維持雙連埤的風貌，荒野協會等民間保育團體功不可沒。保育團體不具備管理的職責，比較容易與在地居民的建立情感聯繫，能作為政府與居民之間的溝通橋樑；他們擁有豐富的生態知識，能化自然資源為物質性誘因（material incentives），結合居民生計與生態保育的行動，減輕私有地上活動對環境的壓力。透過「由下而上」的共享性資源管理模式，雙連埤的案例展現如何透過協力合產與「社基保育」（Community-Based Conservation）模式，破除「生態」與「生計」無法共存的迷思，進而達到永續發展的目的。 / Conservational policies have been known more applicable to public lands. Yet endangered species can not tell and thus have suffered from the economic activities on private land, leading to an inevitable tragedy. This thesis adopts Shuang-Lien Lake as a case to demonstrate the possibility of an alternative, community-based approach. Through in-depth interviews with policy makers and major stakeholders, this research indicates how collaboration between local government and voluntary citizen groups could overcome the oppositions by local residents against conserving valuable ecologic system on private land.

古今中外，河川的多重樣貌皆忠實地記錄都市發展變遷，爰此，河川發展與都市規劃密不可分，而結合都市河川整治的水岸發展是一個都市過度成長之再生途徑，而水岸發展之成敗繫於河川保育之良窳。以往圍堵河川之水泥思維，不僅切斷河川生物棲息地，更埋下自然反撲之遠因；然而缺乏當地民意考量之重大公共工程建設，往往侷限於單一目標之達成，忽略當地河川生態紋理與民眾需求等整體考量方向。近年來，都市居民對於生活品質要求提高，民眾參與理念成為落實都市空間改造的重點，以地方性非政府組織形式加入參與式規劃，係屬未來進行干擾自然、人文環境等重大公共工程建設計畫進行時需考量之必然趨勢。 爰此，本研究為建立民眾參與河川保育決策模式，推動自然水岸之都市規劃方向。於重大公共建設危害地方生態與生活之際，以「台北都會區環河快速道路台北縣側建設計畫」永和段之居民抗爭為研究個案，探討民眾透過組織參與、影響決策模式之目的，分別以文獻回顧法、案例比較法及深度訪談法等研究方法進行分析、歸納與整理，進而提出以地方性非政府組織參與公共事務決策之模式運作，作為政府採納民意於計畫之際可採用途徑之參考，並提供相關建議作為法令與配套之修正與努力方向。 基於上述，藉由檢視民眾參與抗爭公共政策事件中之背景脈絡與行動策略，本研究所得出之結果為： 1. 地方性非政府組織得以突破集體行動邏輯困境之原因，係以人數稀少的組織成員與攸關切身利益之房價漲跌等誘因，共同克服因公共財而生搭便車之河川保育及重大計畫決策的參與經驗。 2. 由於考慮自然生態保育及其維護係屬十分長遠的尺度，故現今公共決策的衡量過程中仍未能兼顧「開發」與「保育」，而河川生態保育仍為政策考量上之相對弱勢。 3. 基於參與理論提出之參與主體、時機與策略三個要素，影響地方民眾團體參與決策模式及其成效之重要因素包括組織中的菁英核心領導、公部門回應態度積極、理性策略運作、非政府組織主導及操作媒體。 / Throughout the history of urban development, various images of rivers honestly depict its transition. As a result, river development and urban planning are closely related. Waterfront development combining urban planning with river straightening is a way to regenerate an urban environment. Besides, the key to successful waterfront development is river conservation. In the past, urban construction not only destroys aquatic habitats, but also sacrifices the amenity of inhabitants along the riverbank. However, huge public engineering construction without considering local inhabitants’ opinions usually focuses on one single objective and neglect ecological resources of the river and inhabitants’ demand for living by the riverbank. Nowadays, urban inhabitants have become highly aware of the demand for quality of life. To improve urban environment, the concept of public participation has become a crucial and imperative measure In other words, urban planning with public participation is an inevitable element when it comes to public engineering construction plan. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the participation of the residents of Yongho area. Yongho area is a part of Taipei metropolis, where the government originally planned to build a riverside viaduct along Hsintein River. The reason why Yongho residents oppose to this decision is that this riverside viaduct is nine stories high, which could gravely destroy the skyline of the riverbank area. This may lead to a series of undesirable results that impact on the living quality of Yongho residents. Therefore, they set up a local NGO to protest against this decision. In view of this opposition, this thesis tried to set up a feasible mechanism of public participation for river conservation policy and to build a natural waterfront city model. The study incorporates discussions of the interactive relations between Yongho residents and local authorities as well as the residents’ strategies to participate the policy decision-making. Consequently, by examining the social context and game plans within a series of public protest events, this thesis has obtained the following conclusions. 1. Local NGO overcame the dilemma of free-rider in the logic of collective action with small group and a windfall in real estate prices. 2. Public policy-makers still cannot consider development and conservation simultaneously when making policy decision. 3. Three elements, participative subject, timing and strategies, highly affect the efficiency of public participation. These elements include brilliant leadership, active response in the public sector, rational strategies, domination of Non-Governmental Organization, and media manipulation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第20141号 / 法博第206号 / 新制||法||158(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 新川 敏光, 教授 建林 正彦, 教授 待鳥 聡史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

2005年「大西洋鮪類資源保育委員會」(International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, ICCAT)第十九屆年會將台灣2006年在大西洋大目鮪(Bigeye Tuna)的漁獲配額自14,900公噸削減為4,600公噸的決定，即05-02號建議(Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery [05-02] in 2005)，除反應出漁業資源日益稀少和各國竸爭激烈的事實外，也顯示了國人海洋漁業生態保育的觀念有待加強。 / 本論文乃以ICCAT 05-02號建議作為個案研究，對高度洄游魚類種群(highly migratory species)之養護與管理體系為一整體檢視，探討該號建議所呈現之生態保育問題。內容側重於法規範面之探討，並就高度洄游魚類種群之定義、生態習性、種類、及資源使用狀況為一基本介紹。主要探討三大議題：(1)國際規範體系架構；(2)養護與管理高度洄游魚類之現況；(3)當前面臨之問題與挑戰。 / 全球海洋資源面臨的人為挑戰模式均同，本文焦點雖在高度洄游魚類種群之探討，但也反應出其他種類漁資源在保育上所面臨的共同問題，只不過因高度洄游魚類生態上的特殊性，使其整體養護與管理過程更能突顯出國際漁業治理的本質─國際合作的必要性。但若從另一角度分析漁業管理制度發生改變的原因，則將突顯出國際漁業治理的另一項本質，即國家利益的追求，事實上這也是所有國際活動的基本特徵。因此，以專業性的角度來分析區域漁業組織運作的同時，不能忽略國際政治因素的牽絆，國家漁業經濟利益透過國際政治上的實力對比在區域漁業組織的運作過程中彰顯出來。 / 本論文章節安排分為六章，首先概略介紹「高度洄游魚類」之意義、特性及資源使用狀態(第一章)，爾後簡介現行有關高度洄游魚類之國際規範體系(第二章)，接著以ICCAT為案例，使讀者明白當前國際間透過區域漁業組織來施行漁資源管理的實際運作情形(第三章)，透過05-02號建議讓讀者了解區域漁業組織如何敦促成員國遵守區域漁業規範，落實其養護與管理高度洄游魚類之國際任務(第四章)，並探討ICCAT05-02號建議所反應出來的制度面或執行面之問題(第五章)。最後綜合各章節內容，針對高度洄游魚類之整體規範體系架構為一觀察反省，歸結出本議題核心所在，即追求國家利益前提下的國際合作(第六章)。 / 國際間對於高度洄游魚類種群的保育工程已然啟動，國家願意讓渡出更多一些的權力由國際專門性機構來主導，並在一定規範架構下進行國際合作，這是值得肯定的發展趨勢，並可觀樂期待國際間對於生態環境議題將給予更多的關注，落實資源永續經營的理念。 / On 19th regular meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the commission decided to cut down Taiwan’s quota of Bigeye tuna in Atlantic Ocean form 14,900 tonnage to 4,900, that is Recommendation by ICCAT Regarding Control of Chinese Taipei’s Atlantic Bigeye Tuna Fishery [05-02] in 2005. This case reflects the fact that fishery resource is coming shorter and States compete harshly. It shows that our concept of conservation ecology leaves much space to improve as well. / This thesis is a case study based on Recommendation 05-02 by ICCAT. Here try to inspect thoroughly the conservation and management system of highly migratory species, so as to discuss the problems of eco-conservation reflecting from that Recommendation. Contexts focus on the regulation aspect, and briefly introduce the definition, ecologic habitual behavior, kinds, and condition of resource consumption of highly migratory species. The three main topics to discuss are: (1) international regulation framework; (2) current status of conservation and management of highly migratory species; (3) the problems and challenges confront with nowadays. / The challenges to ocean resource caused by human activity are all the same. This thesis is about highly migratory species, but also reflects the common problem of other fish species in ecological protection respect. Merely because of the ecological particularity, the whole process of conservation and management of highly migratory species could better show the key ingredient of international fishery governance, which is international cooperation. From the other angle, the change of fishery management system mirrors the nature of international fishery management, that is pursuing of national interest. Actually, the later is fundamental character of all kinds of international interaction. Therefore, when analyzing the function of regional fishery organization, we could not ignore the international political fact. National economic fishery interest manifests through relative international political power in fishery management organizations. / There are six chapters in this thesis. First, to take a quick glance at what “highly migratory species” is and its character and resource status (chapter 1). And then turn to the introduction of current international regulation system of highly migratory species (chapter 2). Following is a case study based on ICCAT, to inform readers how Regional Fishery Organizations function actually (chapter 3). Through Recommendation 05-02 by ICCAT, we could take a look how Regional Fishery Organizations urge States to meet their commission of conserving and managing highly migratory species (chapter 4). And then go to a discussion of institutional and enforcement problems reflect from Recommendation 05-02 by ICCAT (chapter 5). Finally, we take a entirely observation and introspection from the foregoing chapters, and then sum up the core of the international fishery issue, that is international cooperation with a prerequisite of chasing national interest(chapter 6). / The international conservation of highly migratory species has set out. States are willing to transfer more competence to specialized institution and undertake international cooperation under a certain regulatory framework. This situation deserves much applause. We could look forward that international society would pay more attention to environmental ecological issues to carrying out the idea of sustainable development and management of ocean resource.

本硏究旨在探討韓國幼兒敎育的演進與現況,並分析韓國幼兒敎育公共敎育的現狀與問題∘本硏究目的主要有三 : 一ᆞ探討韓國幼兒敎育的演進與現況 ; 二ᆞ分析韓國幼兒敎育公共敎育的現狀與問題 ; 三ᆞ提出具體建議∘ 本硏究基本採用文件分析的方法，這些文件包括幼兒敎育制度及各種相關硏究報告ᆞ學術論文ᆞ專著ᆞ統計ᆞ法令和政府機關的各種資料∘根據上述目的和方法，本硏究所探討內容如下：首先,將對幼兒敎育的槪念及其必要性ᆞ幼兒敎育公共敎育的槪念ᆞ近現代幼兒敎育的理論背景進行考察;其次，對韓國幼兒敎育的歷史變遷過程：傳統階段ᆞ發展階段ᆞ成長階段ᆞ發展和整頓階段ᆞ成熟階段等階段進行論述;其次,以幼兒敎育的社會背景ᆞ幼兒園的種類ᆞ設立與經營ᆞ敎師培訓ᆞ課程和相關法令爲中心，對韓國幼兒敎育的現狀進行論述;再次,論述外國幼兒敎育公共敎育的現狀ᆞ韓國幼兒敎育公共敎育的確立及其發展ᆞ韓國幼兒敎育公共敎育的財政狀況等等;最後,對硏究結果作槪略性的歸納和整理，同時提出六項具體建議 : 一ᆞ儘量擴大提供幼兒公共敎育的機會，以期實現普遍主義理念∘ 二ᆞ應保障公共敎育政策的連續性與平衡性，以期達成合理主義理念∘ 三ᆞ用全新的思考方式建構新的經營方式，以此實現變革和發展∘ 四ᆞ充實敎師培過程並强化培訓過程，以此提高敎師的專業性∘ 五ᆞ改善敎師待遇，以此吸收優秀人才ᆞ提高敎學水準∘ 六ᆞ推行課程和項目的標準化，以此使敎育質量有利於統一∘ / The theme of this study is historic transition, present situation and problem of early childhood education in Korea as well as the direction for future development. The three main objectives of this study are as follows : 1. To discuss the alteration and present situation of early childhood education in Korea. 2. To discuss the present status and problem of early childhood education to public one in Korea. 3. To present the direction for development of early childhood education to public one in Korea. This study basically adopts the method of literary analysis. Literatures comprise diverse reports, academic dissertation, specialized books, statistics, law and materials of government institutions related to early childhood education. The main contents of this study are as follows. First, it described the concept and importance of early childhood education, concept of early childhood education to public one and theoretic development process of modern early childhood education. Second, it discussed the transition of early childhood education in Korea by dividing it into traditional stage, initial development stage, growth stage, development and arrangement state and maturity stage. Third, it investigated the present situation of early childhood education in Korea in the aspect of educational institution, curriculum, cultivating teachers, related law and so on. Fourth, it described the present situation of early childhood education to public one in foreign countries and discussed development process and problem in early childhood education to public one in Korea. Finally, it presented the following suggestions by generalizing the above contents and drawing conclusion. 1. To maximize the opportunity of public education. 2. To maintain continuity of educational policy and to secure equilibrium between regions and classes. 3. To import new management method on the basis of fresh way of thinking. 4. To reinforce teacher cultivating course and re-education course. 5. To improve the treatment for teachers. 6. To propel the curriculum and standardization of educational items.

Under the 1990s restructuring of the Swedish education system, ‘the fundamentaldemocratic values’ have stipulated clearly both in the Education Act and all of thenational curricula as one of the educational goals. This study aims to illuminate how thefundamental democratic values in the Swedish curriculum for preschool are implemented,its process and outcome on a micro level, a preschool. The role of the preschools inSweden has been changed especially after the new curriculum has been issued in 1998, and now, “to impart and establish respect for human rights and the fundamentaldemocratic values” is an important task of the preschools and expected to “activelypromote” in its work with children. Through a qualitative case study focused on apreschool in Forest municipality, Stockholm, the findings show the principal and thepedagogue in the chosen preschool are conscious of the importance of the fundamentaldemocratic values within the individual perspectives. This study also illustrates that thepedagogue have developed their understanding for the fundamental values continuously,through the several types of meetings, and have applied it to their daily activities.Furthermore, the findings also show that the pedagogue in the chosen preschool haveutilised ‘the five value keywords’ those were selected in the school district where thepreschool belonged. As a whole the research on the chosen preschool indicates theimportance of role of pedagogue at preschool for implementation of the nationaleducation policy. On the other hand, this study has clarified that Forest municipality hashad important role for the implementation process and evaluation of preschools in themunicipality. This fact indicates that how municipalities take initiatives affects successfulimplementation of the curriculum. As concluding remarks, this study argue the results ofthe present research indicate that the chosen preschool has supplied opportunities for bothchildren and parents to learn/exercise deliberative democracy, that may be seeds to fosteractive citizen.

摘 要 臺大實驗林因其特殊歷史背景，與契約林農訂立之三種契約，歷經社會與經濟變遷後，漸生契約林農基於經濟因素而違規利用契約林地、林管處無法具體落實造林管理政策、契約林地利用契約規範與實際利用現況不甚相符等諸多問題。按非都市土地使用管制規則予以檢視，臺大實驗林契約林地係編定為林業用地，惟依臺大實驗林「被墾地合作造林辦法」、合作造林契約書規定，造林地可於單筆總面積的三成內從事森林特產物或果樹之種植，此與上開規則規定林業用地容許使用項目不得作農業使用之規範有所牴觸，除人為的利用，以保存自然資源?還是兼顧人們需要和環境保育，得積極介入以亟待研析解決辦法。 從自然資源利用的歷史角度以觀，除天然災害影響之外，人為干擾似乎是造成土地健康受損的根源。然而，究竟要完全排負責保育自然資源?凡此引發激烈的辯論。若從林地利用究屬保存與保育觀點檢視，林管處秉持林地林用的概念，是希望避免林地農用與干擾，以達成完全造林的目標，近乎保存的概念；而林農希望契約林地做混農利用，並希望透過在地知識以人為方式主動管理，且在不破壞林地健康的前提下，以提升經濟收入與環境健康，似屬保育的概念。然為落實維護林地資源，採取何種觀念為宜？ 本研究從臺大實驗林契約林地土地使用管制機制，藉由混農林業理論、保存與保育理論、土地使用管制等文獻評析，並透過深度訪談，分析臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用相關問題，最後得到以下結論：(1)臺大實驗林契約林地租地造林契約應予修正；（2）修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目；（3）臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及獎勵造林計畫。本研究對於臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用，提出以下之建議:(1)修正臺大實驗林契約林地三種租地造林契約內容不適宜之規範，以符合現今法令規範；(2)重新查定臺大實驗林契約林地可利用限度並編定合適用地類別，以符土地使用管制規範；(3)修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目，以利林地保育並導正使用；(4)臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及持續宣導獎勵造林計畫，以維護國土保育安全。最後，從導正土地使用管制機制，以利有效管理臺大實驗林契約林地，最終達成森林資源永續發展的目標。 關鍵詞：臺大實驗林契約林地、土地使用管制、保育與保存、混農林業、林業用地、違規使用 / Abstract Due to the unique historical background of the experimental forest of National Taiwan University (NTU), three types of contracts were signed with users of leased forest land. Many issues have now arisen after several social and economic changes. Such issues include the illegal use of the forest land, failure of the Forest District Offices to fully implement the relevant forestation management policies, and the inconsistency between the provisions of forest land use contracts and the conditions of actual use. According to the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control, the NTU experimental forest is defined as forest land. On the other hand, however, according to the “Cooperation Guideline for Reclaimed Land Forestation” and the “Forestation Contract,” 30% of the total area of a parcel of forestation land may be used for the plantation of special forest products or fruit trees, which is inconsistent with the rule under the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control prohibiting any agricultural use of forest land. As a result, a solution was to be analyzed and discussed to see whether the natural resources shall be preserved either without human use or with active intervention to balance human needs with environmental conservation. From the historical perspectives on natural resource use, human interference seems to be the main cause of damage to land. Heated discussions have been had regarding how to conserve natural resources. This issue might be viewed from the two points of view, i.e. preservation and conservation. The Forest District Office holds the view that forest land shall be used for the purpose of forestry to avoid agricultural use or interference and to achieve the goal of complete forestation. This is more of a concept of preservation. On the other hand, users of forest land would prefer agroforestry use of forest land and manage the land through local knowledge to improve economic returns and environmental health without destroying the forest land. This is more of a concept of conservation. Which concept is more ideal in terms of protection of forest land? In this study, we referred to publications in connection with agroforestry, preservation and conservation, and use control of land, along with in-depth interviews conducted to analyze the relevant issues regarding the use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and concluded that: (1) the forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest shall be amended; (2) the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations shall be revised; and (3) NTU experimental forest shall continue to participate in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation. The possible measures for the use of leased forest land at NTU experimental forest as suggested by this study include: (1) amending the three types of forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest for the purpose of legal compliance; (2) reinvestigating the scope of use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and stipulating appropriate use types to be in conformance to the land use control regulations; (3) revising the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations for the purposes of forest land conservation and corrective use; and (4) the continuous participation of NTU experimental forest in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation to maintain national land conservation. Finally, by correcting the mechanism of land use control, the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest will be effectively managed and the goal of perpetual development of forest resources achieved. Key words：Experimental forest leased forest land of National Taiwan University, Land use control, Conservation and preservation, Agroforestry, Forest land, Illegal use