當我們的資料變數很多時，我們通常會使用主成分 或因子來降低資料變數； 在選取主成分與因子時，我們通常會以特徵值來做選擇， 然而變異數大(亦即特徵值大)的主成分或因子雖然解釋了大部分變異， 但卻不一定保留了最多後續要分析的資訊， 例如利用由特徵值所選取出來最好的主成分或因子 來當做區別資料之變數，所得結果不一定理想。 在此我們假設資料是來自於兩個多維常態母體， 我們將分別利用由Mardia等人 (1979) 和Chang (1983) 所提出的兩種方法 來選取出具區別能力的主成分，將其區別結果與由特徵值所選取出最好的主成分 之區別結果作一比較；並且將此二方法應用在選取因子上。 同時我們也證明Mardia等人 (1979) 和Chang (1983)的方法對於 主成分及因子(利用主成分方法轉換)有相同的選取順序。 本文更進一步地將Mardia等人 所提出之方法運用至三群資料上，探討當資料來自於三個 多維常態母體時，我們該如何利用此方法來選取具區別能力之變數。 / Principal component analysis or factor analysis are often used to reduce the dimensionality of the original variables. However, the principal component or factor, which has larger variance (i.e eigenvalue) explaining larger proportion of total sample variance, may not retain the most information for other analyses later. For example, using the first few principal components or factors having the largest corresponding eigenvalues as discriminant variables, the discriminant result may not be good or even appropriate. \hspace{2.05em}We first discuss two methods, given by Mardia et al. (1979) and Chang (1983) for choosing discriminant variables when data are randomly obtained from a mixture of two multivariate normal distributions. We then use the discriminant result (or classification error rates) to compare these two methods and the traditional method of using the principal components, which have the larger corresponding eigenvalues, as discriminant variables. We also prove that the both the two methods have the same selection order on principal components and factor (obtained by the principal component method). Furthermore, we use the method of Mardia et al. to select appropriate discriminators when data is from three populations.

由於自動化程式的濫用越來越廣泛，因此擁有區分人與機器的能力也就日益重要。然而現在廣泛被運用的原文圖像(textual-image-based)CAPTCHA已經遭到破解。在此篇論文中，我們提出一個以交換圖片中不重疊區塊、簡單且有效的人機區分機制，利用簡單的幾個步驟就能產生出人類可以輕鬆通過但機器卻難以用自動化程式分析的測驗圖片，也同時針對此機制的強健度做了多方面的測試，實驗中也對於此機制所使用的參數選擇和圖像資料庫進行詳細的分析；最後我們設計了眼動儀實驗去比較不同的測驗類型所對應的視線軌跡。 / The need to tell human and machines apart has surged due to abuse of automated ‘bots’. However, several textual-image-based CAPTCHAs have been defeated recently. In this thesis, we propose a simple yet effective visual CAPTCHA test by exchanging the content of non-overlapping regions in an image. Using simple steps, the algorithm is able to produce a discrimination mechanism which is difficult for machine to analyze but easy for human to pass. We have tested the robustness of the proposed method by exploring different ways to attack this CAPTCHA and the corresponding counter-attack measures. Additionaly, we have carried out in-depth analysis regarding the choice of the parameters and the image database. Finally, eye-tracking experiments have been conducted to examine and compare the gaze paths for different visual tasks.

Ashby和Maddox(1998)提出COVIS理論，來解釋人們是如何進行分類學習。而對COVIS理論所作的研究結果，有支持的結果(Ashby, Ell,& Waldron, 2003; Ashby,Maddox, & Bohil, 2002; Maddox, Ashby, Ing, & Pickering, 2003)，但也有不支持的結果(Nosofsky, Stanton, & Zaki, 2005; Stanton & Nosofsky, 2007)，因此分類學習系統是否如同COVIS理論所主張是由雙系統所構成，還應繼續加以探討。 在Maddox等人(2007)的「操弄按鍵轉換機率」實驗中，Maddox等人以COVIS理論的觀點來解釋此實驗所得的結果。然而，此實驗結果除了以COVIS理論的觀點來解釋之外，或許也可用認知資源消耗的觀點來加以解釋。因此本研究的主要目的是嘗試檢驗認知資源消耗觀點的解釋方法可行性。實驗一的主要目的是重製Maddox等人(2007)年研究所得結果，以確保本研究所使用的刺激材料、實驗流程和實驗設計都和Maddox等人相同，並可得到相同的結果。然而實驗一所得結果和Maddox等人(2007)結果不同，並且實驗一所得結果也不支持COVIS理論所提出的雙系統想法。基於實驗一無法得到和Maddox等人(2007)相同的結果，實驗二根據認知資源消耗觀點，繼續嘗試重製出和Maddox等人(2007)相同的實驗結果，藉由在轉換階段加入序列回憶作業的 操弄手法，實驗二中得到和Maddox等人(2007)相同的結果，並且可用認知資源消耗觀點對此結果進行解釋。而本研究認為如果「Maddox等人研究中受試者的認知資源量少於本研究中受試者的認知資源量」的假設可成立的話，Maddox等人(2007)實驗所得結果是有可能可用認知資源消耗觀點的說法加以解釋。因此對於Maddox等人(2007)年的「操弄按鍵轉換機率」實驗結果，除了以COVIS理論的觀點來解釋之外，也可用認知資源消耗觀點的解釋方法來進行解釋。

平衡計分卡自首次發表以來已經過近二十年，經過漫長的企業界實務驗證，理論已趨於完整，無論是哈佛商業評論抑或美國財星雜誌(Fortune)的報導，再再說明平衡計分卡已然成為企業管理實務之重要工具。雖理論架構已健全，但回顧國內中小企業在推行上然有窒礙難行之處，其一為推行之決意的不足、其二為績效獎酬連結偏弱、其三為人員管理教育訓練的缺乏。這一成功的管理工具也連帶影響了管理顧問產業的成長，許多管理顧問成為企業推行平衡計分卡之導師，管理顧問之諮詢服務費用所費不貲，在另一種面向上應證了管理需要成本之事實，許多迫切需要導入之企業無力支付委請輔導時，如有推行改革之決意就只能以試誤法嘗試尋找正確之道路；故本研究之著重於國內一自力導入平衡計分卡制度，並逐步改善其平衡計分卡制度、強化績效獎酬連結及建立企業管理教育至完善，同時將平衡計分卡管理DNA注入企業員工之電子公司為研究對象，介紹個案公司初次導入期後之檢討，於當期排除短期問題，並於次期消除、減少長期之困難，隨後修改至穩定狀態，對於各階段遭遇之問題與修改之項目進行長期之追蹤分析，而後提出相關建議及闡述一穩定之平衡計分卡運作模式，俾作為個案公司持續改善與後續企業導入平衡計分卡制度之修改建議與參考。

在競爭激烈，變化快速的今日，企業經營者面臨許多的挑戰。而在檢視經營成果時，不能只著重在傳統的財報分析，因財務績效本身所代表者，乃屬於一種「產出」性質，它們並不能具體不明顯地無知經營者該採取何種實質作法或途徑來突破現況，改善經營環境。另規劃經營者不能只知業績方向而不著力於策略的規劃與經營管理方式的改善與推廣，否則一旦碰到景氣低迷及產業萎縮則就會使企業遭到很大的經營危機。 本論文希望藉助適合的方法能使企業經營者做規劃策略方向並知該從何著手來改善企業。平衡計分卡恰是很好的工具，其可在有明確的策略發展方向確實地實行並落實至企業的每一個階層甚而每一位員工，如此企業體就會在同一個方向下共同努力以避免經營風險並共創新高。因而本研究依循個案公司之願景，核心價值，使命與經營現況，逐步形成策略的基本分析，整合分析最終形成策略發展方向。再透過平衡計分卡的設計時策略發展方向與平衡計分卡整合以達到前往之目的。 綜言之，本研究特以個案公司的條件及產業分析為體以規劃及形成策略發展方向，其後再與平衡計分共結合以徹底落實並執行策略方向。除此之外，本研究更希望透過對個案公司之研究能對電子零組件通路產業有所助益。有相關產業亦可從其中吸取經驗，達到知識及經驗交流的效果。 / In one fast, rapid and changeable business environment of today, business owner always must face more challenges. To review the operation results, business owner could not just emphasize traditional statements. The reason is that financial per-formance is just one output after operation and it could not clearly and obviously tell business owner to adopt what ways to break through current status in operation envi-ronment. And, business owner could not just know how to create billing but no views on strategy planning and management improvement. If not, once facing economic de-pression or industry shrink, business entity surely would have huge perils in its running. In this paper, we hope to assist business owner to get suitable ways in better strat-egy planning and also know how to do it for better improvement. Balance score card is one of good tool to let business owner physically implement related focuses to every department or even every employees after having one clear strategy development ways. Thus, everyone of business entity would endeavor together to avoid operation risks to create one new status and environment. In the research of this paper, it follows the vi-sion, core values, mission and current operation status of case studying company to gradually build fundamental and consolidated analysis in strategy development ways. After, passing through the design on balance score card, we let strategy development ways and balance score card be combined together. Finally saying, this paper bases on the conditions and industry analysis of case studying company to build strategy development ways then link it with balance score card and strategy development. In addition, it specially hopes to give new ideas in how to run electronic component distributor industry. Other similar industries also could get something of this paper for the purpose in knowledge and experience sharing.

企業通常透過多角化來分散經營風險，但是隨著全球經濟自由化之趨勢，世界貿易已朝全球化發展，為因應重大變化及日益增加之競爭壓力，過度併購、過度的多角化，企業可能面臨組織僵化，以致無法發揮經營效益，甚至市值也會有折價的現象。 企業在為提昇本身競爭力之策略，有合併分割及收購等行為，進行產業調整與企業之轉型，發揮企業經營效率。所以企業毋須維持大者恆大的局面，企業亦可藉著分割的模式而達成增加企業及股東價值的目的。 透過企業分割的方式，可以增加企業價值與股東財富，使其企業分割後的總市值大於原來合在一起的市值。 企業分割有效的創造出純粹經營，具有明確產業範圍的公司，也是母公司轉移資產控制權至子公司手上的一種低成本方式。我國企業分割的主要動機為聚焦經營核心事業，強化經營效益，且大多數企業認為公司分割及多角化企業分割可提昇經營績效及企業價值。 在我國未引進公司分割制度之前，在實務上企業僅能採取變通、迂迴之方式，因應工商界對於企業併購之殷切需求，政府於民國91 年2 月6 日公佈實施企業併購法，立法目的係為利於企業以併購進行組織調整，發揮企業經營效率。主要內容涵蓋範圍包括企業合併收購及分割。企業成功利用分割進行組織再造與重整之例子時有所聞，由此可知，公司分割制度確實能符合企業之需要。 本研究主要目的透過個案探討，並就個案分析分割之目的與組織變動之價值變化，且就當公司從事分割活動時，其策略是將母公司無法兼顧之事業體分割出去，分割後公司經營績效的變化、企業價值的展現、對分割策略有其正面的效益為本研究重點。

當吾人研究事務之現象時，普通均需將有關聯之變數，予以全部考慮，然而當變數數 目日漸增大時，除非借助其他分析工具，否則分析將產生困難。因此，能否透過變數 轉換關係，產生新的變數，訊息損失最小化情況下，第一章緒言，第二章討論主成份 之基本觀念及其性質。第三章探討類似於主成份分析之因子分析，同時利用主成份概 念求算田子權數解，並探討直交轉軸之特性及其技巧。第四章則探討迴歸分析中，當 自變數之間有共線關係時，利用最小平方法求出迴歸係數，普通均極不穩定。本章將 研究如何利用主成份在迴歸分析之應用，同時利用Ｆ值及均方誤差準則討論應取多少 數目之主成份；最後討論主成份在異群變值分析及檢定上之應用。第五章則以一實例 ，分析其結果，作為本文結果。

實施員工分紅可以留住優秀人才，並激勵員工士氣，使公司整體經營績效提升，但將立即且直接的使股東的權益減少，本研究試著從員工分紅比例的高低來探討，企業是否可藉由員工分紅的政策來激勵員工、提升公司整體經營績效，進而彌補因為員工分紅對股東所造成財富上的損失。 一、員工分紅與組織績效之關連性 無論因變數採用會計績效(ROE)或是市埸績效(TOBIN’s Q) 來衡量，無論每股員工分紅是按照面值或是市價來計算，皆能得到顯著正相關的結果，顯示組織的績效確實能透過員工分紅的激勵效果而提高。 二、員工分紅與投資人報酬之關連性 員工分紅可以增加企業生產力，則藉由生產力的增加來提升組織績效及獲利能力，亦即員工分紅存在著激勵效果，但員工分紅又存在著稀釋效果來降低投資人報酬，本研究即在探討投資人報酬受激勵效果和稀釋效果之混合效果為何。 組織的績效確實能透過員工分紅的激勵效果而提高，但隨著發放員工分紅金額的提高，稀釋效果也不斷地往上增加，投資人的報酬也不斷地受激勵效果及稀釋效果而變化。 由實證結果來看，投資人的報酬並沒有因為前一期員工分紅的增加而提高，反而呈現負相關，顯示員工分紅的激勵效果小於員工分紅的稀釋效果。 實證結果為投資人報酬和員工分紅呈現顯著負相關，可能的原因為，我國資訊電子產業的員工分紅比率太高了，導致員工分紅的激勵效果小於稀釋效果。員工分紅對組織績效的激勵效果並非呈現一線性的關係，隨著員工分紅的提高，其激勵效果對組織績效的邊際效果影響力呈現一先增後持平或是先增後減的趨勢，但另一方面，隨著員工分紅的提高，其稀釋效果對投資人報酬的邊際影響力卻是呈現一負向的直線關係，故本研究推測我國資訊電子產業的員工分紅比率大於最適員工分紅比率。 / The employee bonus policy can keep the eminent staff and be an incentive to cause the employee work hard to raise the performance of the whole organization. But this policy was caused the direct damage to the equity of the stockholder. The purpose of thesis is to investigate encourage effect by employee bonus ,and to understand whether this policy make up the damage of the stockholder that was created by the system of the employee bonus. 1.The relationship between employees bonus and organization performance: To estimate the result at independent variables- ROE or Tobin’s Q and dependent variables-employees bonus at par value or market value shows a significant positive relationship. It means the employees bonus system can raise the organization performance. 2.The relationship between employees bonus and the reward of the investor: Employees bonus system make the increase of capacity and raise the organization performance. So the employees bonus system encourage the employee. On the other side, the employee bonus system has the dilute effect on the reward of the investor. The study investigates the investor return to be affected with the effects that mix encouragement effect and dilute effect. The organization performance raises by the encourage effect of the employees bonus system. But the raise of the employees bonus increase the effect of the dilution. The investors return will be affected by the effect of encourage and dilution. The empirical result shows the reward of the investor did not increase with the raising amount of the previously employees bonus. On the contrary, they are a negative relationship. That means the effect of the encourage of the employee bonus was lower than the effect of the dilution of the employee bonus. The empirical result shows the significant negative relationship between the employee bonus and reward of the investor. Probably, the electric industry has so high bonus ratio that lead the effect of the encouragement to be lower than the effect of the dilution. Employees bonus cause the encourage effect of the organization performance was not a linear relationship. The encourage effect of the organization performance of the marginal effect shows an increase first then decrease, or increase first then fixed tendency followed the raising amount of the employee bonus. On the other hand, the effect of the dilution to the marginal effect of the investor return shows a negative linear relationship followed the raising amount of the employee bonus. The inference of this study the bonus ratio of the employees’ bonus was higher than the optimal bonus ratio in the electric industry in Taiwan.

本論文以國產少女鞋品牌為研究對象，針對個案公司的品牌、資源整合、創新、以及行銷策略進行分析；並回顧個案公司如何因應產業環境與時代的變遷與國內市場發展之競爭策略。同時，本論文亦闡述個案公司現在及未來所面臨到的問題及挑戰，並針對問題提出因應對策與建議，以維繫企業永續發展及長期競爭之優勢。經由研究與分析本個案之後，所歸納的研究結論如下： （一）個案公司能否在國內市場保有競爭優勢，關鍵在於產品是否能掌握市場脈動、滿足消費者心理、成功的行銷策略、以及良好的通路與企業內部的管理效能。 （二）個案公司在市場上，可能面臨到品牌定位模糊與市場飽和等問題。而持續獲利的關鍵在於，是否能透過市場區隔來鎖定特定的消費者，使品牌定位更加明確，以提高消費者對於品牌的忠誠度。 （三）個案公司對於中國內需市場的崛起，更應重視資源整合、營運策略、組織彈性。除了瞭解當地的文化與生活習慣外，對於氣候環境、材料的使用、相關法令與環保等問題，都必須深入探討，才能面對環境快速變化的挑戰。 / This paper is going to analyze the market of shoe brands for young ladies. In the beginning, it will focus on the analysis on the brand development, sources integration, creativity, and marketing strategy of the case company. With the analysis information, it will be discussed about how to cater to the industrial environment, the trends, and the shifts of domestic market in Taiwan, therefore, to develop the competitive strategies for the future. At the same time, this paper will articulate the difficulties and challenges the case company faced after entering China market, and come up suggestions to solve these problems. These are all for making corporation development and long-term competitive superiority sustainable. After going through the former steps, it can be concluded that: (1) The keys of case company to hold the edge, in the domestic market, are whether it can keep the pace with the market trends, fulfill the consumers’ needs, stage effective marketing strategies, complete the distribution channels, and achieve the internal managerial efficiency. (2) The case company would probably face problems, like ambiguity of brand positioning and saturation of the market. The lasting profitability is from using brand segmentation to target the specific consumers, and make the brand positioning clearer, to raise the loyalty of consumers to the brands. (3) Being confronted with the rise of Chinese domestic demands, the case company is supposed to build up the resources integration, operational plans, and the structure flexibility. In addition to the local culture and habits, it is needed to probe into the local climates, the usage of the materials, and the concerning regulations and environmental problems. After that, the case company could then settle every challenge from the ever-changing market.

在這科技飛騰的時代，智慧型手機使用日益普及，根據eMarketer於2016年公布台灣使用智慧型手機人口佔總人口73.4%，相較於新加坡71.8%與南韓70.4%的使用率，此比率高居全球之冠，各行業該如何運用智慧型手機市場為自己駐足的行業開創佳績，成為現今人們廣為關注的話題。 本論文研究所用之資料取自「科技部傳播調查資料庫第一期第三次（2014）：媒體的娛樂與社交功能」一般民眾（18 歲以上）之問卷資料。首先對樣本基本資料結構與特性進行描述，接著將智慧型手機使用的相關題項找出，並進行因素分析找出因素構面作為分群變數，藉由兩階段分群法進行分群，探討其各群間相關之特性與智慧型手機使用之目的。爾後從性別、年齡與教育程度等基本人口變項進行分析，進一步了解不同人口基本結構智慧型手機之使用目的之差異情形，並將「網路素養」、「社交媒體」等相關題組進行因素分析，萃取出重要共同因素後並予以命名，以探討不同媒體社交功能使用情形與智慧型手機使用目的之相關性，最後將人口基本結構與共同因素視為變數，分別採用CART、C5.0、QUEST與CHAID四種決策樹分析方法對「集群一」、「集群二」智慧型手機高度使用者進行模型之建構，使各行業可針對欲探討之集群提出行銷方針。 / With the rapid development of technology, the Internet and mobile phones play an important role in our lives. According to eMarketer 2016, 73.4% of Taiwan's population use smartphones, compared to 71.8% in Singapore and 70.4% in South Korea , Taiwan tops the list of the world. How to create success by using smartphone market is an important issue today. The data used in this thesis was taken from the Ministry of Science and Technology Survey in 2014. The survey topic was media entertainment and social functions, based on general public who are 18 years old or older. First, the structures of the sample are described. Next, we extract factors by using factor analysis. The factors are used as the cluster variables. This study uses two-stage method to cluster and explore characteristics of the relevant groups for the smartphone usage. Then, we analyze demographic variables to understand different populations of smart phones usage, and extract common factors of "Internet Literacy" and "Social Media" by using factor analysis. Finally, the basic structure of the population and the common factors are used to classify smartphone users, which helps to provide marketing guidelines.