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從國際競爭論企業結合之法律問題張升星, Zhang, Sheng-Xing Unknown Date (has links)
由於全球經濟體系漸趨整合,企業為求迎合國際競爭潮流,必須著眼於國際市場的範疇而提升國際競爭力,因此利用企業結合就是最為迅速有效的辦法。同時由於國際貿易障礙逐步去除,傳統產業政策能夠發揮的空間更為侷限,使得競爭政策的擬定與執行,對於各該企業競爭力的提升具有莫大影響,殊值重視。由此觀點出發,探討企業結合法律的詮釋與走向,及其因應具備的國際視野。
本文第一章討論企業結合的國際趨勢與其經濟效益,並且說明競爭法規與經濟分析的關聯性,同時介紹本文所採研究方法。
第二章臚列產業經濟學各種理論與其對於反托拉斯政策的態度,政府進行干預的正當性基礎及其法律成本、效益。其次?釋「效率」作為公平交易法企業結合的重要標準,再者分析傳統結合案例與二十一世紀高科技產業的結合型態,比較二者之異同,俾能充分掌握當代結合案例特質。
第三章係以美國及歐盟的相關實務案例為主,彰顯各項結合行為反競爭效果的判斷標準,除了法律文義的詮釋之外,另外根據前揭經濟分析模型,檢視各該反競爭效果是否具有經濟學上的合理基礎,此外併同介紹美國司法部及聯邦貿易委員會的結合審查準則,俾能明瞭企業結合與美國行政審查機關所持立場,有助於我國執法準則的擬定。
第四章著重美國聯邦貿易委員會於一九九五年所舉辦的「全球高科技市場競爭與消費者保護」公聽會內容,鎖定全球競爭對於競爭法規的衝擊成為思考主軸,探討市場界定、共同研發、創新市場、效率抗辯與垂危廠商等問題,在全球競爭的考慮下應有的調整。
第五章是從國際貿易的角度觀察,分析國際競爭因素對於企業結合反競爭效果抑制作用,同時歸納各項影響國際貿易的因素(匯率、配額、反傾銷稅、補貼)與企業合法律的互動關係。最後比較加拿大與澳洲等不同經濟型態的國家,看看龐大內需市場與倚重對外貿易的經濟型態評估國際競爭的態度有無不同,俾使深為小型開放經濟的台灣,能夠有所參考。
第六章乃是整理我國公平交易法有關企業結合案例與競爭理論的印證,以便了解公平交易委員會再考慮結合效果時,評估國際競爭因素時所採取的立場如何。
第七章則是關於涉外結合的相關問題整理,例如競爭法規的域外效力、域外結合的執行問題及我國公平交易委員會對於管轄權與結合主體的判定,相關案例的檢討或可對於跨國結合的審查標準更為釐清。
第八章綜合上述各項結論,提出我國公平交易法企業結合規範面對全球競爭時代,應該借助經濟學理的分析,妥適評估企業結合的法律效果,同時必須競爭的因素,考慮貿易措施對於競爭效果的影響。尤其在執法立場上,審慎拿捏執法尺度,不宜過度預先防衛。此外關於「效率」的衡量,在詮釋企業結合的法律效果時,應該具有較為優勢的地位。
把法學院讀成醫學院,別是一番滋味。本文所以完成,得力於指導教授蔡英文博士對於寫作方向與資料蒐集的指導。嗣於文稿出成,復蒙蔡師費心指正,深表感謝。公平交易委員會楊家駿科長惠予協助,撥冗晤談並且提供實務操作經驗,對於本文寫作諸多裨益,併致謝忱。口試期間,蘇教授永欽就論文形式結構與內容未竟之處所為針砭,羅教授昌發在競爭法與貿易法領域的觀念啟迪,均使本文錯謬之處得以匡正,受益匪淺。此外司法院人事處代處長呂太郎兄、台中地方法院法官林輝煌、陳毓秀、黃文進諸君及摯友高思大、潘正雄律師在本文寫作期間多方鼓勵、提供支援,偶有責難、訕笑加之,惟皆出於提攜之情,盛情可感。擔任公職期間寫作論文,體力付出自屬當然,愛妻蘭珠體恤扶持,疼惜之情不敢或忘。最後,對於父親、母親的辛勞教養,謹表寸心。
學植未深,疏誤之處,在所難免,惟望本文只是學習過程的進階,藉此得窺堂奧,以策來茲!
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創立台灣特色餐廳營運計劃書 / Identify competitive strategy for new business莊千又, Chuang, Chien Yu Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要根據文獻分析法,分析台灣飲食文化隨著經濟發展的成功案例。定 義未來發展成為具備台灣特色與國際級餐飲服務的競爭優勢。
台灣餐飲市場先天具備了形成國際美食的地理與文化條件,兼容並蓄了中國各 省份的美食精華以及深受日式料理的影響,隨著經濟發展與富裕程度而逐漸產 生美食需求的變化,不斷的提升服務品質與標準,形成台灣料理的獨特性與多 樣性,遂成為精緻美食與國際美食的基礎。
研究發現台灣經濟發展趨於成熟而形成兩極化消費情勢的必然關係,隨著富裕 程度與時間推移而呈現越來越多樣化與精緻化的消費形態,消費者需求的不再 只是美味、不再只是便宜、更要吃得健康、吃的舒適、吃的有品味。因此由滿 足物質性需求轉化而成為滿足心理需求為主的消費趨勢。個案公司的分析中發 現成功經營關鍵在於差異化的策略:特別突出的空間佈置、具有豐富人際網絡 的股東結構、年輕有活力的經營團隊、新鮮且多樣化的食材、營造出客戶的歸 屬感。
再根據兩岸經濟情勢與未來發展趨勢,進行市場定位與市場分析以及預測未來 需求,選擇符合台灣特色、國際競爭力且與美食市場發展軌跡相吻合的競爭策 略。針對人口富裕程度與特定比例的目標客戶、選擇具有發展利基的競爭優勢, 按整個服務價值鏈的變化調整營運模式,著重在整體服務品質的提升包括:服 務人員的整體素質與服務內涵、健康環保的取向、與服務內容及服務品質匹配 的合理價位。差異化的策略則是選擇具有獨特地位的地點,而獲得特殊地點的 能力也是本營運計畫特別需要具備的競爭優勢。以上提出適合目前在台灣、未 來在中國執行的高階市場營運計畫,單店期初投資金額新臺幣三億元整,期中 投資新臺幣一億五千萬元整,以總投資金額新臺幣四億五千萬元整來評估是一 個非常好的投資案,預計十八個月回收,十年內部報酬率 31.6%。
大
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h / Analyzing the relevant literature and operations of successful restaurants in Taiwan, this study develops a business model and strategies for first-‐class restaurant featured by Taiwan cuisines and with international competitiveness.
Taiwan poses unique position to develop a base for fine and delicate food culture. First, it has immigrants from different provinces from China, which bring different type of dishes to Taiwan. Second, with the impact of Japan, local chefs have developed the capability to prepare Japanese dishes. Third, gradually increased income levels have made local people to demand better quality food that stimulated chefs devoting to innovation, either in materials or dishes. And lastly, because of the accessing to international information, local consumers have become more sophisticated and generated competition among restaurants.
We find that the consumers in Taiwan represent M-‐form, with on end demanding high-‐end service and another end demanding low-‐priced services. However, at either end, food variety, healthy, tasty and pleasant eating environment have become critical. This means that satisfying psychological need, instead of physiological need, is the focus of restaurant services. The propose business model, therefore, has the following differentiation characteristics: unique location and interior decoration, investors with extensive personal networks, a energetic management team, fresh and variety food ingredients, and generating consumers’ identity.
Taking into account the economic developments of Taiwan and China, in addition to the differentiation characteristics listed above, we develop strategies for running a high-‐class restaurant with the potential to roll out to China. The strategies include the following: the combination of target customers, the competitive strengths to support niche strategy, adjusting operation model by adapting to the changes in value-‐chain, tailor-‐made services and enhancing the capability of service personnel, and price flexibility for different types of consumers. A restaurant with our design will need investment of NT$450million, and the return is very good: the pay-‐back period is 18 months and internal rate return for 10 years is 31.6%.
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台灣成品布國際競爭策略研究 / Studies on the International Competitive Strategy of Taiwan Apparel Fabrics蘇家煦, Chia-She, Su Unknown Date (has links)
本文以企業策略家Micnael Porter 1990年著作國家競爭優勢中的國家競
爭力之鑽石四條件互動為基礎,探討我國成品布產業現階段的作業品質及
下一階段之競爭策略。其中並以Werner International之分析方式,將全
球成品布業者分為四群,就鑽石四條件間互動方式的差異,確認我國與貼
身對手國的位階及與先進國的差異。本文實地訪談的地理範圍包括日本、
香港、大陸深圳、馬來西亞,實際訪談的國內外企業組織包括德國、日本
、香港、台灣約共60家,業務範圍包括化纖業、紡紗織布業、染整業、成
衣業、進口布料業、成品布外銷業者及協力廠商,希望能以「全球產業」
、「國際分工」的理性宏觀觀點來觀察。研究發現,我國化纖類成品布因
人纖技術的突破而具優勢,此優勢形成原因在於1960年代具競爭力的生產
要素中的高等因子;1990年代以後我國成品布業者,若仍繼續著非相關事
業多角化,在人材培育上無具體有力與全面的投資,我國的成品布將無法
在研發團隊的建立、織物設計能力與網路形成之三大工作上突破。本研究
中亦發現,我國成品布全體工作者的觀念與技術能力均有待全面的提升,
除非與先進國家各相應的組織進行密切的策略聯盟,僅靠自身的努力將不
足以提高四條件本身與互動的品質,亦即將無法超越國際分工的命定角色
,而我國成品布業將只能成為香港與東南亞成衣業之供應源而已。自民
國78年迄今,我國成品布業者,尚只有零星而局部的在公司策略與組織的
調整上努力;至於人材培育與相關產業方面,看不出來有進步的趨向,就
短期而言,我國仍只能在生產基地移轉、彈性生產及短交期、短碼數接單
上獲利,至於新市場(通路)開拓與新產品開發(布料設計與行銷資訊之結
合)方面,仍有待我方長期的努力。
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國際競爭法的調和 / The Harmonization of International Competition Law謝孟珊, Meng-Shan Hsieh Unknown Date (has links)
不論是反全球化或是支持全球化,我們都無法否認,全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制,市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念,而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而,全球化和市場經濟體制的發達,貿易壁壘的消除,也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展,反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題,而是國際問題。
國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種,一是阻礙國際貿易的發展,二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況:1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉; 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力,影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉;3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況:1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本,不利國際合併之進行,並造成國際緊張;2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。
面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題,各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲,此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響,以保護本國利益,國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用(extraterritorial application)」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題,反而還帶來了新的問題,並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法,不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件,各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次,避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度,似乎也有需要。
本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代,貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。
全文一共分為六章,第一章為緒論,為本論文做出開端,闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題,並提出研究範圍與目的。
第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約,著眼於美國和歐盟,澳洲和紐西蘭,以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容,其具體成效,成功失敗之因素,以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討,和未來走向之研究。
第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織,研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和,屬於競爭政策的宣導;NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範;歐盟不但具有實體規範,並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。
第四章為國際組織,將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織,但是對於競爭議題也相當重視;WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展,並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性;OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視,本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。
第五章為全球性的競爭法規範,討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則(Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices)」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範,雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法,但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現,因此在某一角度而言,「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗,然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一,唯最後這樣的理想並未實現,因此我們有必要去問,DIAC的失敗因素為何?是基於其實體內容的設計問題,或是制度面的設計問題?或者是因為其他的外在因素?
最後,在第六章的結論,本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失,並且提出建議。 / Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays.
International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries.
Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed.
The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade.
This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay.
The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is.
The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world.
The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues.
The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors?
At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.
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