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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

台灣反向房屋抵押貸款之可貸年金金額與存續期間之分析

陳昱安 Unknown Date (has links)
人口高齡化是許多國家必須面對的問題,為因應長壽風險,保障年長的退休民眾的經濟安全無虞,應當設計新的退休金籌措管道,以避免退休民眾須降低其退休後之生活水平或是延後退休時間。本研究以英澳無保險之反向房屋抵押貸款為基礎,分析壽險公司在台灣販售反向房屋抵押貸款時,屋主可以獲得之最高年金金額,並進一步考量當死亡率改善後對於屋主可以獲得之最高年金金額之影響。並分別以反向房屋抵押貸款最高年金金額所提供之所得替代率及其可支應每人每月生活開銷之比重,衡量反向房屋抵押貸款能為退休民眾增加多少退休金。最後,藉由分析反向房屋抵押貸款之存續期間與一般年金商品之存續期間的不同,進一步了解反向房屋抵押貸款與一般年金商品對於利率風險之敏感程度差異。
2

反向房屋抵押貸款之應用-台灣實證分析 / The Application of Reverse Mortgage-Evidence from Taiwan

林志銘, Lin, Alex C. M. Unknown Date (has links)
過去國外的實證研究結果指出,反向房屋抵押貸款確實可為老年屋主帶來顯著的所得提高效果,而本文主要探討台灣地區擁有自用住宅單身老人的生活型態,並藉由對房價的估計值,計算出老年屋主若利用反向房屋抵押貸款商品後預估可獲得的所得水準,以衡量反向房屋抵押貸款能為台灣的退休屋主帶來多少經濟上的挹注。研究結果顯示,反向房屋抵押貸款對獨居的老年屋主之所得替代率,平均提升效果約為40%至140%,確實能有效改善擁有自用住宅的老年人在退休期間的財務狀況。進一步比較不同世代,結果發現對40年代出生的退休屋主而言,藉由反向房屋抵押貸款來提升退休後的所得,其效果較其他世代的屋主更為顯著。 / The results of past empirical research indicate that the reverse mortgage can indeed bring a significant increase in income for elderly homeowners. This study mainly explored the lifestyle of the single elderly in Taiwan who had the house for own use, and used the estimates of house prices to calculate the estimated income level that the elderly homeowners would be at when they had purchased reverse mortgage products to measure how much economic benefit that the reverse mortgage could bring for the retired homeowners in Taiwan. The research results showed that the reverse mortgage had increased the income-replacement ratio by 40-140% averagely for the elderly homeowners living alone, effectively improving the financial situation of the elderly that had the house for own use during their retirement years. Further, the different generations were also compared, and the results found that using the reverse mortgage to increase the income at retirement showed a better effectiveness on those retired homeowners born in the 1940s than the homeowners of other generations.
3

反向房屋抵押貸款商品之研究:以香港安老按揭為例 / 無

鄧昭宗 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究希望透過分析香港導入安老按揭試驗計畫之過程與經驗,並比較其與美國HECM計畫之異同,發掘反向房屋抵押貸款商品導入階段,所面對問題及具體解決方案,藉以提供我國未來規劃相關商品之政策參考。   目前內政部規劃於2012年底,試辦公益型反向房屋抵押貸款商品,並由公益彩券盈餘挹注資金,初期採嚴選借款人身份、限定試辦區域及限制受理名額方式辦理。惟以各國發展類似商品之成功經驗,要達到政府建構老年經濟安全保障之多元化目標,回歸財務自給自足,擴大適用對象與範圍,才是正辦。   香港推出安老按揭,係華人社會中首見具有政府保險機制之反向房屋抵押貸款。其由香港政府全面主導,建構整體營運架構與商品內容,適足以提供我國極佳之參考範例。本研究發現在營運架構方面,安老按揭以政府保險機制,免除承辦金融機構面對長壽、利率及房價風險之疑慮。同時,亦加強老年人申辦之信任與信心,為日後發展奠定良好基礎;在商品規劃方面,安老按揭貸款採用風險較高之年輕借款人,貸款成數較HECM計畫為低,風險較低之高齡借款人,貸款成數則較HECM計畫為高。以及安老按揭前期成本(Upfront costs)較HECM計畫為低之策略,嘗試說服立法會與民意支持;在消費者保護措施方面,香港近期飽受金融機構不當銷售案例頻仍之苦,安老按揭採用事前強制輔導、事中嚴格控制資金用途及事後長達六個月猶豫撤銷期,以期保護弱勢老年消費者。   本研究建議未來政府除保留目前規劃之公益型反向房屋抵押貸款商品,提供擁有房地產的近貧老人,取得日常生活所需資金外。仍應朝向公辦民營型的反向房屋抵押貸款商品發展,由政府帶頭結合民間各項資源,避免財政補貼支出,朝向財務自給自足之目標,俾以擴大服務對象與範圍,達成政府建構老年經濟安全保障多元化之既定目標。
4

提升老年經濟安全準備-反向房屋抵押貸款之應用

鄭雅丰 Unknown Date (has links)
高齡社會下,是否能夠準備足夠的退休金是每個人都很關心的重要議題。本研究探討反向房屋抵押貸款(Reverse Mortgages)在提升老年經濟安全準備之應用。以美英澳三國之反向房屋抵押貸款商品之形式為基礎,分析發行機構與消費者之風險,建立反向房屋抵押貸款之基本定價模型,模擬保險人和發行機構之損失分佈並作敏感度分析,最後提出反向房屋抵押貸款在提升老年經濟安全準備議題上之應用策略,期望本研究結果可為台灣高齡社會之經濟問題提供新的思考方向。
5

縮減式模型下房屋抵押貸款之評價 / Mortgage Valuation under Reduced-Form Model

江淑玲, Chiang,Shu Ling Unknown Date (has links)
房屋抵押貸款的評價,因為需考慮到貸款人的提前清償及違約風險造成現金流量之不確定性,決定房屋抵押貸款的價格比決定一般違約證券的價格更具困難度。因此,如何合理評估抵押貸款證券的價值實為一值得深入探討之課題,本文即針對此議題進行研究。傳統文獻在進行房屋抵押貸款的評價方法,主要可區分為兩種:結構模型(structural-form approach)及縮減式模型(reduced-form approach)。目前的文獻上,其評價的封閉解只存在於結構式模型,但在此模型下的評價,存在著違約與提前清償條件的設定問題,這將對評價的準確性造成很大的影響,在實務的應用上有一定的限制。再者,結構式模型在處理多變數且變數間具相關性的情況,存在一定的複雜性與困難度,而縮減式模型在此情況的處理上是較容易的。本研究將從縮減式模型的角度,引入 Jarrow (2001)的概念,在包含多重變數並考慮變數間相關係數之縮減模型下,進行房屋抵押貸款封閉解的推導。透過此方法可協助資產管理者從事投資組合配置最適化與避險策略的分析,亦期望能提供實務界一個更具可行性與效率性之房屋抵押貸款評價模型。 / Valuing mortgage-related securities is more complicated than valuing regular defaultable claims due to the borrower’s prepayment behavior as well as the possibility of default. In general, the methods that are applied to investigate mortgage value and termination risk can be divided into two categories: a structural-form approach and a reduced-form approach. Some researchers use a structural-form model to obtain the closed-form formulae for the mortgage value. With this method, however, it is difficult to identify the critical region of early exercise and deal with the situation including multivariable and their correlations correlation among variables. As an alternative, the reduced-form model developed in this study is able to value the mortgage without setting boundary conditions, and can thereby accurately handle the multi-dimensional space of correlated state variables. This study extends Jarrow’s (2001) model to examine mortgage valuations. The purpose of this article is to derive a closed-form solution of the mortgage valuation equation under a general reduced-form model that embeds relevant economic variables. This new approach enables portfolio managers to undertake sophisticated portfolio optimization and hedging analyses, and makes it possible to more accurately and efficiently value the complicated mortgage.
6

台灣發行反向房屋抵押貸款相關法律問題之研究

李文瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
「退休」對於大多數人未來生活而言,可能會面臨嚴重的財務難題,因為退休之後可能沒有第二個機會能獲得正常的收入,而卻必須面臨退休生活之開支以及老年醫療看護之問題,因此在工作階段對於退休金的規劃設計適當與否愈顯重要,以解決老年人退休生活的經濟安全。而目前退休金籌措之來源,除有政府提供之社會保險、企業所提撥之退休金、個人所購買之商業年金保險、存款、投資收入之外,在英美等國市場上發展出一種為老年人退休生活融資的工具──反向房屋抵押貸款(Reverse Mortgage),使老年人得以利用其房屋融資、為其取得生活所需之金錢支柱之同時,而仍保有房屋之所有權,直到老年人死亡、自願搬離或者出售房屋,而在貸款期間,並不需償還任何金錢予貸款人。 英美各國之所以發展反向房屋抵押貸款商品之主要原因,係因面臨戰後嬰兒潮之族群屆至退休年齡,使政府社會補助系統日益沉重;而且在平均餘命增加所產生一連串健康照護等問題,致退休金系統之保障可能不足情況下,於1980年代開始蓬勃發展反向房屋抵押貸款。而我國由於人口老化快速、生育率逐漸下降、退休所得適足度不足以及自有住宅率高等前提下,有發展反向房屋抵押貸款之潛力。 本研究將以美國反向房屋抵押貸款市場為基礎,分析其主要內容和借貸雙方之間的權利義務。由於台灣目前之退休市場上,還未開發反向房屋抵押貸款此種商品,若要發行此種商品,對於政府、金融機構或者是消費者,勢必是一項新的考驗,而且可能面臨以下幾個問題:反向房屋抵押是否為我國所承認之抵押權?若非,應如何因應?若反向房屋抵押貸款為我國所承認之抵押權,則抵押人之權利義務應如何調整,以保障抵押權人之利益?反向房屋抵押貸款之特性於我國適用時,借貸雙方之權利義務是否有調整之必要?若是,應如何為之? 本研究僅針對反向房屋抵押貸款於我國發行之可行性,並未針對應由何機構發行此種商品為宜,而僅就現行民法規定作初步分析,探究反向房屋抵押貸款於我國適用時有無衝突之可能。另再比較美國及其他發行反向房屋抵押貸款之國家,相關之規範或制定內容之發展經驗,對我國具有相當之啟示且可發揮相當程度之指標性作用,可供我國未來金融實務發展上之借鏡與參考,希冀有助於我國發行反向房屋貸款時達到最佳效益。
7

反向房屋抵押貸款對於台灣退休屋主的所得提升效果之研究

施博智 Unknown Date (has links)
少子女高齡化趨勢將對工作年齡人口以及高齡人口本身帶來沉重的經濟壓力,除了及早進行退休財務規劃或是延遲退休以提高退休金累積期,籌措充足的財務資源以因應持續延長的退休期間,高齡屋主亦可透過反向房屋抵押貸款,將之前所累積的房屋權益轉換為一定形式的退休所得,藉以安享遲暮之年。 透過反向房屋抵押貸款,缺乏現金以供生活花費的老年屋主在不須定時繳交貸款本金或利息的情況下,可視自身財務狀況自由選擇貸款金額給付方式,以保障退休期間的經濟安全。 本研究以Szymanoski (1994)所建立的HECM定價模型為主要架構,旨在計算在貸款保險基金維持收支平衡的條件下,某一利率水準之特定歲數借款人所對應的本金限制因子,並求算其一次可貸金額、終身給付金額與所得替代率。在貸款利率4.72%、期初房價為$6,000,000、退休前每月薪資所得$42,018等參數假設下,65歲的男性借款人所對應的本金限制因子為0.505,在扣除相關貸款成本後,一次可貸得金額為$2,760,000、每年的終身給付金額為$194,851,申請貸款可為借款人提升的所得替代率為38.64%。因此,反向房屋抵押貸款所帶來的所得提升效果可望協助借款人度過退休期間的財務難關,以維持基本生活水平。
8

反向房屋抵押貸款最適可貸金額的數學模型 / A Mathematical Model for Finding the Best Payments of Reverse Mortgage

陳治宗, Chen, Chih Tzung Unknown Date (has links)
隨著科技、醫療技術的進步,全世界的死亡率逐年下降,導致人口高齡化、扶老比逐年增加等問題,在這些問題下,退休老人是否有足夠的退休金來維持生活品質是每個人都很關心的議題。本論文探討反向房屋抵押貸款在台灣的應用來維持退休老人生活品質,在承做反向房屋抵押貸款得過程中,影響最大的三個因素分別為死亡率模型、房屋價值模型與利率模型。本論文中的死亡率模型採用Lee 與Carter 的死亡率模型;利率模型採用CIR-SR (Cox、Ingersoll 與Ross)模型;房價模型則是採用ARIMA 模型與布朗運動模型。最後利用台灣死亡率、利率與房價的資料進行模擬,針對各個不同的情境做分析,使用無套利的定價模型計算 反向房屋貸款在台灣的最適可貸金額。 / Progressions of technology and medical treatment has caused the dropping of death rates which raised the aging population problem. Under this circumstance, maintaining good quality of life after retirement is an issue that many of us concerned. This paper discusses how the use of reverse mortgage may help us to accomplish a quality retirement life. In addition to that, we apply the Lee-Carter model, CIR-SR model, and ARIMA model to forecast mortality, interest rate, and house prices respectively. Finally, we use the statistic from Taiwan to simulate several scenarios, and then use the no arbitrage pricing model to find the best payments of reverse mortgage.
9

點「屋」成金不是夢!—逆向房屋抵押貸款在台推行之可行性研究 / It is time to reverse!—the feasibility study of the application of the reverse mortgage in Taiwan

楊博翔, Yang, Po-Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
近年來隨著台灣人口日漸少子化,「養兒防老」的傳統觀念已不符時勢所趨,面對高齡化社會所帶來龐大的財政負擔及老年人口安養等社會問題。過去研究結果提供了一可能的解決方案-「逆向房屋抵押貸款(Reverse Mortgage, RM)」,然而,對於此種新型貸款在台灣推行之完整可行性分析,相關研究尚付之闕如。是故,本研究從承貸雙方角度出發,旨在深入探討未來逆向房屋抵押貸款在台推行之可行性。 首先,對於申貸者而言,本研究以30至60歲且名下擁有不動產之家戶為研究單位,並用問卷調查台灣中年房屋持有者申請逆向房屋抵押貸款之意願程度。針對調查結果,再以「羅吉斯迴歸(Logistic Regression)」分析影響申請意願之顯著因子,據以探討申請意願與受訪者特性兩者之關係。 其次,從承貸者角度建立一貸款定價模型,模擬分析於損益兩平條件下,貸款機構有無貸款保險,以及於不同貸款給付方案中,其可提供逆向房屋抵押貸款之最高可貸款成數(Loan to Value, LTV)。再者,進一步結合台灣各主要都會區房價資料,研究顯示所得替代率(Income Replacement Ratio, IRR-RM)符合多數申貸者之基本需求。 本研究預期「逆向房屋抵押貸款」除了有效解決人口老化所衍生之社會問題外,亦兼具政府「就地老化(Aging in Place)」政策效益,提升了老年生活品質,維護老年人口的尊嚴。 / With the continuously declining fertility rates and the increasing life expectancy, Taiwan has become one of the aging societies in the world. To release the financial strain of the government, a great number of literature has suggested an alternative option, Reverse Mortgage (RM), to improve the retiring life quality of the elders. However, little attention has been given specifically to the feasibility of the application of RM and the pricing model in individual countries. This study thus conducted the questionnaire and collected the data in Taiwan for analysis in order to show the implementation feasibility of RM in aging society for both the aspects of both lenders and borrowers. First of all, to find out the factors affecting the willingness in applying for RM and the characteristic of the middle-aged homeowners, we designed a survey and a quantitative analysis of the questionnaire through Logistic Regression Analysis. Second, under a break-even hypothesis, we analyzed the ratio of Loan to Value (LTV) a reverse mortgage lender would offer through the simulation model. Furthermore, the housing data from different metropolises of Taiwan is integrated into the study in order to determine whether if the Income Replacement Ratio of RM (IRR-RM) could meet the basic needs of Taiwanese. Results found in this paper suggest that RM could satisfy the general need of people in Taiwan. Procedures conducted in this study may also provide precious insight for other aging countries. This paper suggests that reverse mortgage could not only solve the society issues, but also secure the retiring lives of the elders and preserve their living qualities.
10

反向房屋抵押貸款之證券化- 四元樹模型之應用 / Securitization of the crossover risk in the reverse mortgage

苗芫綺 Unknown Date (has links)
承做反向房屋抵押貸款有許多的風險,包括有利率風險、房屋價值風險和死亡率風險,而當反向房屋抵押貸款的貸款餘額超過抵押房屋的價值時,則反向房屋抵押貸款的發行機構將會面臨了臨界風險。本文中的利率模型採用Black-Derman-Toy模型(BDT)來生成未來短期利率的機率分布;而房價模型方面則採用Cox-Ross-Rubinstein模型(CRR) ,死亡率模型為Lee-Carter模型。另外,本篇使用了三維度的四元樹模擬方法,觀察在短期利率模型與房屋價值模型相關的條件下,貸放機構將會面臨的預期損失。另外,對於承做反向房屋抵押貸款的貸放機構而言,最高可貸成數是由貸放機構未來預期損失的淨現值總合等於未來貸款保費的淨現值總合所求得。然而,當貸放機構未來所遭遇的實質損失大於預期損失時,貸放機構則將有未預期損失,因此為了移轉此非預期損失,我們設計了一個證券化的模型,希望藉由發行債券的方式,將此反向房屋抵押貸款發生在臨界點之後的臨界風險移轉給資本市場中的債券持有人。 / When the outstanding balance exceeds the housing value before the loan is settled, the insurer suffers an exposure to crossover risk induced by three risk factors: interest rates, house prices and mortality rates. Under the consideration of housing price risk, interest rate risk and longevity risk, we provide a three-dimensional lattice method which simultaneously captures the evolution of housing price and short-term interest rate to numerically calculate the fair valuation of reverse mortgages. For a mortgage reverse insurer, the maximum level of reverse mortgage insurance is determined by setting the present value of total expected claim losses equal to the present value of the premium charges. However, when the actual loss is higher than the expected loss, the insurer will incur an unexpected loss. To offset the potential loss, we also design a crossover bond, the payoff structure of which is related to the actual losses and expected losses, to transfer the unexpected loss into the bond investors. Therefore, through the crossover bonds, the reverse mortgage insurers can transfer the crossover risk into the bondholders.

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