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政府採購法於民國88年5月27日施行後，使政府的採購作業走向專業化，其中對採購的組織結構及作業流程產生很大的變化。採購人員除對採購過程之招標、決標、訂約、執行、驗收、付款、保固責任等複雜程序須相當瞭解外，也須對採購的內容、規格、物品等有深刻的認識，才能成為稱職的採購人員。所以，採購人員須長期培養，才能達到各機關期望的效果。但研究結果發現，目前採購人員之流動率頗高，尤其是女性的採購工作者，離職率更居高不下，其主要跟採購組織及工作滿足有相當大的關係，進而影響採購效率。 因此本研究希望藉由人的面向去探討政府採購法實施後採購組織對人員之工作滿足及採購效率之影響，並以中央機關、地方機關以及國營事業等之採購人員為研究對象，運用問卷調查、訪談等研究方法進行實證研究，嘗試發覺現行採購組織及人員面臨之問題及可能解決之建議。經實證研究結果，本研究發現如下︰ 一、女性較不願意或較不適合擔任採購職務。 二、採購人員學歷普遍偏高，且男性高於女性、新加入者高於現任者。 三、採購人員之離職率頗高。 四、採購人員對「採購組織」有正面認同，對「工作滿足」為負面認同，對「採購效率」居中而較無意見。 五、「採購組織」與「工作滿足」之間有「中度之正相關」，也就是採購組織的改善，可能增加採購人員的工作滿足。 六、「採購組織」與「採購效率」之間有「較低度之正相關」，也就是採購組織的改善，可能提升採購效率。 七、「工作滿足」與「採購效率」之間有「中低度之正相關」，也就是工作滿足的提升，亦可能提升採購效率。 八、年齡、職務身分、官等等各組別，對「工作滿足」有顯著差異；也就是較高年齡、主管身分及較高官等之採購人員，其工作滿足感較高。 九、年齡、職務身分等各組別，對「採購效率」有顯著差異；也就是較高年齡及主管身分之採購人員，認為較能提升「採購效率」。 經由研究發現，擬提供幾項看法，作為機關改善採購組織之建議 一、採購組織應朝向「多半有機式組織」 改善，除可重視採購工作的專業性質外，組織運作亦可適度由權威式的集權管理加以節制。 二、加強採購人員的「工作滿足」因素︰（一）採購人員專業加給之給與，（二）增加升遷項目並對升遷方式提出具體作法。 三、加強採購專業人員的在職訓練以提高採購效率。 四、建立奬勵制度、工作豐富化以及輪調制度，以降低採購人員流動率。 五、女性在採購工作中，應給予較寛廣的發揮空間及升遷機會。 關鍵字︰政府採購法、採購人員、採購組織、工作滿足、採購效率 / Since the Government Procurement Law was administered on May 27, 1999, the procurement transaction has been professionalized, the organizational structure and the implementing process have also been changed dramatically. In addition to the complicated procedures of tendering, award of contracts, administration of contract performance, implementation, inspection and acceptance, paying the account and the responsibility of maintaining a product’s original function, procurement personnel also need to have deep understanding of the content, specification and the product itself, so that they may become competent procurement personnel. Therefore, in order to meet the anticipated effect of all entities, a long time is needed to cultivate procurement personnel. However, a research finds out that procurement personnel change jobs frequently, especially female employees. It is mainly because procurement organization and their job fulfillment, thus, procurement efficiency is (greatly) influenced. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to find out how procurement personnel’s job fulfillment and procurement efficiency are influences by procurement organization after the Government Procurement Law was administered from the humanity’s perspective. The research is conducted by means of questionnaires, interview on government procurement personnel of central and local government agencies as well as government-owned enterprise. We try to find out problems faced by procurement organization and personnel and suggestions of possible solutions. By means of practical-proved research, we have the following conclusion: 1.Females are more unwilling or not suitable for the job of procurement. 2.In general, procurement personnel have received relatively high education. Generally speaking, Males higher than female, and new comers higher than incumbent staffs. 3.Procurement personnel’s resignation rate is relatively high. 4.Procurement personnel have positive recognition on procurement organization; they have negative recognition on job fulfillment; they have no opinion about procurement efficiency. 5.Procurement organization is in direct proportion to job fulfillment at an intermediate degree. In other words, the improvement of procurement organization may add the job fulfillment of procurement personnel. 6.Procurement organization is in direct proportion to procurement efficiency at a lower degree. In other words, the improvement of procurement organization may promote the procurement efficiency. 7.Job fulfillment is in direct proportion to procurement efficiency at a lower-intermediate degree. In other words, the promotion of job fulfillment may also raise the procurement efficiency. 8.Different groups in age, official position and official title show significant difference in job fulfillment, that is, procurement personnel will have more job fulfillment if they have higher status, being the chief or senior in age. 9.Different groups in age and position in an office show significant difference in procurement efficiency, that is, procurement personnel have more confidence in raising the procurement efficiency if they are older or being the chief in the office. I would like to offer the following viewpoint as the suggestions for entities to improve their procurement organization: 1.We can improve the procurement organization towards “Most organic organization”. In addition to paying much attention to the professional quality of procurement, the operation of the organization could appropriately be controlled by means of authoritative management of power concentration. 2.Strengthen factors of procurement personnel’s job fulfillment: (1) Offer professional bonus for procurement personnel. (2) Increase promoting items and develops concrete measures for promotion. 3.Intensify professional procurement personnel’s training on the job so that the procurement efficiency can be promoted. 4.Establish systems such as encourage by rewards, transfer by turns and make the procurement job plentiful. As a result, a lower rate of job changing can be expected from procurement personnel. 5.Female procurement personnel should be given more chances to bring their skills into fully play and more opportunities for promotion. Key word: the Government Procurement Law, procurement personnel, procurement organization, job fulfillment, procurement efficiency.

政府採購法自民國八十八年五月二十七日起實施，為我國政府採購制度建立一新的里程碑。該法規建制一體將機關工程、財物、勞務採購納入適用範圍，因而以勞務為主之文化藝術採購亦從原不受法規規範，到明確納入政府採購法規範，而不容否認的，政府採購法的建制是以工程、財物採購為主要思維邏輯，故而在適用於難以量化客觀評價、具專業區隔特性，且以勞務為主之文化藝術採購上，便產生許多問題，並造成藝文團體、文化行政機關的不適應與反彈。因而本研究在既有研究不足情形下，期透過政策評估理論，針對政府採購法對於文化藝術採購之影響，從政策執行環境、政策執行結果面向進行評估、分析，建立反饋機制，以為政策管理、持續及修正之參考。 本研究透過文獻分析、深度訪談及問卷調查，針對廠商及機關，從政策執行環境面向，包括標的團體目標達成情形、傳遞模式之管理策略與規章、執行組織運作情形；政策執行結果面向，包括公開性、公平性、效率、品質、適當性、回應性進行評估、分析，並就可能解決方案進行探討，以瞭解文化藝術採購適用政府採購法之執行情形與問題、預期目標之達成度、影響及相關改善方案之可行性，以為未來制度興革之參考。 研究發現，文化藝術採購因難以量化、品質可辨識程度較低，且具專業性，故在政策執行環境面向是有許多問題存在，而在實際執行環境面向產生落差情形下，政策執行結果面向所要達到的預期目標，便相對不如預期。政府採購法的實施讓文化藝術採購在公開、競爭面向是獲得較高肯定，但它亦對文化藝術創意特性及文化政策的形成造成傷害，因而如何在考量文化藝術特性下，尋求妥適文化藝術採購解決方案，是應積極思考的課題。在現制允許採公開競爭性與逕行指定之非競爭性採購情形下，將所有採購資訊完全公開，形成資訊公開監督機制，或為一應符文化藝術採購特性需求之可行解決方案。

我國於1998年5月27日公布「政府採購法」；並自公布後一年施行，使政府的採購行為以公平、公開，及提升效率、功能、確保採購品質，並使政府預算發揮最大效能。同時亦可藉此符合世界潮流的政府採購制度，順利簽署GPA（政府採購協定），從而與世界接軌。大陸在進行改革開放後，為改善過去其政府採購所存在的未規範之失序現象，亟待建立規章制度，以提高正面形象，促進廉政建設。中共亦於2003年1月1日起施行「政府採購法」；建立適合其社會主義市場經濟體制需要，並能與國際社會接軌的政府採購目的。兩岸業已加入WTO，至於簽署政府採購協定（GPA）亦是勢在必行的步驟。且台商參與大陸政府採購與日俱增，前往大陸投資採購已成為台灣企業海外投資最重要的選項之一。 兩岸處於競爭及政治對立之狀態下，政府採購制度完整與有效，甚至公開透明程度，實與國家整體實力有著重大之影響，故為因應兩岸簽署政府採購協定，以及台商參與其事，實有必要對於兩岸政府採購制度深入探討。基於大陸經濟體制改革經貿快速發展，且其政府採購法初行，職是之故研究重點包括以下四項：（一）探討「大陸政府採購制度」與台商參與之可行性。（二）台商參與大陸政府採購應有之認知。（三）探討大陸政府採購法理論基礎之影響。（四）研究結果能夠提出具體建議，以供參考精進。 本研究在於探討兩岸政府採購進程，發掘兩岸政府採購法理論基礎之差異，透過文獻探討、比較分析、調查訪談，以及獲得相關單位及親身經歷者的看法及意見，以深入探討台商參與大陸政府採購措施之適應；在參與大陸政府採購之準備、對大陸政府採購制度的檢討、參與大陸政府採購風險。並從執行面、風險面、制度面三個大面向找出可行對策，建立防止受害最佳模式。 / Government Procurement Act of Republic of China promulgated on May 27,1998. And had been put into effect one year later from the promulgation. It has fair and open procurement procedures and maximizes the use of government budget, and ensure the quality of procurement. Also our country can do well on signing the GPA（Agreement On Government Procurement）, by taking this worldwide procurement system. After the reformation, Mainland China in order to improve the disorder situation due to the lack of the regulation of the government procurement, it also put it’s own “Government Procurement Act” into effect on the first day of 2003. This Act Helps Build the suitable system for the socialism market economy, and connect the international society as well. The both sides of the Taiwan Strait have participated in WHO, and sign the GPA is a must step. Taiwanese Business People are increasingly joining the procurement cases of Mainland China Government, it has become the most important option which their investments goes for. Since the both sides of the Taiwan Strait are under the status of political competition, the completed and effective government procurement system affects the power of the nations much. It is necessary to study the government procurement system of the both sides of the Taiwan Strait furthermore. Base on the reason ofx the quick development of the economy system reformation and the early execution of Government Procurement Act in Mainland China, four study points had been made as follows: 1.To discuss the Mainland China government procurement system and the practicability that Taiwanese Business People participate the system. 2.the cognizance Taiwanese Business People should have in order to participate government procurement in Mainland China. 3.to discuss the effect of the theory of the Government Procurement Act in Mainland China. 4.to make concretely suggestions. The research is to discuss the systems from the both sides of the Taiwan Strait, to discover the differences of their government procurement systems, by the methods of reference, comparison, investigation, interview, also the thoughts from relative units and people who are experienced, help to gain the information that how the Taiwanese Business People adapt, prepare to Mainland China government procurement system and the risk of it, to find out the effective method toward aspects of execution, risk, and the system, in order to establish the best mode which prevents Taiwanese Business People to be victims.

本論文的研究目的是探討國際貿易業策略的採購之關鍵因素，從五力模型(彼特1980)分析貿易公司的競爭優勢，找到產業定位(INDUSTRY POSITIONING)，利用網際網路更廣汎地取得資訊，將市場需求作為策略採購的導引。 企業策略面主要著重於促進價值的產生，進而邁向藍海策略。從市場產品的定位與區隔，找出差異化，利用產品成本策略穩固供應鏈的連結，永遠求變的產品創新策略，支撐公司永續發展。 資訊策略面主要著重於分割市場知識、商品收集、創新組合、流程控管，營運專業及客戶服務，從多元的角度聚焦執行有效的決策模式。 採購策略面主要著重於供應鏈的成果管理，創造最大利益，最小阻力的流程掌控。 個案公司在中國改革開放的時代背景下，跨海搜尋不同商品的生產聚落，建立多個地區辦事處，提升策略採購的成效。 商品訊息的分析研判替代性材料的開發、創新，是個案公司努力的方向，透過協調、整合、目標設立，希望達成更佳的採購策略。

在全球市場競爭日趨激烈且環境變動加速的時代下，成衣產業逐漸轉向全球佈局策略，而在企業活動之中，採購為控制企業成本的關鍵因素之一，採購人員逐漸成為企業內策略性角色，若能有效的將企業經營策略與人力資源專業職能相結合，將可塑造及維持組織的核心能耐，並在變動的環境中取得難以模仿的競爭優勢。 本研究旨在透過個案公司外部環境分析及內部工作分析建立成衣產業採購人員所需之職能模型，並對其中各個職能項目明確定義及行為向度說明，最終給予成衣產業公司未來在人力資源制度上持續發展的建議。 經過大量的文獻蒐集、產業專家訪談後，本研究擬定符合採購人員之九項職能項目，分別為「工作規劃能力」、「資訊搜尋能力」、「供應鏈管理能力」、「分析式思考能力」、「專業知識能力」、「談判議價能力」、「溝通協調能力」、「專案控管能力」以及「問題解決能力」。 根據上述的研究結果發現，將所探討出的職能項目透過問卷調查，確認職能項目在企業中實際工作狀況的相符程度。因此，本研究建議成衣產業公司在未來的人力資源管理制度上，需持續不斷的檢視並更新專屬的職能模型，並針對甄選、績效評估以及職涯發展建立一套完整制度，以充分的發揮人力資源的管理功能。

個案I公司伺服器部門的主要業務為提供伺服器中央處理器和晶片組的產品組合給伺服器品牌商，而過去個案I公司的伺服器部門主要提供給伺服器品牌商H公司的為針對大型企業解決方案和中小型企業解決方案的產品組合，並且已經建立許多次成功合作的經驗，但是，此次卻無法在家用和微型企業解決方案上擊敗競爭對手A公司。因此，本次論文主要探討的問題就是以企業採購策略、信用評分系統、性能價格比和專屬陷入資產成本觀點出發，從剖析大型企業解決方案、中小型企業解決方案，比較個案I公司和競爭對手A公司的產品組合策略，並探討個案I公司無法滿足品牌商H公司家用和微型企業解決方案的原因，最後將會依據研究分析的結論，建議個案I公司針對家用和微型企業解決方案的產品組合策略，必須架構在產品組合差異化和產品組合隸屬於伺服器部門的兩個原則上，再尋求整體伺服器系統性能價格比最大化的產品組合。

經濟全球化的潮流之下,企業在國際市場中的競爭日益嚴酷,企業母體與全球子公司分工體系緊密結合早已是企業生存與提升競爭力最重要也是最基本的策略。 跨國公司若要落實執行其全球策略,海外子公司的政策,必需與母公司有密切的動態配合,尤其是企業全球佈局策略演進變化方面,才能達到全體目標一致的加分效果。 本研究旨在探討跨國公司,尤其是大型通路商,在進行企業內部資源以及分工策略時,以何種策略安排可以達到最佳績效。 通路商的經營模式較品牌大廠複雜,其國際採購處的經營模式,更有別於一般資訊品牌的國際採購的經營模式。 因其面對和管理的供應廠商,為數龐大,產業別多樣,通路商的國際採購處,必需針對不同產業有不同的產品開發模式,這又增加了管理上的難度,再加上產品多樣,非打國際品牌,相對稀釋採購量( Buying Power )。 與供應商的協商技巧和管理策略更形重要。 台灣向來為資訊品牌大廠設立國際採購處的第一選擇。 但是近年來,由於台灣勞力成本增加,產業外移已成生存趨勢,加上兩岸交通成本偏高,各知名國際採購處紛紛將遠東總部移往中國。 駐台的國際採購處要如何保持其競爭優勢為學界與實務界應同時注意的主題。 本研究個案為美國大型通路商在台灣設立的採購處,其在台灣設立三十年餘,由驗貨中心,演變為策略採購重鎮,經歷組織縮編,再因變革成效顯著,得以擴大台灣組織規模,其過程值得深入探討。 本研究透過個案公司之發展,先從國際採購產業界之整體環境機會,繼而分析了解個案公司競爭優劣勢,由外而內探討其企業經營模式並歸納出為來發展之建議。 研究結果發現,創新與增加競爭力是企業唯一生存的法則,創新不侷限於產品創新,個案成功於商業模式創新,經營方式創新,以及找到台灣產業與母公司配合的最佳模式,才能在遠東區勝出,勝於香港彈性的經貿制度以及中國大陸低廉的成本。然而,這樣的競爭力能持續多久,除了企業本身必須持續創新與增加競爭力,由於出貨生產工廠大都位於中國,台灣政府對兩岸的政策也會影響台灣的競爭力。 / Globalization, procurement automation, outsourcing, and supply market instability have simultaneously elevated the procurement discipline and increased supply management challenges. Procurement executives recognize that responding to these challenges will require them to upskill their teams, adopt new sourcing, compliance, and supply management strategies, and improve systems infrastructures to drive continuous improvements in supply costs and performance and demonstrate strategic value to the enterprise. However, moving from tactical or transactional sourcing operation to a more strategic view often starts with combining buys across divisions and consolidating suppliers can enable better negotiating leverage. Globalization is driving this interest in strategic sourcing operation and analytics because it has vastly multiplied the complexity of supplier relationships. IPOs ( International Procurement Office ) are "dancing with a lot of partners," says Dr. John Vande Vate, executive director of the Executive Masters in International Logistics program at Georgia Tech University. These partners include the contract manufacturers themselves, their suppliers, and third-party logistics providers. This operation complexity has sourcing managers looking beyond lowering costs to assuring supply. That requires buying organizations to shift methodology. They need to use technology not to beat suppliers up on price, but to get more flexibility. Expect the trend in global sourcing to increase. Driving the trend are cost advantages, best-market capabilities, and shared risk. Leading procurement practices include: * A strong procurement infrastructure that enables strategic supply initiatives. * Rationalization of the global and regional supplier base, including supplier-managed inventory and replenishment. * Electronic sourcing to manage requests for information, quotations, and requests for proposal and supplier awards. * Electronic procurement order processing for non-strategic goods and services. * Daily performance monitoring and supplier scorecards. The case company in this essay, RadioShack Corporation, is executing its Strategic Growth Plan aimed at reinvigorating the retail experience and leveraging the company's sourcing expertise. This research is aimed to discuss how an IPO ( or Global Sourcing ) in Taiwan can lead the way to comply and complement company’s Strategic Growth Plan; how to renew RadioShack Global Sourcing’s vision and strategic focus; how to add value to the products by entering product life cycle at early stage; how to enhance RadioShack brand through third party channels; and how to transform current transaction buying organization to Strategic Sourcing Function Team.

政府採購法為落實公平公開採購程序，確保採購品質，建立廠商間良性競爭環境，另設有通知不良廠商刊登政府採購公報之規定，即廠商若有該法第101條第1項各款情形之一，則於一定期間內不得參加投標或作為決標對象或分包廠商。此規定雖能（為）避免不良廠商之違法違約行為、避免其再危害機關，然而對廠商商譽與權利亦影響甚鉅，因此立法施行以來，一直有「要件過於寬鬆，法律效果過於嚴峻」，情輕法重之批評。此外，機關通知不良廠商刊登政府採購公報規定，此「通知」依最高行政法院見解屬行政處分，然其通知之法律性質係單純不利處分抑或屬裁罰性不利處分實務學界皆有不同見解，而最基本的處分性質為何亦影響其後續時效適用之認定。本文欲從各款要件分析，舉例實務上機關認定是否符合要件時常見爭議問題，並回顧整理實務與學界對於「通知」之法律性質認定及時效問題，以對此停權規定有較全面的瞭解。另類型化分析法院撤銷機關原通知處分之原因，從中探討機關在執行上可能產生之違法或瑕疵態樣；並針對廠商聲請暫時權利保護，即「行政處分之停止執行」法院裁定准駁歸納其原因。 此外，據行政院公共工程委員會政府電子採購網統計資料所示，平均仍有千餘家廠商被刊登為不良廠商於1年或3年內不得參加投標或作為決標或分包對象，顯示被刊登為不良廠商家數仍眾多，本文將進一步探討對廠商商譽與權利影響甚鉅的停權制度設計是否能達到嚇阻效果，實務上影響停權制度執行成效的可能因素。 本文內容先就研究動機及各章架構說明，簡要介紹不良廠商刊登政府採購公報之制度，接著分析不良廠商刊登政府採購公報之要件、法律性質、法律效果及機關違法處分撤銷之原因分析，並探討此制度於實務上運作效果受限於那些可能的因素，最後就廠商是否能依法訴請獲得即時權利救濟歸納其原因。

在世界貿易組織（WTO）的架構之下，各國對於政府採購的行為逐漸多所重視，因政府機關兼具有公權力行使單位，而以不同之民事主體身分到市場上購買貨物、勞務等的採購行為，進而影響國家的財經政策，並隨著政府行政部門在國家活動中的加強作用，政府採購金額不斷的擴大，政府採購職能也由簡單的節約公共資金和提高公共資金使用效率，拓展到政府解決貧困、扶持弱勢產業甚至走出經濟的低潮等等。當國家利用政府採購功能解決前述問題，進而影響國際自由貿易，產生國際經濟往來時的自由貿易壁壘，政府採購就成了國際經濟貿易規則所欲約制的對象。 政府採購協定（GPA），是WTO架構下的複邊協定之一，我國在2009年加入後，開啟了政府採購制度的新頁，也使我國廠商得以進入其他會員國的政府採購市場。中國大陸自2001年加入WTO時，就承諾加入的原則及立場，迄今尚未入會。 中國大陸實施政府採購法之前，對於政府採購規範的相關資料甚少，然中國大陸依其政治經濟的影響力，不論是掌有各經濟體之各國外債，或者國家之間所簽署的投資合作協議，甚至各國家、各經濟體都渴望中國大陸政府出手投資或挹注資金以解決其國內經濟問題的情況之下，中國大陸透過GPA尋拓商機的需要，與各國覬覦中國大陸的政府採購市場，在競爭當中產生有趣的博奕現象。 本文從兩岸相關政府採購制度沿革、政治經濟的發展過程、加入政府採購協定的相關資料，探討政府採購執行及台商參與中國大陸政府採購所發生的問題。 / Within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), countries are paying more attention to the government procurement. The government agencies, despite being public authority bodies, act as civil subjects as well while purchasing merchandise and services in the market, hence the government procurement can affect a country's financial policy. Moreover, as the executive departments dominate national activities and the procurement amounts grow constantly, the functions of government procurement extend from saving public funds and improving their efficiency to addressing poverty, supporting declining industries and even overcoming the economic downturn, etc.. As long as the government procurement are used to solve the mentioned problems, and consequently trade barriers are set on free trade in terms of international economic exchange, government procurement become an object of international trade regulations. Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) is a plurilateral agreement under the framework of the WTO. Taiwan's accession to the GPA in 2009 not only turned a new page on our government procurement system, but also entitled our suppliers to enter the government procurement market of other Member States. On the other hand, the PRC is not yet a GPA member state, despite its policy and commitment to join since the accession to the WTO in 2001. Little information is available on government procurement specifications before the implementation of government procurement law in the PRC. Nevertheless, the PRC has great political and economic influence with its investment in the foreign debts of other economies, the investment cooperation agreements it signed with other countries and the fact that many economies are expecting its investment or capital injection to help them out of the domestic economic difficulties. It is under this circumstances that China wants to expand business opportunities through the GPA while other countries are eagerly eyeing the Chinese government procurement market. Their competition forms an interesting game phenomenon. In this dissertation I compile relevant information to compare the cross-strait government procurement system evolution, their political and economic development process and their accession to the Government Procurement Agreement. I also have interviews with government procurement officials from both sides of the strait, participating suppliers and Taiwanese businessmen in order to study the issues that occur when government procurement projects are implemented and when Taiwanese businessmen get involved with the PRC government procurement.